Flight Speed and Directional Responses to Wind by Migrating Canada Geese

The Auk ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 342-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael L. Wege ◽  
Dennis G. Raveling
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Wind Direction ◽  
Time Of Flight ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Canada Geese ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Wind Drift ◽  
Visual Reference ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Goal Direction

Abstract We monitored headings, flight speeds, and time of flight of nine transmittertagged giant Canada geese (Branta canadensis maxima) during 10 different autumn migration flights during which data on wind directions and speeds were also available. Destination of these individuals was known because of previous observations of the same birds. This enabled us to evaluate their headings with respect to wind drift. As the magnitude of the following component of the wind increased, air speeds of migrating geese declined while ground speeds were not significantly changed. Therefore, the cost of transport over the ground, and probably metabolic rate, were minimized. Headings of migrant geese varied systematically and significantly with wind direction, but track directions did not deviate significantly from the goal direction. Thus, the geese compensated for wind drift. Visual reference to landmarks may have been the cue used to correct for drift, as weather conditions were such that geese could see the ground.

Energetics of swimming by the platypus Ornithorhynchus anatinus: metabolic effort associated with rowing.

1997 ◽  
Vol 200 (20) ◽  
pp. 2647-2652 ◽  
Author(s):  
F E Fish ◽  
R V Baudinette ◽  
P B Frappell ◽  
M P Sarre
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Water Current ◽  
Transport Costs ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Aquatic Locomotion ◽  
Ornithorhynchus Anatinus ◽  
Thrust Generation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
High Thrust ◽  
Aquatic Mammals

The metabolism of swimming in the platypus Ornithorhynchus anatinus Shaw was studied by measurement of oxygen consumption in a recirculating water flume. Platypuses swam against a constant water current of 0.45-1.0 ms-1. Animals used a rowing stroke and alternated bouts of surface and submerged swimming. Metabolic rate remained constant over the range of swimming speeds tested. The cost of transport decreased with increasing velocity to a minimum of 0.51 at 1.0 ms-1. Metabolic rate and cost of transport for the platypus were lower than values for semiaquatic mammals that swim at the water surface using a paddling mode. However, relative to transport costs for fish, the platypus utilized energy at a similar level to highly derived aquatic mammals that use submerged swimming modes. The efficient aquatic locomotion of the platypus results from its specialised rowing mode in conjunction with enlarged and flexible forefeet for high thrust generation and a behavioral strategy that reduces drag and energy cost by submerged swimming.

scholarly journals Energetics of terrestrial locomotion of the platypus Ornithorhynchus anatinus

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (4) ◽  
pp. 797-803 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.E. Fish ◽  
P.B. Frappell ◽  
R.V. Baudinette ◽  
P.M. MacFarlane
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Standard Metabolic Rate ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Terrestrial Locomotion ◽  
Terrestrial Mammals ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Ornithorhynchus Anatinus ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Limb Structure

The platypus Ornithorhynchus anatinus Shaw displays specializations in its limb structure for swimming that could negatively affect its terrestrial locomotion. Platypuses walked on a treadmill at speeds of 0.19-1.08 m × s(−1). Video recordings were used for gait analysis, and the metabolic rate of terrestrial locomotion was studied by measuring oxygen consumption. Platypuses used walking gaits (duty factor >0.50) with a sprawled stance. To limit any potential interference from the extensive webbing on the forefeet, platypuses walk on their knuckles. Metabolic rate increased linearly over a 2.4-fold range with increasing walking speed in a manner similar to that of terrestrial mammals, but was low as a result of the relatively low standard metabolic rate of this monotreme. The dimensionless cost of transport decreased with increasing speed to a minimum of 0.79. Compared with the cost of transport for swimming, the metabolic cost for terrestrial locomotion was 2.1 times greater. This difference suggests that the platypus may pay a price in terrestrial locomotion by being more aquatically adapted than other semi-aquatic or terrestrial mammals.

