scholarly journals Apple, Prebloom Evaluation of Insecticides, 1995

1996 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-30
Author(s):  
Larry A. Hull
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bee ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Experimental Plot ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Cross Section Area ◽  
Section Area ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Plot Design

Abstract Two experimental and one registered insecticide were applied prebloom to evaluate their activity on a number of early season pests and to determine if honey bee activity at bloom was adversely affected. The experimental plot design was a RCB, with 5 insecticide treatments and a control, replicated 4 times. Plots consisted of 2-tree plots, 1 tree each of the cultivars ‘Yorking’ and ‘Golden Delicious’. The trees were planted at a spacing of 20 X 20 ft and were 22 yr old. Experimental sprays were applied with a Myers Mity Mist airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gpa at 2 mph. All treatments were applied at the pink stage (26 Apr) of ‘Golden Delicious’ development. A regular fungicide schedule (Dithane 75DF, Nova 40WP and Ziram 76WP) was maintained throughout the season. Post-bloom insecticides (Guthion 50WP) were applied at 1- to 2-wk intervals beginning at petal-fall in early May. Effectiveness of the sprays for RAA control was evaluated by counting the total number of RAA-injured clusters/tree and total number of injured apples per tree (both cvs) in a 5 min sample per tree for each variable. WALH was sampled by counting the number of nymphs present on 25 injured leaves per tree (cv ‘Yorking’). Also, 200 leaves per tree (cv ‘Yorking’) were randomly sampled for evidence of stippling caused by the feeding of WALH. Effectiveness of the test chemicals on the ERM was evaluated by counting the mites on samples of 25 random leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment. STLM was evaluated on 6 Jun by counting the number of tissue-feeding mines per 3 minutes around the periphery of the ‘Yorking’ tree/replicate. A sample of tissue-feeding mines was collected and the percentage of parasitized STLM determined. Honey bee sampling was conducted by making a number of 1-min examinations of each replicate tree during the blossom period. The number of blossoms on 2 tagged limbs per replicate tree was counted on 28 Apr and a measurement of limb cross-section area was taken. On 3 Jul, the number of apples that set on each tagged limb was counted. All insecticide treatments effectively controlled RAA with an application at the pink stage. WALH populations were lower on trees treated with BSN-2894. The high rate of BSN-2894 was more effective on STLM than Provado or Aphistar. None of treatments adversely affected honey bee activity during bloom or subsequent fruit set. Pest pressure was moderate.

scholarly journals Evaluation of some dwarf apple rootstocks

2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 23-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kosina
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Apple Rootstocks ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Cross Section Area ◽  
Section Area ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Good Productivity

Dwarf apple rootstocks M 9, M 27, Pajam 1, Pajam 2, Jork 9, J-TE-E, J-TE-F, J-TE-G and J-OH-A were evaluated in a trial conducted in an experimental orchard with cultivars Golden Delicious, Gloster and Melrose. The experimental plantation was established in 1990. Data on: yield (kg/tree), yield efficiency (kg/cm2), trunk cross-section area and suckering were recorded during the period 1991–2000. The cumulative yield per tree was highest on Jork 9 and Pajam 2. Trees on Pajam 1 and M 9 also had good productivity. Yield efficiency was highest on Jork 9, followed by M 27 and J-TE-G. Trees on Pajam 2 were most vigorous. The tree size on M 9 was similar like on Pajam 1. Trees on J-TE-E and J-TE-F grew less than those on M 9. The weakest growth was observed on rootstocks M 27 and J-TE-G. Among the tested rootstocks, J-OH-A produced the highest number of suckers. Suckering was more intensive with Melrose followed by Gloster and Golden Delicious.

Thermoacoustic Shape Optimization of a Subsonic Nozzle

2013 ◽  
Vol 135 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Giauque ◽  
Maxime Huet ◽  
Franck Clero ◽  
Sébastien Ducruix ◽  
Franck Richecoeur
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Emission ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Source Term ◽  
Combustion Noise ◽  
Noise Emission ◽  
Cross Section Area ◽  
Section Area ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Nozzle Flows ◽  
Subsonic Nozzle

