3. Fighting disease

2016 ◽  
pp. 40-58
Author(s):  
Chris Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Human Disease ◽  
The Body ◽  
Immune Defence ◽  
Germ Theory ◽  
Emil Von Behring ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Paul Ehrlich

‘Fighting disease’ looks at how the immune system and vaccination work. It considers the scientific studies of Louis Pasteur, late in the 19th century, who brilliantly expanded on the work of Robert Koch and Friedrich Henle, to formally expound the germ theory of human disease. But how did the body defend itself against these micro invaders? The phagocytic theory of immune defence resulted from the work of Élie Metchnikoff, Paul Ehrlich, and Emil von Behring. Immunoglobulin molecules provide the key to how the body creates the variety of molecules needed to protect against the different invaders experienced over a lifetime, and to how vaccination against a disease protects against future infection.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Review on Autoimmune Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1477-1489
Author(s):  
Shivani Bahri
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Lymphatic System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Keywords Autoimmunity ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Paul Ehrlich

Abstract: Immunity refers to the inbuilt ability of the organism to resist a particular disease or to be able to protect itself from disease causing microorganisms by preventing its development. Immune system includes WBCs which includes all the neutrophils, lymphocytes including the T-cells, the B-cells & the natural killer cells, all together make up the lymphatic system, antibodies, the spleen, the thymus, the bone marrow; our skin, mucous glands, hair, tears etc. also protect our body. By autoimmunity we understand that it is misallocated response of our immune system when it releases autoantibodies to attack the healthy cells of the body. Scientists have studied a lot about autoimmunity and its disorders. By the end of the 19th century, it was first believed that our immune system has the inability to react against its own body tissue until in 20th century the concept of “horror autotoxicus” was proposed by the German immunologist Paul Ehrlich. The autoimmune disease occurs when the immune system reacts and attacks its own cells in the body as a result of breakdown of immunologic tolerance to auto reactive immune cells. Many times, genetic as well as environmental factors are the key reason for autoimmune diseases. Many kinds of research are going through as to find out the actual cause of autoimmunity; till now no actual or exact cause is known. There are at least 80 types of autoimmune diseases recognized by our scientists; some of the commonly known autoimmune diseases are: type 1 diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, thyroiditis, multiple sclerosis, autoimmune vasculitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and many more. With unusual autoimmune diseases, diagnosis may not be done instantly; the patients may suffer years before getting diagnosed properly. Most of the diseases don't have any cure; some even need lifelong treatment to ease the symptoms. The diseases will be discussed in detail in the further sections. Keywords: autoimmunity, immune system, cells, disease, disorder, diabetes, arthritis, lupus, ITP

scholarly journals Profanación, exhumación y violación de los enterramientos: arqueología penal de su regulación en el siglo XIX

2021 ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
David Castro Liñares
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Narrative Structure ◽  
The Body ◽  
Criminal Punishment ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Deceased People

Este trabajo tiene como finalidad analizar el tratamiento penal que durante el siglo XIX se dispensó a los actos indebidos para con el cuerpo y memoria de las personas fallecidas. Para ello, este texto se inicia con un recorrido normativo por los Códigos Penales españoles del siglo XIX (1822-1848-1850-1870) con el propósito de analizar la forma en que el Legislador penal fue incorporando esta cuestión en los distintos textos normativos. A continuación, y como forma de continuar este análisis, se estima adecuado detenerse en las razones político criminales subyacentes a la tipificación de estas conductas. De esta forma, se intenta realizar una aproximación a las lógicas punitivas decimonónicas inherentes a una esfera tan particular como el castigo penal a los actos irrespetuosos para con los difuntos. Por último, se incorpora un apartado conclusivo en el que abordar algunas ideas que, por razón de estructura narrativa no encontraban un acomodo idóneo en otras partes del texto pero que igualmente resultan de importancia para esta propuesta de análisis político-criminal histórico.This work aims to analyse the criminal law treatment that during the 19th century is dispensed to wrongdoing with the body and memory of deceased people. For that purpose, this text begins with a normative view of the Spanish Criminal Codes of the 19th century (1822-1848-1850-1870) in order to investigate how the Criminal Legislator incorporated this issue into the various normative texts. Hereunder, as a way to continue this analysis, it is considered appropriate to dwell on the criminal political reasons typification of these conducts. In this way, an attempt is made to approximate the decimonic punitive logics inherent in an area as particular as criminal punishment to disrespectful acts with the deceased. Finally, a concluding section is incorporated in order to address some ideas that, by reasons of narrative structure, did not find an appropriate accommodation in other parts of the text but which are also relevant for this proposal of historical political-criminal analysis. 

