scholarly journals Differences in Symptom Clusters at Baseline Testing among Student Athletes with ADHD or Migraines

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 751-751
Author(s):  
J E Karr ◽  
B A Maxwell ◽  
R Zafonte ◽  
P D Berkner ◽  
G L Iverson
Keyword(s):  
Student Athletes ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Symptom Clusters ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Symptom Scale ◽  
Configural Invariance ◽  
Affective Symptoms ◽  
Sleep Arousal

Abstract Purpose This study was designed to determine whether the factor structure of the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS) is consistent (i.e., invariant) in subgroups of youth with pre-existing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or migraines. A four-factor model of the PCSS has empirical support (i.e., cognitive-sensory, sleep-arousal, vestibular-somatic, and affective symptoms), and the current investigation examined (i) whether this model is invariant across athletes with and without ADHD or migraines and (ii) group differences across symptom clusters. Methods Participants included a large sample of adolescent athletes (N=39,242; 54.4% boys; 13–18 years-old, M=15.50±1.27 years), among which 2,543 reported ADHD and 2,638 reported having migraines. The 22-item PCSS was administered at pre-season baseline. Statistical analyses included invariance testing across ADHD and migraine groups. Good fit was defined as CFI≥0.95. Effect sizes for group differences in symptom clusters were calculated. Results Configural invariance was established across participants with and without ADHD (CFI=0.967) and with and without migraines (CFI=0.965); however, weak invariance was not established for either diagnostic group. Effect sizes (Cohen’s d) of group differences varied by symptom cluster: cognitive-sensory (ADHD=0.44; migraine=0.38), sleep-arousal (0.33, 0.37), vestibular-somatic (0.17, 0.45), and affective (0.27, 0.28). Conclusion Although the four-factor model has been previously published and replicated among healthy student athletes, this model was only partially invariant for participants with ADHD or migraines. The cognitive-sensory factor showed the largest differences based on ADHD, whereas the vestibular-somatic factor showed the largest differences based on migraine history.

A Four-Factor Symptom Model for Student Athletes with and without Prior Concussions

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 750-750
Author(s):  
J E Karr ◽  
B A Maxwell ◽  
R Zafonte ◽  
P D Berkner ◽  
G L Iverson
Keyword(s):  
Factor Model ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Symptom Clusters ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Symptom Scale ◽  
Affective Symptoms ◽  
Partial Invariance ◽  
History Of ◽  
Vestibular Symptoms

Abstract Purpose This study was designed to determine whether the factor structure of the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS) is consistent (i.e., invariant) in subgroups of youth stratified by their history of prior concussions. A four-factor model of the PCSS has empirical support (i.e., cognitive-sensory, sleep-arousal, vestibular-somatic, and affective symptoms), and the current investigation examined (i) whether this model is invariant across athletes with 0, 1, or ≥2 prior concussions and (ii) group differences across symptom clusters. Methods Participants included a large sample of adolescent athletes (54.4% boys; 13–18 years-old, M=15.50±1.27 years) with 0 (n=32,668), 1 (n=4,110), or ≥2 prior concussions (n=1,681) administered the 22-item PCSS at pre-season baseline. Measurement invariance was tested (good fit=CFI≥0.95; significant change-in-fit=∆CFI≥0.01) and effect sizes for group differences in symptom clusters were calculated. Results The four-factor model showed configural (CFI=0.968) and weak invariance (∆CFI=0.006), but not strong invariance. Comparisons based on concussion history across symptom clusters indicated very small differences between athletes with 0 and 1 prior concussion(s) (d=0.05-0.15), slightly larger differences between athletes with 1 and ≥2 prior concussion(s) (d=0.12-0.24), and modestly larger differences between athletes with 0 and ≥2 prior concussion(s) (d=0.17-0.35). Conclusion These findings support partial invariance of the four-factor PCSS model across athletes with and without a history of concussion. The association with prior concussion was greatest for cognitive-sensory symptoms and smallest for vestibular symptoms. Future research should explore whether alternative factor models are invariant across athletes with different numbers of prior concussions.