Indirect combustion noise originates from the acceleration of nonuniform temperature or high vorticity regions when convected through a nozzle or a turbine. In a recent contribution (Giauque et al., 2012, “Analytical Analysis of Indirect Combustion Noise in Subcritical Nozzles,” ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbies Power, 134(11), p. 111202) the authors have presented an analytical thermoacoustic model providing the indirect combustion noise generated by a subcritical nozzle when forced with entropy waves. This model explicitly takes into account the effect of the local changes in the cross-section area along the configuration of interest. In this article, the authors introduce this model into an optimization procedure in order to minimize or maximize the thermoacoustic noise emitted by arbitrarily shaped nozzles operating under subsonic conditions. Each component of the complete algorithm is described in detail. The evolution of the cross-section changes are introduced using Bezier's splines, which provide the necessary freedom to actually achieve arbitrary shapes. Bezier's polar coordinates constitute the parameters defining the geometry of a given individual nozzle. Starting from a population of nozzles of random shapes, it is shown that a specifically designed genetic optimization algorithm coupled with the analytical model converges at will toward a quieter or noisier population. As already described by Bloy (Bloy, 1979, “The Pressure Waves Produced by the Convection of Temperature Disturbances in High Subsonic Nozzle Flows,” J. Fluid Mech., 94(3), pp. 465–475), the results therefore confirm the significant dependence of the indirect combustion noise with respect to the shape of the nozzle, even when the operating regime is kept constant. It appears that the quietest nozzle profile evolves almost linearly along its converging and diverging sections, leading to a square evolution of the cross-section area. Providing insight into the underlying physical reason leading to the difference in the noise emission between two extreme individuals, the integral value of the source term of the equation describing the behavior of the acoustic pressure of the nozzle is considered. It is shown that its evolution with the frequency can be related to the global acoustic emission. Strong evidence suggest that the noise emission increases as the source term in the converging and diverging parts less compensate each other. The main result of this article is the definition and proposition of an acoustic emission factor, which can be used as a surrogate to the complex determination of the exact acoustic levels in the nozzle for the thermoacoustic shape optimization of nozzle flows. This acoustic emission factor, which is much faster to compute, only involves the knowledge of the evolution of the cross-section area and the inlet thermodynamic and velocity characteristics to be computed.

An Analytical Method of Analyzing the Heat Conduction for the Unequal Cross-Section Straight Fin

2013 ◽  
Vol 365-366 ◽  
pp. 1211-1216
Author(s):  
Fan Zhang ◽  
Peng Yun Song
Keyword(s):  
Heat Conduction ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Thermal Analyses ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cross Section Area ◽  
Section Area ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Analytical Expressions

The cross-section area of straight fin is often considered to be equal in the thermal analyses of straight fin, but sometimes it is unequalin actual situation. Taking a straight fin with two unequal cross-sectional areas as an example,an analytical method of heat conduction for unequal section straight fin is presented. The analytical expressions of temperature field and heat dissipating capacity about the fin,which has a smaller cross-section area near the fin base and a larger one, is obtained respectively. The calculation results of the unequal cross-section are fully consistent with the equal area one, so the method is proved right. The results show that the larger the cross section areanear the base,the better is the heat transfer, and the temperature at the base with larger cross-section area is lower than that with smaller cross-section area when the amount of heat is fixed.

Rotational Temperature Measurement in Multicomponent Gases Using Raman Scattering Spectroscopy

1976 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Hickman ◽  
A. E. Kassem ◽  
L. H. Liang
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Field ◽  
Raman Scattering ◽  
Temperature Measurement ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Rotational Temperature ◽  
Raman Scattering Spectroscopy ◽  
Scattering Experiment ◽  
Cross Section Area ◽  
Section Area

The rotational temperature at pressures near 1 atm and at room temperature has been successfully measured using spectra obtained in an intracavity Raman scattering experiment. The accuracy of the method is sufficient to allow local temperature measurement of multicomponent gases with no disturbance in the temperature field. The advantage of the method lies in the fact that it does not require knowledge of the relative scattering cross-section area of the component gases.

scholarly journals Load bearing capacity of thin-walled rectangular and I-shaped steel sections of short both empty and concrete-filled columns

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (58) ◽  
pp. 77-85
Author(s):  
Amor Bouaricha ◽  
Naoual Handel ◽  
Aziza Boutouta ◽  
Sarah Djouimaa
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Load Capacity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Short Columns ◽  
Cross Section Area ◽  
Section Area ◽  
Specimen Height ◽  
Steel Sections ◽  
Thin Walled

In this experimental work, strength results obtained on short columns subjected to concentric loads are presented. The specimens used in the tests have made of cold-rolled, thin-walled steel. Twenty short columns of the same cross-section area and wall thickness have been tested as follows: 8 empty and 12 filled with ordinary concrete. In the aim to determine the column section geometry with the highest resistance, three different types of cross-sections have been compared: rectangular, I-shaped unreinforced and, reinforced with 100 mm spaced transversal links. The parameters studied are the specimen height and the cross-sectional steel geometry. The registered experimental results have been compared to the ultimate loads intended by Eurocode 3 for empty columns and by Eurocode 4 for compound columns. These results showed that a concrete-filled composite column had improved strength compared to the empty case. Among the three cross-section types, it has been found that I-section reinforced is the most resistant than the other two sections. Moreover, the load capacity and mode of failure have been influenced by the height of the column. Also, it had noted that the experimental strengths of the tested columns don’t agree well with the EC3 and EC4 results.

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