scholarly journals A Comprehensive Review on Autoimmune Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1477-1489
Author(s):  
Shivani Bahri
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Lymphatic System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Keywords Autoimmunity ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Paul Ehrlich

Abstract: Immunity refers to the inbuilt ability of the organism to resist a particular disease or to be able to protect itself from disease causing microorganisms by preventing its development. Immune system includes WBCs which includes all the neutrophils, lymphocytes including the T-cells, the B-cells & the natural killer cells, all together make up the lymphatic system, antibodies, the spleen, the thymus, the bone marrow; our skin, mucous glands, hair, tears etc. also protect our body. By autoimmunity we understand that it is misallocated response of our immune system when it releases autoantibodies to attack the healthy cells of the body. Scientists have studied a lot about autoimmunity and its disorders. By the end of the 19th century, it was first believed that our immune system has the inability to react against its own body tissue until in 20th century the concept of “horror autotoxicus” was proposed by the German immunologist Paul Ehrlich. The autoimmune disease occurs when the immune system reacts and attacks its own cells in the body as a result of breakdown of immunologic tolerance to auto reactive immune cells. Many times, genetic as well as environmental factors are the key reason for autoimmune diseases. Many kinds of research are going through as to find out the actual cause of autoimmunity; till now no actual or exact cause is known. There are at least 80 types of autoimmune diseases recognized by our scientists; some of the commonly known autoimmune diseases are: type 1 diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, thyroiditis, multiple sclerosis, autoimmune vasculitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and many more. With unusual autoimmune diseases, diagnosis may not be done instantly; the patients may suffer years before getting diagnosed properly. Most of the diseases don't have any cure; some even need lifelong treatment to ease the symptoms. The diseases will be discussed in detail in the further sections. Keywords: autoimmunity, immune system, cells, disease, disorder, diabetes, arthritis, lupus, ITP

scholarly journals Stem Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine in Autoimmune Diseases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhuvaneshwari Sampath ◽  
Priyadarshan Kathirvelu ◽  
Kavitha Sankaranarayanan
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
Autoimmune Condition ◽  
Recent Trends

The role of immune system in our body is to defense against the foreign bodies. However, if the immune system fails to recognize self and non-self-cells in our body leads to autoimmune diseases. Widespread autoimmune diseases are rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, and more yet to be added to the list. This chapter discusses about how stem cell-based therapies and advancement of regenerative medicine endow with novel treatment for autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, in detail, specific types of stem cells and their therapeutic approach for each autoimmune condition along with their efficiency to obtain desired results are discussed. Ultimately, this chapter describes the recent trends in treating autoimmune diseases effectively using advanced stem cell research.

scholarly journals Gene expression signatures of target tissues in type 1 diabetes, lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. eabd7600
Author(s):  
F. Szymczak ◽  
M. L. Colli ◽  
M. J. Mamula ◽  
C. Evans-Molina ◽  
D. L. Eizirik
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Target Tissue ◽  
Sequencing Data

Autoimmune diseases are typically studied with a focus on the immune system, and less attention is paid to responses of target tissues exposed to the immune assault. We presently evaluated, based on available RNA sequencing data, whether inflammation induces similar molecular signatures at the target tissues in type 1 diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. We identified confluent signatures, many related to interferon signaling, indicating pathways that may be targeted for therapy, and observed a high (>80%) expression of candidate genes for the different diseases at the target tissue level. These observations suggest that future research on autoimmune diseases should focus on both the immune system and the target tissues, and on their dialog. Discovering similar disease-specific signatures may allow the identification of key pathways that could be targeted for therapy, including the repurposing of drugs already in clinical use for other diseases.

3. Fighting disease

2016 ◽  
pp. 40-58
Author(s):  
Chris Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Human Disease ◽  
The Body ◽  
Immune Defence ◽  
Germ Theory ◽  
Emil Von Behring ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Paul Ehrlich

‘Fighting disease’ looks at how the immune system and vaccination work. It considers the scientific studies of Louis Pasteur, late in the 19th century, who brilliantly expanded on the work of Robert Koch and Friedrich Henle, to formally expound the germ theory of human disease. But how did the body defend itself against these micro invaders? The phagocytic theory of immune defence resulted from the work of Élie Metchnikoff, Paul Ehrlich, and Emil von Behring. Immunoglobulin molecules provide the key to how the body creates the variety of molecules needed to protect against the different invaders experienced over a lifetime, and to how vaccination against a disease protects against future infection.

