scholarly journals Blueberry, Full Season Control of Broad Spectrum Insect Pests, 1994

1995 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-48
Author(s):  
James W. Johnson ◽  
Robert D. Kriegel ◽  
John C. Wise
Keyword(s):  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Ammonium Acetate Solution ◽  
Acetate Solution ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

Abstract Insecticides were applied to mature blueberry bushes near Douglas, MI at a rate of 50 gpa with a FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design of single 44 foot-long rows of vines replicated 4 times. Funginex was applied separately to all treatments. Applications of materials were made on 16 Jun (Petal Fall), 22 Jun (PF), 21 Jul (BBM threshold) and 2 Aug (BBM threshold + 14 days). Maggot threshold was defined as the capture of 2 adult R. mendax flies in yellow sticky card traps sprayed with a saturated ammonium acetate solution. The first maggot spray was applied within 7 days of reaching the threshold. Damage from early season fruitworms was evaluated on 13 Jun. Damage was assessed by sampling 50 fruit clusters from each replicate. Each cluster was rated for the presence or absence of fruitworm injury. BBM injury was evaluated on 16 Aug. Maggot injury was assessed by picking 2 onepint subsamples of fruit from each replicate. Subsamples were processed by macerating one pint of berries and 2 cups of water in a blender. The solution was then poured through a series of sieves. Maggots were retained on the finest sieve. Results were expressed as maggots per pint of berries.

scholarly journals Grape, Season-Long Broad-Spectrum Control, 1994

1995 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-50
Author(s):  
James W. Johnson ◽  
Robert D. Kriegel ◽  
John C. Wise
Keyword(s):  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
Pheromone Traps ◽  
Japanese Beetle ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Spectrum Control ◽  
Research Complex ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

Abstract Insecticides were applied to mature 14 year old grape vines at the Trevor Nichols Research Complex near Fennville, MI at a rate of 50 gpa using a FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design of single 50-foot-long rows of vines replicated 4 times. Insecticides were applied, as indicated in the table, on the following dates: 4 May (BS), 25 May (1C), 9 Jun (Bloom), 22 Jun (3C), 3 Jul (4C), 17 Jul (5C), 29 Jul (6C), 12 Aug (7C), 25 Aug (8C) and 6 Sep (9C). Second generation grape berry moth application was timed for one wk after sustained catch in pheromone traps. Phytotoxicity damage was rated on the untreated control and the Danitol plots on 22 Jul. Twenty-five leaf samples were rated as clean or damaged. A leaf was rated as damaged if it had spots or blemishes that could not be attributed to disease or insect injury. All damaged leaves had ≤25% of their surface injured. Damage evaluations for grape berry moth, and Japanese beetle were performed on 27 Sep. Damage was assessed by sampling 25 fruit clusters from each replicate. Each cluster was rated for the presence or absence of injury from each of the three insect pests.

scholarly journals Analysis of Nicotine and Nicotine-Related Compounds in Electronic Cigarette Liquids and Aerosols by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 154-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyu Liu ◽  
Peter Joza ◽  
Bill Rickert
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Ammonium Bicarbonate ◽  
Ammonium Acetate Solution ◽  
Gradient System ◽  
Acetate Solution ◽  
Target Compound ◽  
Internal Standards ◽  
Phase Gradient ◽  
Related Compounds