Career Counselling Effectiveness and Contributing Factors

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan C. Whiston
Keyword(s):  
Career Choice ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Career Counselling ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Considerable Evidence ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
The World ◽  
Meta Analyses

This chapter explores the research related to whether career counselling is effective for individuals with vocational issues. In particular, there is considerable empirical support for career counselling related to career choice issues and searching for employment. Hence, practitioners can use this evidence to convince administrators, policymakers, parents, students, and other constituencies of the worth of career counselling. In addition, the chapter provides empirical evidence that practitioners can use to improve their effectiveness in working with people with career issues. This discussion mainly focuses on the results from older and newer meta-analyses regarding the ingredients that have a significant influence on effect sizes or the critical ingredients in career counselling. For example, there is considerable evidence that support from individuals, including the counsellor, may play an important role in the effectiveness of career counselling. Other factors that contribute to effective practice are also identified and discussed. The chapter further explores the need for additional research that addresses the most effective methods for providing career counselling. As the world of work becomes increasingly complex, it is important that researchers continue to explore the most effective strategies for assisting people in finding satisfying, meaningful, and productive work.

scholarly journals An fMRI investigation of the relations between Extraversion, internalizing psychopathology, and neural activation following reward receipt in the Human Connectome Project sample

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtland S. Hyatt ◽  
Emily S. Hallowell ◽  
Max M. Owens ◽  
Brandon M. Weiss ◽  
Lawrence H. Sweet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Personality Trait ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Five Factor Model ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Internalizing Psychopathology ◽  
Human Connectome Project

Abstract Quantitative models of psychopathology (i.e., HiTOP) propose that personality and psychopathology are intertwined, such that the various processes that characterize personality traits may be useful in describing and predicting manifestations of psychopathology. In the current study, we used data from the Human Connectome Project (N = 1050) to investigate neural activation following receipt of a reward during an fMRI task as one shared mechanism that may be related to the personality trait Extraversion (specifically its sub-component Agentic Extraversion) and internalizing psychopathology. We also conducted exploratory analyses on the links between neural activation following reward receipt and the other Five-Factor Model personality traits, as well as separate analyses by gender. No significant relations (p < .005) were observed between any personality trait or index of psychopathology and neural activation following reward receipt, and most effect sizes were null to very small in nature (i.e., r < |.05|). We conclude by discussing the appropriate interpretation of these null findings, and provide suggestions for future research that spans psychological and neurobiological levels of analysis.

scholarly journals Optimising outcome assessment of voice interventions, II: sensitivity to change of self-reported and observer-rated measures

2007 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
I N Steen ◽  
K MacKenzie ◽  
P N Carding ◽  
A Webb ◽  
I J Deary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Health ◽  
Voice Quality ◽  
Voice Handicap Index ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Voice Therapy ◽  
Vocal Performance ◽  
Symptom Scale ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Voice ◽  
Responsiveness To Change

AbstractObjectives:A wide range of well validated instruments is now available to assess voice quality and voice-related quality of life, but comparative studies of the responsiveness to change of these measures are lacking. The aim of this study was to assess the responsiveness to change of a range of different measures, following voice therapy and surgery.Design:Longitudinal, cohort comparison study.Setting:Two UK voice clinics.Participants:One hundred and forty-four patients referred for treatment of benign voice disorders, 90 undergoing voice therapy and 54 undergoing laryngeal microsurgery.Main outcome measures:Three measures of self-reported voice quality (the vocal performance questionnaire, the voice handicap index and the voice symptom scale), plus the short form 36 (SF 36) general health status measure and the hospital anxiety and depression score. Perceptual, observer-rated analysis of voice quality was performed using the grade–roughness–breathiness–asthenia–strain scale. We compared the effect sizes (i.e. responsiveness to change) of the principal subscales of all measures before and after voice therapy or phonosurgery.Results:All three self-reported voice measures had large effect sizes following either voice therapy or surgery. Outcomes were similar in both treatment groups. The effect sizes for the observer-rated grade–roughness–breathiness–asthenia–strain scale scores were smaller, although still moderate. The roughness subscale in particular showed little change after therapy or surgery. Only small effects were observed in general health and mood measures.Conclusion:The results suggest that the use of a voice-specific questionnaire is essential for assessing the effectiveness of voice interventions. All three self-reported measures tested were capable of detecting change, and scores were highly correlated. On the basis of this evaluation of different measures' sensitivities to change, there is no strong evidence to favour either the vocal performance questionnaire, the voice handicap index or the voice symptom scale.