A Magnetic Healer in Iowa

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holly Folk
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Early Life ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Health Culture ◽  
Life Force ◽  
The 19Th Century

Chiropractic cannot be understood without examining the decades of “metaphysical” healing before its development. Chapter two considers the early life of D. D. Palmer, who before discovering chiropractic, practiced vital magnetic healing, a popular therapy aimed at relieving obstructions of the life force in the body. An examination of Palmer’s self-published newspapers shows his belief in vitalism and his anti-authoritarian outlook. The chapter explores the roots of chiropractic in magnetism, and discusses the changes in that practice from its 18th century form as mesmerism through its 19th century encounter with neurology and other modern medical sciences. In the 19th century Midwest, magnetic healers were socially marginal in the Midwest, but their practice held appeal in a neurocentric health culture which prioritized spinal treatments. Some practitioners, like Sidney Abram Weltmer and Paul Caster, built their proprietary practices into full magnetic healing hospitals.

scholarly journals Antibodies as Diagnostic Targets and as Reagents for Diagnostics

Antibodies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Nicole H. Trier ◽  
Gunnar Houen
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
The 19Th Century

Antibodies (Abs) were discovered around the turn of the 19th century and characterized in the following decades as an essential part of the human adaptive immune system [...]

scholarly journals The Reflection of the Olfactory Traditions of the Second Half of the 19th Century in the Work of Fyodor Dostoevsky

2021 ◽  
pp. 121-156
Author(s):  
Olga A. Dekhanova ◽  
Mikhail E. Dekhanov
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
The Body ◽  
Behavior Patterns ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Fyodor Dostoevsky ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
Cultural Standards ◽  
The 19Th Century

The rapid development of natural sciences at the beginning of the 19th century led to the creation of new sanitary and hygienic standards. The attention of the public opinion was now turned to keeping the body and clothing perfectly clean as a way of preventing diseases. New sanitary and hygienic regulations now prescribed not to mask unpleasant bodily odors with aromatic means, but to keep the body and clothing clean, which was regarded as a guarantee of bodily health. The popularization of new scientific discoveries through articles in public newspapers and magazines prepared the public consciousness for a new perception of the smells of everyday life, and the fiction, responding to the discussed social phenomena, fixed new cultural standards in the minds of readers. In this paper, we consider some of the new olfactory criteria used for evaluating characters or behavior patterns in works of fiction written in the second half of the 19th century, as well as their patterns and peculiarities in Dostoevsky’s oeuvre.

scholarly journals Russia an empire of the “form” in Cyprian Norwid’s writings

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 English Version ◽  
pp. 5-16
Author(s):  
Magdalena Karamucka-Marcinkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
Imperial Rome ◽  
19Th Century Literature ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Century Literature

The aim of the article is to analyse Norwid’s historiosophical reflections on Russia, in which the key role is played by metaphors based on the relationship between the “form” and the “content”. This metaphoricity is reflected in the popular motif in the poet’s works, which considered the relationships of the “word” – the “letter” and the “spirit” – the “body”. In the analysed fragments, mainly from the poem Niewola, tsarist, imperialist Russia appears as an empire of the “form”, which in this case is supposed to mean the dominance of formalism and broadly understood enslavement over the spiritual content. In Norwid’s eyes, Russia, similarly to imperial Rome, stands in a clear opposition to the spirit of freedom, nation or humanity. The poet’s vision reflects the popular trends in the 19th-century literature.

