Energetics of surface swimming in Brandt's cormorants (Phalacrocorax penicillatus brandt)

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (24) ◽  
pp. 3727-3731 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ancel ◽  
L.N. Starke ◽  
P.J. Ponganis ◽  
R. Van Dam ◽  
G.L. Kooyman
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Swimming Velocity ◽  
Specific Rate ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Metabolic Chamber ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
The Cost

The energy requirements of Brandt's cormorants (Phalacrocorax penicillatus) during surface swimming were measured in birds swimming under a metabolic chamber in a water flume. From the oxygen consumption recordings, we extrapolated the metabolic rate and cost of transport at water speeds ranging from 0 to 1.3 m s(−)(1). In still water, the birds' mean mass-specific rate of oxygen consumption (V(O2)) while floating at the surface was 20.2 ml O(2)min(−)(1)kg(−)(1), 2.1 times the predicted resting metabolic rate. During steady-state voluntary swimming against a flow, their V(O2) increased with water speed, reaching 74 ml O(2)min(−)(1)kg(−)(1) at 1.3 m s(−)(1), which corresponded to an increase in metabolic rate from 11 to 25 W kg(−)(1). The cost of transport decreased with swimming velocity, approaching a minimum of 19 J kg(−)(1)m(−)(1) for a swimming speed of 1.3 m s(−)(1). Surface swimming in the cormorant costs approximately 18 % less than sub-surface swimming. This confirms similar findings in tufted ducks (Aythya fuligula) and supports the hypothesis that increased energy requirements are necessary in these birds during diving to overcome buoyancy and heat loss during submergence.

Postprandial exercise: prioritization or additivity of the metabolic responses?

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (12) ◽  
pp. 2127-2132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert F. Bennett ◽  
James W. Hicks
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Ventilation Rate ◽  
Oxygen Extraction ◽  
Metabolic Responses ◽  
Air Convection ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Monitor Lizards ◽  
The Cost

SUMMARY Monitor lizards (Varanus exanthematicus) were used to examine the prioritization or additivity of the metabolic responses associated with exercise and digestion, either of which can elevate metabolic rate independently. Rates of oxygen consumption (V̇.O2) and ventilation (V̇.E) were measured in lizards during fasting exercise, postprandial rest and postprandial exercise. In fasting animals, V̇.O2 increased with walking speed to a maximal value of 15.9mlO2kg−1min−1 at 1.25kmh−1. Postprandial resting metabolic rate was elevated significantly above fasting levels (4.1 versus 2.0mlO2kg−1min−1). During postprandial exercise, V̇.O2 increased to a maximal value of 18.8mlO2kg−1min−1 at 1.25kmh−1. At every level of exercise, V̇.O2 was significantly higher in postprandial animals by a similar increment; the maximal rate of oxygen consumption was significantly increased by 18% in postprandial individuals. Maximal V̇.E did not differ in fasting and postprandial animals and, therefore, the greater V̇.O2max of postprandial animals cannot be attributed to a higher ventilation rate. Air convection requirement (V̇.E/V̇.O2) is significantly lower in postprandial animals at rest and at all levels of exercise, indicating a relative hypoventilation and increased pulmonary oxygen extraction efficiency. We suggest that this increased oxygen extraction may be due to decreased cardiopulmonary shunts and/or to lower mixed venous oxygen content. The data unequivocally support an additivity model rather than prioritization models for the allocation of elevated metabolic rate: the postprandial metabolic increment is not suspended during exercise, but rather is added onto the cost of exercise. It is clear that fasting exercise did not elicit truly maximal levels of cardiopulmonary oxygen transport in these animals, indicating problems for design models that make this assumption.

The Use of a New Tilting Tunnel Respirometer to Investigate Some Aspects of Metabolism and Swimming Activity of the Plaice (Pleuronectes Platessa L.)

1980 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 295-309
Author(s):  
I. G. PRIEDE ◽  
F.G. T. HOLLIDAY
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Water Tunnel ◽  
Lift Off ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Negatively Buoyant

1. Plaice and other flatfish can be induced to swim down a slope of about 60° against an upwelling water flow in a water tunnel. 2. A tilting Brett-type tunnel respirometer based on the above principle enabled laboratory experiments on swimming plaice to be carried out. 3. From trials at 5°, 10°, 15 °C, the relationship between specific swimming speed, V (body lengths s−1), oxygen consumption, R (mg−1. kg−1 h−1) and temperature, T is: log10 = 0.3318V + log10 (2.45T+26.52). 4. If the fish is resting (i.e. V = 0), the oxygen consumption is lower than predicted by the above equation. At rest: R = 3.14T+2.66. 5. The cost of swimming in plaice is very similar to that of typical round fish such as haddock but the resting metabolic rate is lower than for haddock. 6. Before swimming, a negatively buoyant fish such as plaice must lift off the bottom. This cost of lift-off or posture effect makes it uneconomical for plaice to swim at speeds below 0.6V.

