scholarly journals Contrasting multilevel relationships between behavior and body mass in blue tit nestlings

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 702-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Class ◽  
Jon Brommer
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Blue Tit ◽  
Environmental Correlations ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Opposing Effects ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Genetic Integration ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract Repeatable behaviors (i.e., animal personality) are pervasive in the animal kingdom and various mechanisms have been proposed to explain their existence. Genetic and nongenetic mechanisms, which can be equally important, predict correlations between behavior and body mass on different levels (e.g., genetic and environmental) of variation. We investigated multilevel relationships between body mass measured on weeks 1, 2, and 3 and three behavioral responses to handling, measured on week 3, which form a behavioral syndrome in wild blue tit nestlings. Using 7 years of data and quantitative genetic models, we find that all behaviors and body mass on week 3 are heritable (h2 = 0.18–0.23) and genetically correlated, whereas earlier body masses are not heritable. We also find evidence for environmental correlations between body masses and behaviors. Interestingly, these environmental correlations have different signs for early and late body masses. Altogether, these findings indicate genetic integration between body mass and behavior and illustrate the impacts of early environmental factors and environmentally mediated growth trajectory on behaviors expressed later in life. This study, therefore, suggests that the relationship between personality and body mass in developing individuals is due to various underlying mechanisms, which can have opposing effects. Future research on the link between behavior and body mass would benefit from considering these multiple mechanisms simultaneously.

Cultural differences in gift recipients’ attitude and behavior toward disliked gifts

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Theeranuch Pusaksrikit ◽  
Sydney Chinchanachokchai
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Relationship Closeness ◽  
Marketing Segmentation ◽  
Self Construal ◽  
The Usa ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of cultural differences and the types of relationship closeness involved in recipients’ emotional and behavioral reactions after receiving disliked gifts. Design/methodology/approach Collecting data from Thailand and the USA, two experiments were conducted in a 2 (self-construal: independent/interdependent) × 2 (relationship closeness: close/distant) between-subjects design. Study 1 explores the recipients’ feelings and reactions upon receipt of a disliked gift. Study 2 explores the disposition process for a disliked gift. Findings The results show that a recipient’s emotions, reaction and disposition process can be affected by cultural differences and relationship closeness: specifically that close and distant relationships moderate the relationship between self-construal and gift-receiving attitudes and behaviors. Research limitations/implications Future research can investigate representative groups from other countries to broaden the generalizability of the findings. Practical implications This understanding can guide gift-givers when selecting gifts for close or distant recipients across cultures. Additionally, it can help retailers develop and introduce new marketing strategies by applying self-construal as a marketing segmentation tool for gift purchase and disposition. Originality/value This research is among the first studies to offer insights into how individuals in different cultures manage disliked gifts they receive from people in either close or distant relationships.

scholarly journals Intestinal Absorption Profile of Three Polygala Oligosaccharide Esters in Polygalae Radix and the Effects of Other Components in Polygalae Radix on Their Absorption

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
YinYing Ba ◽  
MengLin Wang ◽  
KunFeng Zhang ◽  
QiJun Chen ◽  
JiaJia Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Sodium Caprate ◽  
P Glycoprotein ◽  
Paracellular Absorption ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Rat Gut ◽  
Human Nervous System

Oligosaccharide esters, which are among the main active components of Polygalae Radix (PR), demonstrate significant pharmacological activities in the human nervous system. In our previous research, some other constituents in PR were able to improve the bioavailability of oligosaccharide esters such as sibiricose A5 (SA5), sibiricose A6 (SA6), and 3,6′-disinapoyl sucrose (DISS), but the related components and their underlying mechanisms remain unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the intestinal absorptive profile of SA5, SA6, and DISS and the absorptive behavior influenced by the coadministration of polygalaxanthone III and total saponins of PR (TS) using an in vitro everted rat gut sac model, along with the possible mechanisms that may influence absorption. The results showed that TS could significantly enhance the absorption of SA5, SA6, and DISS monomers. Verapamil, a P-glycoprotein inhibitor, was able to elevate the absorption of SA5 and SA6, and an absorption experiment using Rho123 led us to conclude that TS influenced the absorption of SA5 and SA6 in a manner similar to that of a P-glycoprotein inhibitor. Sodium caprate, a paracellular absorption enhancer, was found to increase the absorption of SA5, SA6, and DISS. Results showed that the absorption mechanisms of SA5 and SA6 may combine active transport with paracellular passive penetration, while DISS’s absorption was dominated by paracellular passive penetration. However, the relationship between polygala saponins and the absorption of SA5, SA6, and DISS by paracellular passive penetration remain to be examined. This is the direction of our future research.

scholarly journals The Impact of Board Capital on Internationalization of SMEs: Initial Theoretical Considerations

2020 ◽  
pp. 12-16
Author(s):  
Monika Bužavaitė ◽  
Renata Korsakiene
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Research Direction ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Resource Based View ◽  
Board Capital ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Theoretical Considerations ◽  
Agency Resource

The study aims to investigate the relationship between Board capital and internationalization of SMEs. The study implements a systematic review and synthesis of scientific literature. The article presents useful insights into the concept of Board capital, Agency, Resource dependency, Institutional theories, and Resource-Based view. These theories give us a better understanding of Board capital, the firm’s management and behavior. The analysis of recent studies suggests that external members of the Board might positively affect internationalization outcomes and be useful in overcoming obstacles during the initiation of international activities. Nevertheless, international entrepreneurship literature is still lacking studies considering Board capital. A deeper investigation of Board capital factors impacting the internationalization of SMEs can be stated as a future research direction. 