scholarly journals Nudity, Sexuality, Photography. Visual Redefinition of the Body

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-114
Author(s):  
Tomasz Ferenc
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
The Body ◽  
Social Effect ◽  
Sexual Discourse ◽  
Visual Imagination ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Naked Body ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article examines the relations between photography, body, nudity, and sexuality. It presents changing relations of photography with a naked or semi-naked body and different forms and recording conventions. From the mid-19th century the naked body became the subject of scientifically grounded photographic explorations, an allegorical motif referring to painting traditions, an object of interest and excitement for the newly-developed “touristic” perspective. These three main ways in which photographs depicting nudity were being taken at that time shaped three visual modes: artistic-documentary, ethnographic-travelling, and scientific-medical. It has deep cultural consequences, including those in the ways of shaping the notions of the corporeal and the sexual. Collaterally, one more, probably prevalent in numbers, kind of photographical images arose: pornographic. In the middle of the 19th century, the repertoire of pornographic pictures was already very wide, and soon it become one of the photographic pillars of visual imagination of the modern society, appealing to private and professional use of photography, popular culture, advertisement, art. The number of erotic and pornographic pictures rose hand over fist with the development of digital photography. Access to pornographic data is easy, fast, and cheap, thanks to the Internet, as it never was before. Photography has fuelled pornography, laying foundations for a massive and lucrative business, employing a huge group of professional sex workers. How all those processes affected our imagination and real practices, what does the staggering number of erotic photography denote? One possible answer comes from Michel Foucault who suggests that our civilization does not have any ars erotica, but only scientia sexualis. Creating sexual discourse became an obsession of our civilization, and its main pleasure is the pleasure of analysis and a constant production of truth about sex. Maybe today the main pleasure is about watching technically registered images, and perhaps that is why we may consider visual redefinition of the body as the main social effect of the invention of the photography.

scholarly journals Grip Strength Generalization of the Body Mass Index

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandru Godescu
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Grip Strength ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The 19Th Century

The Body Mass Index (BMI) formula has been developed by Belgian mathematician Adolphe Quetelet and published in 1840 [1] as a law of nature and society, based on statistics about the weight and height of the population of that time, the first part of the 19th century. He called it “social physics”. From then, for nearly two centuries, the BMI had been the most important formula describing the normal relations and ratio of weight to the square of the height for humans. The problem arises if the BMI formula, developed in the first part of the 19th century is still good today when the type of work people perform is very different? In modern times, most people are less muscular than at the time when the BMI was developed because they do not work physically as heavy as at that time. In many cases, the Body Mass index can predict mortality, morbidity and illness but not always, for example cases such as (a) the obesity paradox for some cardiovascular problems and (b) the U shape mortality paradox as well as (c) false positive obesity diagnostic in regard to people who are strong and muscular, have low body fat percentage but are classified as obese by the BMI and (d) cases where BMI is normal but people have an “obese metabolism” (e) BMI normal but high fat percentage. The objective is to develop a formula good for all body types, a formula that makes the difference between fat and non-fat body weight such as muscle and body frame and quantifies the effect of strength and fitness, which BMI does not. Another objective is to develop a formula to predict the health risks and fitness status of people, better than BMI. The first generalizations of BMI using anthropometric metrics could be found in [2], where I discuss and analyze many formulae, developed, tested, and simulated by me, using similar new methods, accounting for body shape, physical shape and body function, making the difference between muscle mass and fat, fat and non fat body weight. Nearly all formulae and methods developed and proposed in this new model are new, never published before. Many experiments published before, in highly cited papers show that grip strength and muscle strength is a predictor of health, mortality, morbidity, endocrine and metabolic disease outside the BMI and anthropometric measures. The purpose of my formula is to explain the outcome of those experiments and create a formula which predicts these experiments [21-41].