Energetics of surface swimming in Brandt's cormorants (Phalacrocorax penicillatus brandt)

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (24) ◽  
pp. 3727-3731 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ancel ◽  
L.N. Starke ◽  
P.J. Ponganis ◽  
R. Van Dam ◽  
G.L. Kooyman
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Swimming Velocity ◽  
Specific Rate ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Metabolic Chamber ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
The Cost

The energy requirements of Brandt's cormorants (Phalacrocorax penicillatus) during surface swimming were measured in birds swimming under a metabolic chamber in a water flume. From the oxygen consumption recordings, we extrapolated the metabolic rate and cost of transport at water speeds ranging from 0 to 1.3 m s(−)(1). In still water, the birds' mean mass-specific rate of oxygen consumption (V(O2)) while floating at the surface was 20.2 ml O(2)min(−)(1)kg(−)(1), 2.1 times the predicted resting metabolic rate. During steady-state voluntary swimming against a flow, their V(O2) increased with water speed, reaching 74 ml O(2)min(−)(1)kg(−)(1) at 1.3 m s(−)(1), which corresponded to an increase in metabolic rate from 11 to 25 W kg(−)(1). The cost of transport decreased with swimming velocity, approaching a minimum of 19 J kg(−)(1)m(−)(1) for a swimming speed of 1.3 m s(−)(1). Surface swimming in the cormorant costs approximately 18 % less than sub-surface swimming. This confirms similar findings in tufted ducks (Aythya fuligula) and supports the hypothesis that increased energy requirements are necessary in these birds during diving to overcome buoyancy and heat loss during submergence.

scholarly journals Commuting fruit bats beneficially modulate their flight in relation to wind

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1782) ◽  
pp. 20140018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nir Sapir ◽  
Nir Horvitz ◽  
Dina K. N. Dechmann ◽  
Jakob Fahr ◽  
Martin Wikelski
Keyword(s):  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Fruit Bats ◽  
Movement Model ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Wind Drift ◽  
Optimal Movement ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Eidolon Helvum

When animals move, their tracks may be strongly influenced by the motion of air or water, and this may affect the speed, energetics and prospects of the journey. Flying organisms, such as bats, may thus benefit from modifying their flight in response to the wind vector. Yet, practical difficulties have so far limited the understanding of this response for free-ranging bats. We tracked nine straw-coloured fruit bats ( Eidolon helvum ) that flew 42.5 ± 17.5 km (mean ± s.d.) to and from their roost near Accra, Ghana. Following detailed atmospheric simulations, we found that bats compensated for wind drift, as predicted under constant winds, and decreased their airspeed in response to tailwind assistance such that their groundspeed remained nearly constant. In addition, bats increased their airspeed with increasing crosswind speed. Overall, bats modulated their airspeed in relation to wind speed at different wind directions in a manner predicted by a two-dimensional optimal movement model. We conclude that sophisticated behavioural mechanisms to minimize the cost of transport under various wind conditions have evolved in bats. The bats’ response to the wind is similar to that reported for migratory birds and insects, suggesting convergent evolution of flight behaviours in volant organisms.

The metabolic cost of swimming in marine homeotherms.

1997 ◽  
Vol 200 (3) ◽  
pp. 531-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
A T Hind ◽  
W S Gurney
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Hydrodynamic Drag ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Sea Lions ◽  
Minke Whales ◽  
Free And Forced Convection ◽  
Phocid Seals ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Cost

This paper describes a model of the metabolic cost of swimming in pinnipeds and its application to other marine homeotherms. The model takes account of both hydrodynamic and thermal processes. The thermal component incorporates both free and forced convection and takes account of the effect of hair on free convection. Using data from the literature to evaluate all but two of the parameters, we apply the model to metabolic rate data on phocid seals, otariids (sea lions), penguins and minke whales. We show that the model is able to reproduce two unusual features of the data; namely, a very rapid increase in metabolic rate at low velocities and an overall rise in metabolic rate with velocity which is slower than the rise in hydrodynamic drag force. The work shows the metabolic costs of propulsion and thermoregulation in a swimming homeotherm to be interlinked and suggests differing costs of propulsion for different modes of swimming. This is potentially of ecological significance since the swimming speed that minimises the cost of transport for an animal will change with changes in water temperature.

Erbium/Ytterbium-Doped Waveguide Amplifier (EYDWA) for extended reach of Wavelength Division Multiplexing based free space optics system (WDM/FSO)

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bentahar Attaouia ◽  
Kandouci Malika ◽  
Ghouali Samir
Keyword(s):  
Wavelength Division Multiplexing ◽  
Free Space ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Free Space Optical ◽  
Wavelength Division ◽  
Space Optics ◽  
Effective Implementation ◽  
Transmission Distance ◽  
The Cost

AbstractThis work is focused to carry out the investigation of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) approach on free space optical (FSO) transmission systems using Erbium Ytterbium Doped Waveguide Amplifier (EYDWA) integrated as post-or pre-amplifier for extending the reach to 30 Km for the cost-effective implementation of FSO system considering weather conditions. Furthermore, the performance of proposed FSO-wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system is also evaluated on the effect of varying the FSO range and results are reported in terms of Q factor, BER, and eye diagrams. It has been found that, under clear rain the post-amplification was performed and was able to reach transmission distance over 27 Km, whereas, the FSO distance has been limited at 19.5 Km by using pre-amplification.