scholarly journals Empathy Measurement in Autistic and Nonautistic Adults: A COSMIN Systematic Literature Review

Assessment ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 107319112096456
Author(s):  
Jessica L. Harrison ◽  
Charlotte L. Brownlow ◽  
Michael J. Ireland ◽  
Adina M. Piovesana
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Support ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Social Differences ◽  
Item Functioning ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Clinical Conditions ◽  
Psychometric Quality

Empathy is essential for social functioning and is relevant to a host of clinical conditions. This COSMIN review evaluated the empirical support for empathy self-report measures used with autistic and nonautistic adults. Given autism is characterized by social differences, it is the subject of a substantial proportion of empathy research. Therefore, this review uses autism as a lens through which to scrutinize the psychometric quality of empathy measures. Of the 19 measures identified, five demonstrated “High-Quality” evidence for “Insufficient” properties and cannot be recommended. The remaining 14 had noteworthy gaps in evidence and require further evaluation before use with either group. Without tests of measurement invariance or differential item functioning, the extent to which observed group differences represent actual trait differences remains unknown. Using autism as a test case highlights an alarming tendency for empathy measures to be used to characterize, and potentially malign vulnerable populations before sufficient validation.

Locus of control in US combat veterans: Unique associations with posttraumatic stress disorder 5-factor model symptom clusters

2018 ◽  
Vol 268 ◽  
pp. 152-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noelle B. Smith ◽  
Lauren M. Sippel ◽  
Candice Presseau ◽  
David Rozek ◽  
Natalie Mota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Locus Of Control ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Combat Veterans ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Symptom Clusters

Behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia

2020 ◽  
pp. 247-258
Author(s):  
Rianne van der Linde ◽  
Tom Dening
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Psychological Symptoms ◽  
Symptom Clusters ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Mixed Group ◽  
People With Dementia ◽  
Affective Symptoms ◽  
Behavioural And Psychological Symptoms

The term: ‘behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia’ (BPSD) refers to a mixed group of phenomena. BPSD are the non-cognitive features of dementia and include depression, anxiety, psychotic symptoms, apathy, irritability, aggression, and sleep and eating problems. They occur in around 80% of people with dementia at some stage, several of them becoming more frequent as dementia progresses. Some BPSD, notably apathy, are very persistent. BPSD often limit the person’s quality of life and can be stressful for carers. Causes of BPSD include biological, psychological, social, and environmental factors. This chapter explores how they are assessed and measured, and how they may usefully grouped together in symptom clusters. Usually four symptom groups are found: affective symptoms, psychosis, hyperactivity, and euphoria. However, these are not always consistent and in particular apathy does not consistently belong in one group. Approaches to management of BPSD are outlined.

scholarly journals Psychometric properties and concurrent validity of the Transgender Congruence Scale (TCS) in the Swedish setting

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stavros I. Iliadis ◽  
Cathrine Axfors ◽  
Agnes Friberg ◽  
Hans Arinell ◽  
Ulrika Beckman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Gender Dysphoria ◽  
Concurrent Validity ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Swedish Version ◽  
Multiple Group ◽  
Configural Invariance ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Adolescents And Adults

Abstract The Transgender Congruence Scale (TCS) is a non-binary tool used in Sweden for gender dysphoria (GD) assessment; however, its Swedish version has not been validated. To investigate the psychometric properties of the TCS, its capacity to distinguish individuals with GD and its concurrent validity compared to other scales. Patients with GD (n = 135) and controls (n = 443) filled in a questionnaire containing sociodemographic questions, the TCS, the Utrecht Gender Dysphoria Scale (UGDS), and the Gender Identity/Gender Dysphoria Questionnaire for Adolescents and Adults (GIDYQ-AA). TCS had good discriminatory validity and internal consistency. Patients with GD, stratified by birth-assigned sex, had lower TCS scores compared to controls. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) supported the two-factor model of the TCS. Multiple-group CFA suggested measurement invariance between birth-assigned sexes and configural invariance between patients with GD and controls. Area under the ROC curve for birth-assigned males was 0.991 and for females 0.994. A TCS mean value of three provided sensitivity 94.3% and 95.1% as well as specificity 98.6% and 98% for aM and aF, respectively. The TCS was significantly correlated to UGDS and GIDYQ-AA. The TCS may be a valuable tool in the clinical assessment of individuals with GD.