Biocompatible Nanovesicular Drug Delivery Systems with Targeting Potential for Autoimmune Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (42) ◽  
pp. 5488-5502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yub Raj Neupane ◽  
Asiya Mahtab ◽  
Lubna Siddiqui ◽  
Archu Singh ◽  
Namrata Gautam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Drug Carriers ◽  
Immunological Tolerance ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
The Body ◽  
Autoimmune Response ◽  
Treatment Modalities

Autoimmune diseases are collectively addressed as chronic conditions initiated by the loss of one’s immunological tolerance, where the body treats its own cells as foreigners or self-antigens. These hay-wired antibodies or immunologically capable cells lead to a variety of disorders like rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis and recently included neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s, Parkinsonism and testicular cancer triggered T-cells induced autoimmune response in testes and brain. Conventional treatments for autoimmune diseases possess several downsides due to unfavourable pharmacokinetic behaviour of drug, reflected by low bioavailability, rapid clearance, offsite toxicity, restricted targeting ability and poor therapeutic outcomes. Novel nanovesicular drug delivery systems including liposomes, niosomes, proniosomes, ethosomes, transferosomes, pharmacosomes, ufasomes and biologically originated exosomes have proved to possess alluring prospects in supporting the combat against autoimmune diseases. These nanovesicles have revitalized available treatment modalities as they are biocompatible, biodegradable, less immunogenic and capable of carrying high drug payloads to deliver both hydrophilic as well as lipophilic drugs to specific sites via passive or active targeting. Due to their unique surface chemistry, they can be decorated with physiological or synthetic ligands to target specific receptors overexpressed in different autoimmune diseases and can even cross the blood-brain barrier. This review presents exhaustive yet concise information on the potential of various nanovesicular systems as drug carriers in improving the overall therapeutic efficiency of the dosage regimen for various autoimmune diseases. The role of endogenous exosomes as biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of autoimmune diseases along with monitoring progress of treatment will also be highlighted.

PREDICTION AND ANALYSIS OF VACCINATION POSSIBILITIES IN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES: AN APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL IMMUNE SYSTEM

2002 ◽  
Vol 10 (02) ◽  
pp. 107-126
Author(s):  
RAJANI R. JOSHI ◽  
BHUVANESWARAN NATARAJAN
Keyword(s):  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Artificial Immune System ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Affinity Maturation ◽  
Artificial Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Machine Learning Model ◽  
Experimental Findings

We present an adaptive machine learning model of the humoral immune response. Antigens (epitopes/ids) and antibodies (paratopes/anti-ids) are represented here as sequences of single letter amino acid codes. The model effectively simulates dynamic affinity maturation, memory and associativity. Specific age-function is derived here based on recent experimental findings and is used to incorporate self and non-self antigens. Computational experiments using real data on Type-1 Diabetes and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus offer quantitative elucidation of autoimmunity. The results also provide applications towards vaccine design and possible solution to the therapeutic difficulties in the autoimmune diseases and disorders of the above kind.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles Tune the Immune System in Renal Disease: A Focus on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Antiphospholipid Syndrome, Thrombotic Microangiopathy and ANCA-Vasculitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 4194
Author(s):  
Martina Mazzariol ◽  
Giovanni Camussi ◽  
Maria Felice Brizzi
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Antiphospholipid Syndrome ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Thrombotic Microangiopathy ◽  
Coagulation Cascade ◽  
Renal Diseases ◽  
Systemic Lupus

Extracellular vesicles (EV) are microparticles released in biological fluids by different cell types, both in physiological and pathological conditions. Owing to their ability to carry and transfer biomolecules, EV are mediators of cell-to-cell communication and are involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases. The ability of EV to modulate the immune system, the coagulation cascade, the angiogenetic process, and to drive endothelial dysfunction plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of both autoimmune and renal diseases. Recent studies have demonstrated the involvement of EV in the control of renal homeostasis by acting as intercellular signaling molecules, mediators of inflammation and tissue regeneration. Moreover, circulating EV and urinary EV secreted by renal cells have been investigated as potential early biomarkers of renal injury. In the present review, we discuss the recent findings on the involvement of EV in autoimmunity and in renal intercellular communication. We focused on EV-mediated interaction between the immune system and the kidney in autoimmune diseases displaying common renal damage, such as antiphospholipid syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, thrombotic microangiopathy, and vasculitis. Although further studies are needed to extend our knowledge on EV in renal pathology, a deeper investigation of the impact of EV in kidney autoimmune diseases may also provide insight into renal biological processes. Furthermore, EV may represent promising biomarkers of renal diseases with potential future applications as diagnostic and therapeutic tools.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of the induction of autoimmunity

2005 ◽  
Vol 133 (Suppl. 1) ◽  
pp. 9-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marija Mostarica-Stojkovic
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Molecular Mimicry ◽  
The Body ◽  
Peripheral Tolerance ◽  
High Avidity ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Clonal Deletion ◽  
Genetic Traits