The Swimming of Nymphon Gracile (Pycnogonida): The Energetics of Swimming at Constant Depth

1977 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-211
Author(s):  
ELFED MORGAN
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Tidal Cycle ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Constant Depth ◽  
Total Carbohydrate ◽  
Drag Forces ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Tide Period

1. The mechanical power required by Nymphon for swimming at constant depth has been calculated from drag forces acting on the legs. For an adult male this was found to be 3.4 W kg. Only about 60% of this is used to support the animal's weight in water. 2. The metabolic rate fluctuates spontaneously over a tidal cycle, being greatest during the ebb-tide period. The mean rate of oxygen consumption during the animals least active phase was found to be about 0.1 μlO2 mg−1 h−1. 3. The total carbohydrate and lipid immediately available for combustion have been estimated at 4.64 and 16 μg/mg wet wt respectively. These quantities should be adequate for about 42 h periodic swimming in an adult Nymphon.

Oxygen consumption and resting metabolic rate in sepsis, sepsis syndrome, and septic shock

1993 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 1012-1019 ◽  
Author(s):  
GEORG KREYMANN ◽  
SEBASTIAN GROSSER ◽  
PETER BUGGISCH ◽  
CLAUS GOTTSCHALL ◽  
STEPHAN MATTHAEI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Septic Shock ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Sepsis Syndrome

Activity before exercise influences recovery metabolism in the lizard Dipsosaurus dorsalis

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (12) ◽  
pp. 1809-1815
Author(s):  
D.A. Scholnick ◽  
T.T. Gleeson
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Maximal Activity ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Dipsosaurus Dorsalis ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Lactate Levels ◽  
Blood Lactate Levels

During recovery from even a brief period of exercise, metabolic rate remains elevated above resting levels for extended periods. The intensity and duration of exercise as well as body temperature and hormone levels can influence this excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). We examined the influence of activity before exercise (ABE), commonly termed warm-up in endotherms, on EPOC in the desert iguana Dipsosaurus dorsalis. The rate of oxygen consumption and blood lactate levels were measured in 11 female D. dorsalis (mass 41.1 +/− 3.0 g; mean +/− s.e.m.) during rest, after two types of ABE and after 5 min of exhaustive exercise followed by 60 min of recovery. ABE was either single (15 s of maximal activity followed by a 27 min pause) or intermittent (twelve 15 s periods of exercise separated by 2 min pauses). Our results indicate that both single and intermittent ABE reduced recovery metabolic rate. EPOC volumes decreased from 0.261 to 0.156 ml of oxygen consumed during 60 min of recovery when lizards were subjected to intermittent ABE. The average cost of activity (net V(O2) during exercise and 60 min of recovery per distance traveled) was almost 40 % greater in lizards that exercised without any prior activity than in lizards that underwent ABE. Blood lactate levels and removal rates were greatest in animals that underwent ABE. These findings may be of particular importance for terrestrial ectotherms that typically use burst locomotion and have a small aerobic scope and a long recovery period.

METABOLIC REFERENCE STANDARDS FOR THE NEONATE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 724-732
Author(s):  
John C. Sinclair ◽  
Jon W. Scopes ◽  
William A. Silverman
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Reference Standards ◽  
Contributory Factor ◽  
Tissue Mass ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption

Oxygen consumption of 92 normally grown newborn babies of birth weight 750 to 3,940 gm has been expressed in terms of various metabolic reference standards in order to identify any systematic variation in expression of metabolic rate that is introduced by these bases of reference in the newborn population. It is postulated that differences in body composition comprise a contributory factor to the variation among newborn babies in rate of oxygen consumption per kilogram body weight. The predictive error from a mean value is increased if surface area, body weight, or fat-free body weight is substituted for body weight as a metabolic reference standard. By taking into account known changes in body composition of the fetus with increasing maturity, a compartment representing the active tissue mass is calculated. This corresponds closely to body weight minus extracellular fluid and includes fat. Rate of oxygen consumption is proportional to the size of this compartment over the range of body weights studied. Implications are discussed as to the metabolic rate of adipose tissue in the newborn and body composition among undergrown babies.