scholarly journals Poems by Polish Female Poets and the Burning Issue of Religion

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 618
Author(s):  
Dorota Walczak-Delanois
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
The Body ◽  
Virgin Mary ◽  
Religious Poetry ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Female Poets

The aim of this paper is to show the presence of religion and the particular evolution of lyrical matrixes connected to religion in the Polish poems of female poets. There is a particular presence of women in the roots of the Polish literary and lyrical traditions. For centuries, the image of a woman with a pen in her hand was one of the most important imponderabilia. Until the 19th century, Polish female poets continued to be rare. Where female poets do appear in the historical record, they are linked to institutions such as monasteries, where female intellectuals were able to find relative liberty and a refuge. Many of the poetic forms they used in the 16th, late 17th, and 18th centuries were typically male in origin and followed established models. In the 19th century, the specific image of the mother as a link to the religious portrait of the Madonna and the Mother of God (the first Polish poem presents Bogurodzica, the Virgin Mary, the Mother of Jesus) reinforces women’s new presence. From Adam Mickiewicz’s poem Do matki Polki (To Polish Mother), the term “Polish mother” becomes a separate literary, epistemological, and sociological category. Throughout the 20th century (with some exceptions), the impact of Romanticism and its poetical and religious models remained alive, even if they underwent some modifications. The period of communism, as during the Period of Partitions and the Second World War, privileged established models of lyric, where the image of women reproduced Romantic schema in poetics from the 19th-century canons, which are linked to religion. Religious poetry is the domain of few female author-poets who look for inner freedom and religious engagement (Anna Kamieńska) or for whom religion becomes a form of therapy in a bodily illness (Joanna Pollakówna). This, however, does not constitute an otherness or specificity of the “feminine” in relation to male models. Poets not interested in reproducing the established roles reach for the second type of lyrical expression: replacing the “mother” with the “lover” and “the priestess of love” (the Sappho model) present in the poetry of Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska. In the 20th century, the “religion” of love in women’s work distances them from the problems of the poetry engaged in social and religious disputes and constitutes a return to pagan rituals (Hymn idolatrous of Halina Poświatowska) or to the carnality of the body, not necessarily overcoming previous aesthetic ideals (Anna Świrszczyńska). It is only since the 21st century that the lyrical forms of Polish female poets have significantly changed. They are linked to the new place of the Catholic Church in Poland and the new roles of Polish women in society. Four particular models are analysed in this study, which are shown through examples of the poetry of Genowefa Jakubowska-Fijałkowska, Justyna Bargielska, Anna Augustyniak, and Malina Prześluga with the Witches’ Choir.

Museography of the Guanche mummies from Necochea ( Argentina)

1970 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Candelaria Rosario Adrian ◽  
Mercedes Del Arco Aguilar ◽  
Del Carmen Del Arco Aguilar ◽  
Mercedes Martin Oval ◽  
Rafael Gonzales Anton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
Anatomical Data ◽  
The World ◽  
Museum Exhibitions ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Museum Practice ◽  
Material Evidence ◽  
Public Exhibition

The acquisition of two Guanche mummies restituted to Tenerife from Necochea (Argentina), has made possible our study of the specimens from the perspective of museum exhibitions. The specimens belonged originally ton the old collection of the Casilda Museum (Tacoronte, Tenerife), and were sold to Argentinean businessmen during the 19th century who moved them to Argentina. The body of at least one of the mummies was adapted in several parts so as to present the image of a mummified body. This was a nineteenth century museum practice observed in various parts of the world in order to adapt mummified bodies for public exhibition. The material evidence in this particular case can be observed from anatomical data (the skeleton belongs to two individuals of different sex), and from the use of modern materials totally foreign to Guanche culture.

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