scholarly journals The Factorial Validity of the Norwegian Version of the Multicomponent Training Distress Scale (MTDS-N)

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (20) ◽  
pp. 7603
Author(s):  
Cathrine Nyhus Hagum ◽  
Shaher A. I. Shalfawi
Keyword(s):  
Student Athletes ◽  
Self Report ◽  
School Level ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Factorial Validity ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Mimic Model ◽  
Scale Reliability ◽  
Norwegian Version ◽  
Distress Scale

Background: Athlete self-report measures (ASRM) are methods of athlete monitoring, which have gained considerable popularity in recent years. The Multicomponent Training Distress Scale (MTDS), consisting of 22 items, is a promising self-report measure to assess training distress among athletes. The present study aimed to investigate the factorial validity of the Norwegian version of MTDS (MTDS-N) among student-athletes (n = 632) attending the optional program subject “Top-Level Sports” in upper secondary schools in Norway. Methods: A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to assess the six-factor model proposed by Main and Grove (2009). McDonald’s omega (ω) along with confidence intervals (CIs) were used to estimate scale reliability. After examining the fit of the CFA model in the total sample, covariates were included to investigate group differences in latent variables of MTDS-N, resulting in the multiple indicators multiple causes (MIMIC) model. Further, direct paths between the covariates and the factor indicators were included in an extended MIMIC model to investigate whether responses to items differed between groups, resulting in differential item functioning (DIF). Results: When modification indices (MIs) were taken into consideration, the alternative CFA model revealed that MTDS-N is an acceptable psychometric tool with a good fit index. The factors in MTDS-N all constituted high scale reliability with McDonald’s ω ranging from 0.725–0.862. The results indicated statistically significant group differences in factor scores for gender, type of sport, hours of training per week, school program, and school level. Further, results showed that DIF occurred in 13 of the MTDS-N items. However, after assessing the MIMIC model and the extended MIMIC model, the factor structure remained unchanged, and the model fit remained within acceptable values. The student-athletes’ reports of training distress were moderate. Conclusion: The MTDS-N was found to be suitable for use in a Norwegian population to assess student-athletes’ training distress in a reliable manner. The indications of group effects suggest that caution should be used if one is interested in making group comparisons when the MTDS-N is used among student-athletes in Norway until further research is conducted.

scholarly journals A-12 The Dimensionality of Symptoms Before and After Sport-Related Concussion

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 785-785
Author(s):  
J Karr ◽  
G Iverson
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Invariance ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Five Factor Model ◽  
Fit Indices ◽  
Factor Analyses ◽  
Post Injury ◽  
Specific Symptom ◽  
Bifactor Models ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Sleep Arousal

Abstract Objective Multiple factor analyses have examined the dimensionality of physical, emotional, and cognitive symptoms both before and after a sport-related concussion. The current study compared model fit and measurement invariance of five candidate factor models, including a one-factor model, original four-factor model (cognitive-sensory, vestibular-somatic, sleep-arousal, and affective), alternative four-factor model (cognitive, physical, sleep-arousal, and affective), five-factor model (cognitive-sensory separated), and bifactor model. Method Student athletes (N = 1,554; 56.7&#37; boys; age: M = 16.1 ± 1.2) completed the Post-Concussion Symptoms Scale (PCSS) at preseason baseline and after a suspected concussion. Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted at both time points, with pre-injury to post-injury measurement invariance models (configural, weak, strong, and strict) also examined. Model results were assessed via fit indices (CFI ≥ .90/RMSEA≤.08) and change-in-fit indices (∆CFI ≤ -.01). Results All models other than the one-factor model showed excellent fit before and after concussion (CFIs&gt;.95/RMSEAs &#60; .06). Based on pre-injury to post-injury invariance analyses, full weak invariance was established for both four-factor and the bifactor models, and partial strict invariance was established for each of these models following modifications. Conclusions Support for partial strict invariance indicates that meaningful comparisons can be made between factor means before and after concussion for the four-factor and bifactor models, evidencing the validity of a total symptom score and specific symptom subscales before and after concussion. The alternative four-factor model may offer an improved conceptual framework compared to the original four-factor model, which included a non-intuitive cognitive-sensory factor. These findings could support the development of normative scores for PCSS subscales for use in research and clinical practice.

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