The main function of the immune system is to protect the body by responding to invading microorganisms. Immunologic tolerance is the basic property of the immune system that provides for self/non-self discrimination so that the immune system can protect the host from external pathogens without reacting against itself. Central tolerance is achieved by the clonal deletion of self-reactive lymphocytes expressing receptors with high avidity for self. Autoreactive lymphocytes which escaped selection in the central lymphoid organs are present in the peripheral repertoire but but are kept under control by multiple diverse peripheral tolerance mechanisms acting either directly on the self-reactive T cell (T-cell intrinsic) or indirectly via additional cells (T-cell extrinsic). Intrinsic mec hanisms include ignorance of autoantigens, anergy, phenotype skewing or activation-induced cell death of autoreactive T lymphocytes, while extrinsic mechanisms act through immature and/ or tolerogenic dendritic cells as well as different types of regulatory cells. Autoimmune diseases are associated with humoral or cell-mediated immune reactions against one or more of the body?s own constituents. Activation and clonal expansion of autoreactive lymhocytes is a crucial step in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. They result from the complex interactions between genetic traits and environmental factors, among which infections are the most likely cause. Several basic mechanisms may be operating whereby an infectious agent actually induces apparent autoimmne reactivity including molecular mimicry, bystander activation, induction of costimulation, polyclonal activation, altered processing and expression of cryptic antigens. Although many questions regarding autotolerance and etiop athogenestis of autoimmunity have yet to be resolved, it is evident that multiple overlapping pathways are operative in establishing, maintaining and breaking autotolerance, as well as during the initiation, progression, and final effector phases of autoimmunity.

scholarly journals Alpha-Synuclein Induced Immune Cells Activation and Associated Therapy in Parkinson’s Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruichen Su ◽  
Tian Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Alpha Synuclein ◽  
Autoimmune Response ◽  
T Helper ◽  
Helper Type

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder closely related to immunity. An important aspect of the pathogenesis of PD is the interaction between α-synuclein and a series of immune cells. Studies have shown that accumulation of α-synuclein can induce an autoimmune response that accelerates the progression of PD. This study discusses the mechanisms underlying the interaction between α-synuclein and the immune system. During the development of PD, abnormally accumulated α-synuclein becomes an autoimmune antigen that binds to Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that activate microglia, which differentiate into the microglia type 1 (M1) subtype. The microglia activate intracellular inflammatory pathways, induce the release of proinflammatory cytokines, and promote the differentiation of cluster of differentiation 4 + (CD4 +) T cells into proinflammatory T helper type 1 (Th1) and T helper type 17 (Th17) subtypes. Given the important role of α-synuclein in the immune system of the patients with PD, identifying potential targets of immunotherapy related to α-synuclein is critical for slowing disease progression. An enhanced understanding of immune-associated mechanisms in PD can guide the development of associated therapeutic strategies in the future.

scholarly journals Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease: An Overview of the Clinical Approach to Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-98
Author(s):  
Saurabh Nimesh ◽  
Md. Iftekhar Ahmad ◽  
Shikhka Dhama ◽  
Pradeep Kumar ◽  
Muhammad Akram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
The Body ◽  
Clinical Approach ◽  
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Novel Approaches

The systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), commonly known as Lupus, is a rare and complex multisystem autoimmune disease where one’s immune system is overactive, and the body attacks its organ systems. SLE is a historically old disease described already in antiquity; it is an example of a chronic disease with physical, psychological, financial, and social implications for individuals diagnosed. It has inspired medical and basic biological scientists that focus on molecular biology, basic immunology, immunopathology, clinical science, genetics, and epidemiology. The syndrome is real in its existence-although hidden behind obstacles, cumbersome for patients and clinicians, and rebellious for scientists. There is currently no cure for SLE. The goal of treatment is to ease symptoms. This article will review information on the general approach to SLE therapy, focusing on currently approved therapies and novel approaches that might be used in the future.

Physical plasma and leukocytes – immune or reactive?

2018 ◽  
Vol 400 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sander Bekeschus ◽  
Christian Seebauer ◽  
Kristian Wende ◽  
Anke Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Plasma Treatment ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells ◽  
Physical Plasma

AbstractLeukocytes are professionals in recognizing and removing pathogenic or unwanted material. They are present in virtually all tissues, and highly motile to enter or leave specific sites throughout the body. Less than a decade ago, physical plasmas entered the field of medicine to deliver their delicate mix of reactive species and other physical agents for mainly dermatological or oncological therapy. Plasma treatment thus affects leukocytes via direct or indirect means: immune cells are either present in tissues during treatment, or infiltrate or exfiltrate plasma-treated areas. The immune system is crucial for human health and resolution of many types of diseases. It is therefore vital to study the response of leukocytes after plasma treatmentin vitroandin vivo. This review gathers together the major themes in the plasma treatment of innate and adaptive immune cells, and puts these into the context of wound healing and oncology, the two major topics in plasma medicine.

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