Summary The objective of this study was to develop and validate an analytical method for determining nicotine and nicotine related compounds (i.e., nicotine-N-oxide, cotinine, nornicotine, anatabine, myosmine, anabasine, and β-nicotyrine) in e-cigarette aerosols and e-liquids. Aerosol collection was achieved using a Cambridge collection pad. The sample preparation consisted of adding deuterated internal standards to the collection pad and extracting with 100 mM ammonium acetate solution using a wrist-action shaker. The filtrate was then analyzed by LC-MS/MS using a Gemini NX C18 column (3 μm, 150 × 3 mm) with a mobile phase gradient system consisting of acetonitrile and 10% acetonitrile in 10 mM ammonium bicarbonate (pH = 8.0) and electrospray ionization (ESI) in the positive mode. The e-liquid was analyzed using the same instrumental parameters, but simplifying the sample preparation procedure by adding deuterated internal standards directly to the 100-mg sample. The sample was then extracted with 100 mM ammonium acetate solution, sonicated, and filtered. In this study, the method’s accuracy, robustness, and reliability were enhanced by using deuterated analogues of each compound as internal standards and by applying two ion-transition pairs for each compound for the confirmation and quantification. Validation experiments demonstrated good sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility. All the target compound calibrations exhibited satisfactory linearity from 0.050 to 5.0 mg/mL (r2 > 0.995). The average recoveries for e-liquids varied from 85.2% (nicotine-N-oxide) to 110% (β-nicotyrine) with recoveries for all compounds exhibiting a coefficient of variation (CV) < 5.0%. Similarly, the average recoveries for e-cigarette aerosols varied from 87.8% (for nicotine-N-oxide) to 111% (for myosmine) with all CV < 8.8%. The LOD and LOQ for e-liquids for all target compounds ranged from 0.234 and 0.781 μg/g (cotinine) to 1.66 and 5.48 μg/g (nicotine-Noxide). For e-cigarette aerosols these limits ranged from 0.094 and 0.312 μg/collection (cotinine) to 0.872 and 2.87 μg/collection (nicotine-N-oxide). This methodology was used to quantitatively determine if any of the target compounds were present in a variety of sample matrices, including e-cigarette solutions and aerosols, and was successfully applied to stability studies, to monitor changes in the target compound levels which might be caused by e-cigarette formulations, components and the storage conditions.

scholarly journals KOMPATIBILITAS CENDAWAN METARHIZIUM ANISOPLIAE (METSCHN.) SOROKIN DENGAN NEMATODA ENTOMOPATOGEN STEINERNEMA SP.

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Imron Rosyidi ◽  
Hari Purnomo ◽  
Nanang Tri Haryadi ◽  
Mohammad Hoesain
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Metarhizium Anisopliae ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Symbiotic Bacteria ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

Compatibility Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokin with entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema sp. Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokin and entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema sp. can be used as biological control of insect pests. The objective of this research was to identify compatibility between fungus M. anisopliae with entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema sp. This research was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 5 treatments and repeated 5 times. The treatment used was M. anisopliae isolates Jombang 1 with Steinernema sp. (M1), M. anisopliae Jombang 2 with Steinernema sp. (M2), M. anisopliae isolates Kediri with Steinernema sp. (M3), M. anisopliae isolates Bondowoso with Steinernema sp. (M4), and M. anisopliae isolates Banyuwangi with Steinernema sp. (M5). Based on this research result, compatibility between the fungus M. anisopliae with entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema sp. was antagonistic. This occurs due to the symbiotic bacteria Xenorhabdus sp. that produced compounds antimycotic and capable to inhibit the growth of fungus M. anisopliae.

scholarly journals Toxicity of Granules of Bintaro Leaf Extract (Cerbera odollam Gaertn.) on Armyworm (Spodoptera litura Fab.)

BIOEDUKASI ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Ahmad Habib Sholahuddin ◽  
Wachju Subchan ◽  
Jekti Prihatin
Keyword(s):  
Pest Control ◽  
Spodoptera Litura ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Crop Failure ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Chemical Pesticides

Grayak caterpillar is insect pests that become pests of various food crops. Grayak caterpillars cause a decrease in crop productivity and even crop failure if they are not controlled. Pest control using chemical pesticides has many adverse effects on the environment. To minimize the occurrence of environmental damage, then it is used pest control using vegetable insecticides. Bintaro Leaf (Cerbera odollam Gaertn.) is potential as a vegetable insecticide. The purpose of this study was to examine the toxicity of granule from Bintaro leaf extract (C. odollam Gaertn.) on armyworms (S. litura Fab.). This research was a laboratory experimental research using Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Serial concentrations used in this study were 0% (control), 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5%. The results of this study showed that the granules of Bintaro leaf extract (C. odollam Gaertn.) were effective in causing mortality of armyworms (S. litura Fab.) at 1.5% concentration by 60% and included in toxic category. The value of LC50-48 hour granule from Bintaro leaf extract (C. odollam Gaertn) was 1.41%. Keywords: Spodoptera litura Fab. , Granula extract of Cerbera odollam Gaertn., Vegetable Insecticide.