Efficient Solar Desalination System Using Humidification/Dehumidification Process

2014 ◽  
Vol 136 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adel M. Abdel Dayem
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Heat Source ◽  
System Performance ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Water Production ◽  
High Pressure Pump ◽  
Solar Desalination ◽  
Flat Plate Collector ◽  
The Cost

An innovative solar desalination system is successfully designed, manufactured, and experimentally tested at Makkah, 21.4 degN. The system consists of 1.15 m2 flat-plate collector as a heat source and a desalination unit. The unit is about 400 l vertical cylindrical insulated tank. It includes storage, evaporator, and condenser of hot salt-water that is fed from the collector. The heated water in the collector is raised naturally to the unit bottom at which it is used as storage. A high pressure pump is used to inject the water vertically up through 1-mm three nozzles inside the unit. The hot salt-water is atomized inside the unit where the produced vapor is condensed on the inner surfaces of the unit outer walls to outside. The system was experimentally tested under different weather conditions. It is obtained that the system can produce about 9 l a day per quadratic meter of collector surface area. By that it can produce about 1.6 l/kWh of solar energy. Moreover, the water temperature has a great effect on the system performance although the scaling possibility is becoming significant. By that way the cost of a liter water production is relatively high and is obtained as 0.5 US$.

scholarly journals Does Metabolic Rate Increase Linearly with Running Speed in all Distance Runners?

2017 ◽  
Vol 02 (01) ◽  
pp. E1-E8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Batliner ◽  
Shalaya Kipp ◽  
Alena Grabowski ◽  
Rodger Kram ◽  
William Byrnes
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Running Economy ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Distance Running Performance ◽  
Elite Runners

AbstractRunning economy (oxygen uptake or metabolic rate for running at a submaximal speed) is one of the key determinants of distance running performance. Previous studies reported linear relationships between oxygen uptake or metabolic rate and speed, and an invariant cost of transport across speed. We quantified oxygen uptake, metabolic rate, and cost of transport in 10 average and 10 sub-elite runners. We increased treadmill speed by 0.45 m·s−1 from 1.78 m·s−1 (day 1) and 2.01 m·s−1 (day 2) during each subsequent 4-min stage until reaching a speed that elicited a rating of perceived exertion of 15. Average runners’ oxygen uptake and metabolic rate vs. speed relationships were best described by linear fits. In contrast, the sub-elite runners’ relationships were best described by increasing curvilinear fits. For the sub-elites, oxygen cost of transport and energy cost of transport increased by 12.8% and 9.6%, respectively, from 3.58 to 5.14 m·s−1. Our results indicate that it is not possible to accurately predict metabolic rates at race pace for sub-elite competitive runners from data collected at moderate submaximal running speeds (2.68–3.58 m·s−1). To do so, metabolic rate should be measured at speeds that approach competitive race pace and curvilinear fits should be used for extrapolation to race pace.

scholarly journals Relations between morphology, buoyancy and energetics of requiem sharks

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 160406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gil Iosilevskii ◽  
Yannis P. Papastamatiou
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Negative Selection ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Ontogenetic Changes ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Pectoral Fins ◽  
Confined Spaces ◽  
Reef Sharks ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Derivatives Of

Sharks have a distinctive shape that remained practically unchanged through hundreds of millions of years of evolution. Nonetheless, there are variations of this shape that vary between and within species. We attempt to explain these variations by examining the partial derivatives of the cost of transport of a generic shark with respect to buoyancy, span and chord of its pectoral fins, length, girth and body temperature. Our analysis predicts an intricate relation between these parameters, suggesting that ectothermic species residing in cooler temperatures must either have longer pectoral fins and/or be more buoyant in order to maintain swimming performance. It also suggests that, in general, the buoyancy must increase with size, and therefore, there must be ontogenetic changes within a species, with individuals getting more buoyant as they grow. Pelagic species seem to have near optimally sized fins (which minimize the cost of transport), but the majority of reef sharks could have reduced the cost of transport by increasing the size of their fins. The fact that they do not implies negative selection, probably owing to decreased manoeuvrability in confined spaces (e.g. foraging on a reef).

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