Resting and field metabolic rates of Awassi sheep and Baladi goats raised by Negev bedouin

2020 ◽  
Vol 158 (5) ◽  
pp. 431-437
Author(s):  
Michael Kam ◽  
Shaher El-Meccawi ◽  
Arieh Brosh ◽  
A. Allan Degen
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Arid Areas ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Herbaceous Vegetation ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Awassi Sheep ◽  
Natural Pasture ◽  
Field Metabolic Rates ◽  
The Cost

AbstractSheep are grazers and goats are intermediate feeders. By employing O2 consumption and heart rate measurements, resting metabolic rate (RMR) and field metabolic rate (FMR) were determined in four male fat-tailed Awassi sheep (44.0 ± 3.94) and four male Baladi goats (35.5 ± 5.42 kg) that were co-grazing natural pasture in the Negev Desert. There were 67.7 ± 3.75 g DM/m2 of herbaceous vegetation biomass, which was rapidly becoming senescent and more fibrous. We hypothesized that FMR of these desert-adapted ruminants would be relatively low when compared to other sheep and goat breeds, as animals in arid areas tend to have low metabolic rates. Both sheep (n = 6) and goats (n = 6) foraged 71% of the allotted 11 h free-pasture period; however, sheep grazed more than goats (P < 0.001); whereas goats browsed more than sheep (P < 0.001). RMR was higher (P = 0.007) in sheep than in goats (529 ± 23.5 v. 474 ± 25.4 kJ/kg0.75 BW/d), but FMR did not differ between species (618 ± 55.7 v. 613 ± 115.2 kJ/kg0.75 BW/d). In addition, the cost of activities, as a proportion of FMR, did not differ between sheep and goats; FMR increased by 89 kJ/kg0.75 BW/d or 17% in sheep and by 138 kJ/kg0.75 BW/d or 29% in goats. In comparing FMRs of sheep and goats in this study with these species in other studies, differences were inconsistent and, therefore, our hypothesis was not supported.

scholarly journals Energy cost of NaCl transport in isolated gills of cutthroat trout

1999 ◽  
Vol 277 (3) ◽  
pp. R631-R639 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Morgan ◽  
George K. Iwama
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Gill Tissue ◽  
Tissue Respiration ◽  
Nacl Transport ◽  
Oncorhynchus Clarki Clarki ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Total Tissue

Few studies have made direct estimates of the energy required for ion transport in gills of freshwater (FW) and seawater (SW) fish. Oxygen consumption was measured in excised gill tissue of FW-adapted cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarki clarki) to estimate the energy cost of NaCl transport in that osmoregulatory organ. Ouabain (0.5 mM) and bafilomycin A1 (1 μM) were used to inhibit the Na+-K+and H+ pumps, respectively. Both inhibitors significantly decreased gill tissue oxygen consumption, accounting for 37% of total tissue respiration. On a whole mass basis, the cost of NaCl uptake in the FW trout gill was estimated to be 1.8% of whole animal oxygen uptake. An isolated, saline-perfused gill arch preparation was also used to compare gill energetics in FW- and SW-adapted trout. The oxygen consumption of FW gills was significantly (33%) higher than SW gills. On a whole animal basis, total gill oxygen consumption in FW and SW trout accounted for 3.9 and 2.4% of resting metabolic rate, respectively. The results of both experiments suggest that the energy cost of NaCl transport in FW and SW trout gills represents a relatively small (<4%) portion of the animal’s total energy budget.

scholarly journals Oxygen Consumption Rate of Polychaeta Nereis sp. Different Sizes and Type of Feed

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 159
Author(s):  
Eko Setio Wibowo ◽  
Endah Sri Palupi ◽  
I G A Ayu Ratna Puspitasari ◽  
Atang Atang
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Biological Aspects

Nereis  sp. contains amino acids and unsaturated fatty acids that can improve the quality of gamete stem cells and the quality of the resulting larvae. Nereis  sp. can increase gamete cell maturation in the parent shrimp up to 70%. This triggers the exploitation these worms excessively in nature since there are no cultivation efforts to meet their needs. This condition encourages research on the biological aspects of Nereis  sp. to complement the information that can support the cultivation of the worms. This research was conducted on Nereis  sp. from the Jeruklegi Cilacap area with different types of feed. This study aims to determine the metabolic rate of the worms Nereis  sp. at different sizes by giving different types of feed. This research use immature Nereis  sp. which was maintained at 15 ppt salinity with three different body weight (0.3-0.6 g; 1.1-1.3 g and 1.8-2.04 g) with three different types of feed (D0 feed, feed flour of Spirulina sp. and ornamental fish feed tetra blitsz). The study was conducted experimentally with a randomized block design (RBD) method with six replications. The results showed the rate of oxygen consumption of Nereis  sp. influenced by the size and type of feed given (P<0.05). Nereis  sp. with size of 0.3-0.6 gr indicates the highest metabolic rate.  Nereis  sp. fed with flour of Spirulina sp. shows the highest metabolic rate.  Appropriate feed to support the growth of Nereis  sp. is D0 and tetra blits (low fiber feed). 

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