scholarly journals The effect of permeant and impermeant osmoticants on exocytosis in guinea pig sperm

1991 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 761-769
Author(s):  
D.P. Green
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Membrane Fusion ◽  
Acrosome Reaction ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Ammonium Acetate Solution ◽  
Acetate Solution ◽  
Normal Medium ◽  
Acrosomal Membrane ◽  
External Calcium

Guinea pig sperm were suspended in calcium-containing medium supplemented with various concentrations of the tetrasaccharide, stachyose. At concentrations up to and including 0.6 M, stachyose was without effect on the A23187-induced acrosome reaction. At 1.0 M stachyose, greater than 97% of sperm retained their acrosome after exposure to A23187, as judged by light microscopy. Electron microscopy demonstrated, however, that exocytotic membrane fusion had occurred, although with substantial retention of the acrosomal matrix. Sperm incubated in 1.0 M stachyose solutions also underwent exocytotic membrane fusion in the absence of A23187 and external calcium. Sperm suspended in 0.175 M ammonium chloride solution progressively lost motility over 30 min, but without acrosomal swelling. By contrast, sperm in 0.19 M ammonium acetate underwent substantial swelling of the acrosome within 2–5 min. 70–80% of these sperm were able to exclude the vital dye propidium iodide with their acrosomes swollen. These sperm underwent acrosomal shrinkage if resuspended in normal medium within 5–10 min, and the majority (60–70%) recovered some motility. These sperm could undergo an A23187-induced acrosome reaction. Electron microscopy indicated that swelling in ammonium acetate solution solubilizes much of the acrosomal matrix and causes internal fusion between adjacent regions of the outer acrosomal membrane. There was no exocytotic membrane fusion in ammonium acetate solution, however. The evidence suggests that there is no stachyose osmolality for guinea pig sperm which will suppress the membrane fusion associated with exocytosis, and that sufficiently high osmolalities cause exocytotic membrane fusion in the absence of calcium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals Apple, Early Season Rosy Apple Aphid Control, 1994

1995 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-28
Author(s):  
James W. Johnson ◽  
John C. Wise
Keyword(s):  
Mature Trees ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Aphid Control ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

Abstract Insecticides were applied to mature trees in Douglas, MI (C Block) at a rate of 150 gpa with an FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design of single trees replicated 4 times. Applications of treatment materials were made on 3 May (half-inch green) and 1 Jun (petal fall). Dithane, Penncozeb, Bayleton and Streptomycin were applied separately to all treatments. Evaluations of RAA were made on 25 and 31 May, 7, 15, 22 and 29 Jun by examining 100 terminals per replicate or 400 terminals per treatment for the presence or absence of RAA.

scholarly journals Grape, Season Long Broad Spectrum Insect Control, 1996

1997 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-55
Author(s):  
John C. Wise
Keyword(s):  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Insect Control ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Number Of Clusters ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Research Complex ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Concord Grape ◽  
Grape Leafhopper

Abstract Insecticides were applied to mature (16 year old) cv. ‘Concord’ grape vines at the Trevor Nichols Research Complex near Fennville, MI at a rate of 50 GPA using a FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design of single 50 ft long rows of vines replicated four times. Applications of materials were made on 28 Jun (Bloom, 725 Degree Days base 50 for GLH), 10 Jul (3C), 22 Jul (4C), 7 Aug (5C), 21 Aug (6C), 3 Sep (7C), and 16 Sep (8C). Grape leafhopper evaluations were made on 19 Jul and 15 Aug by randomly selecting 50 leaves per replicate, or 200 leaves per treatment, and examining them for presence of GLH nymphs. Harvest fruit evaluations were made on 30 Sep by randomly selecting 25 grape clusters per replicate, or 200 per treatment, and counting the number of clusters with damage from GBM larvae.

The effectiveness of clove oil, its fractions, and clove oil-based fumigant tablet formulations, against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-198
Author(s):  
Trijanti Anughrahiyaharti Widinni Asnan ◽  
◽  
Sri Widayanti Widayanti ◽  
Idham Sakti Harahap ◽  
Herni Widhisatuti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tribolium Castaneum ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Red Flour Beetle ◽  
Clove Oil ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Resistant Varieties ◽  
Fumigation Chamber ◽  
Tablet Formulations ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

Indonesia has seen an increase and widespread reports of resistance among stored-product insect pests to phosphine. The use of Syzigium aromaticum (clove oil) as an alternative fumigant may be a useful strategy to control infestation by phosphine-resistant varieties of stored-product insects. The objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness of whole (unfractionated) clove oil as well as its component fractions as a fumigant and repellent against the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)), and to develop a simple fumigant formulation for this purpose. The experimental design used to test the effectiveness of clove oil and its fractionation was a completely randomized design (CRD). Meanwhile, testing the effectiveness of tablet formulations was carried out by factorial CRD. Fumigation test results gave LD50 and LD95 values of 0.234 and 1.142 ml/l respectively, for crude clove oil used in a fumigation chamber against T. castaneum. An n-hexane fraction of clove oil tested under the same conditions was more lethal, causing 95% mortality of T. castaneum at the dose of 0.801 ml/l during fumigation. Finally, tablets containing a set proportion of clove oil and naphthalene (1:1) reached LD91 against T. castaneum after 7 days’ fumigation.

scholarly journals TOXICITY OF INSECTICIDES USED IN MUSKMELON ON FIRST-INSTAR LARVAE OF Chrysoperla genanigra FREITAS (NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE)

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 662-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
BÁRBARA KARINE DE ALBUQUERQUE SILVA ◽  
MAURÍCIO SEKIGUCHI DE GODOY ◽  
ALRICÉLIA GOMES DE LIMA ◽  
ANNA KÉZIA SOARES DE OLIVEIRA ◽  
PATRIK LUIZ PASTORI
Keyword(s):  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Brazilian Northeast ◽  
Cucumis Melo L

ABSTRACT Brazil is one of the world's largest producers of melon (Cucumis melo L.), and Rio Grande do Norte and Ceará are the largest producers states of the country (99% of exports). This crop had great socio- economic importance in the Brazilian Northeast, however, it is affected by insect pests and consequently, large amounts of pesticides are applied to it, which greatly affect beneficial organisms, such as Chrysopidae. This bioassay evaluated the toxicity of nine insecticides used in commercial crops of muskmelon, applied to first- instar larvae of Chrysoperla genanigra of up to 24-hour-old, from mass rearing cultures. Sublethal effects were evaluated, classifying the insecticides into the toxicity classes recommended by the IOBC. A completely randomized design was used, consisting of ten treatments (clothianidin, pymetrozine, lambda-cyhalothrin, chlorantraniliprole, indoxacarb, pyriproxyfen, beta-cyfluthrin+imidacloprid, imidacloprid, beta-cypermethrin and a control consisted of distilled water). The treatments consisted of exposure of thirty larvae to dry residues of each product in Petri dishes, assessing their mortality, duration of instars, sex ratio, fecundity and viability of eggs from adults of the insects evaluated. The products were classified in toxicity classes as harmful (Class 4) (clothianidin, pymetrozine, indoxacarb, lambda-cyhalothrin, beta-cyfluthrin+imidacloprid, imidacloprid, beta- cypermethrin and pyriproxyfen) and innocuous (Class 1) (chlorantraniliprole) to first -instar larvae of C. genanigra, by calculate their total effect. Based on this work, chlorantraniliprole is the only recommended insecticide for use in integrated pest management (IPM) programs in muskmelon crops.

The Solubility of Lead Iodate in Ammonium Acetate Solution

1940 ◽  
Vol 62 (9) ◽  
pp. 2367-2369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvan M. Edmonds ◽  
Nathan Birnbaum
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Ammonium Acetate Solution ◽  
Acetate Solution
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