Exploring Potential Mediation Pathways on the Relationship Between Acculturation and Body Mass Index (BMI) Among Latino Adolescents

2021 ◽  
pp. 154041532110298
Author(s):  
Christopher Johansen ◽  
Kim D. Reynolds ◽  
Bin Xie ◽  
Paula Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Sedentary Behavior ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Latino Adolescents ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Public High Schools ◽  
Multiple Mediation ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Positive associations have been observed between acculturation and body mass index (BMI), but the mediators of this relationship are not well established. Acculturation researchers have called for investigating the influence of socio-contextual variables as mediators. The objective of this study was to test the mediating effects of salty snacks, sweet snacks, physical activity, and sedentary behavior on the relationship between acculturation and BMI among Latino adolescents. Methods: Adolescents who self-identified as Latino ( n = 431) at public high schools in Southern California were recruited and completed a self-report survey. A bootstrapped multiple mediation model was used to test mediation pathways. Results: Acculturation was positively associated with physical activity ( B = 0.09, p < .05). The indirect effects of salty snacks, sweet snacks, physical activity, and sedentary behavior were not associated with BMI, suggesting no mediation. Conclusions: Future research should examine additional mediating variables on the relationship between acculturation and BMI.

A Longitudinal Investigation of Drug Use and Work Patterns among Middle-Class, White Adults

1988 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helene Raskin White ◽  
Angela Aidala ◽  
Benjamin Zablocki
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Financial Status ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Longitudinal Investigation ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship

This article explores the relationship between drug use and patterns of living and working for a sample of middle-class, white “baby boomers” who have lived in communal households. A longitudinal investigation was initiated in the mid-1970s with 806 persons and followed up in 1986–1987 with 79% of these subjects. During interviews, the subjects supplied data related to their work and financial status, work-related attitudes and behavior, life status, and histories of drug use (i.e., types of drugs used, and quantity, frequency, and duration of use). The results indicate that neither chronic nor current use of marijuana or alcohol had adversely affected the subjects' occupational status and achievement in middle adulthood, although a relationship was found between daily alcohol consumption and delaying marriage and childbearing. The authors warn against extrapolating the results for this unique sample to the larger population, but note the implications they have for future research.

Substance Use among Rapists: A Comparison with Other Serious Felons

1985 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Ladouceur ◽  
Mark Temple
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Violent Crime ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Correctional Institutions ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Context Factors ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Levels

The purpose of this article is to explore the relationship between substance use and sexual and violent crime, using data collected as part of the 1979 “Survey of Inmates in Correctional Institutions.” Specifically, the intent is to (1) assess the relationship between substance use and crime for rapists and compare this relationship with that for offenders whose crimes involve different levels of sex and violence; (2) examine the extent to which race, age, and social context modify this relationship; (3) compare substance use at the time of the offense with typical use patterns, in order to determine whether use is likely to be directly linked to the crimes in question; and (4) place the findings in a theoretical context in order to suggest directions for future research. The findings indicate that although there is a slight difference between offender types for drug use, no difference between offender types was found for alcohol use. In addition, these findings did not appear to be modified by race, age, or social context factors. Finally, it was found that use at the time of the offense does not differ markedly from typical use patterns.

scholarly journals Attitudes of East Tennessee Residents Towards General and Pertussis Vaccination: A Qualitative Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinne Tandy ◽  
Jennifer M. Jabson Tree
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Behavior Outcomes ◽  
Vaccination Decision ◽  
East Tennessee ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background Despite vaccination being one of the safest and most successful public health tools to control infectious diseases, some people still doubt the efficacy and safety of vaccines. In order to address vaccine hesitancy and anti-vaccination sentiment, it is necessary to understand vaccination attitude development and vaccination behaviors. The objective of this project was to qualitatively investigate general vaccination attitudes and behavior with an additional emphasis on pertussis vaccination. Methods To identify factors that influence attitudes toward vaccination and behaviors in East Tennessee, eleven one-on-one interviews were conducted with participants recruited through convenience and purposive sampling. Interview protocol and deductive codes were developed using the Triadic Theory of Influence as a theoretical framework. Interview transcripts were analyzed qualitatively and themes were identified through constant comparison of interviews, considering both deductively and inductively coded data. Results Most participants (8) held positive attitudes towards vaccination. Participants (8) comfortable with vaccinating themselves or their children said they followed recommendations of doctors. Vaccine hesitant participants’ (3) most frequently cited concern was safety and concern about side effects. These participants also reported that they referenced non-academic or professional sources and felt confident about their knowledge of vaccines and diseases. Vaccine hesitant participants had low perception of risk of vaccine-preventable diseases, particularly pertussis. Participants with children reported that friends and family were influential when deciding to vaccinate their children. Conclusions This study identified themes in the attitudes towards vaccination of participants recruited in East Tennessee. We found that risk perception and family and social group attitudes were the primary influences on vaccination decision making. We recommend that future research includes anti-vaccination participants in their research, if possible, and further explore the relationship between perception of one’s own knowledge and health behavior outcomes.

scholarly journals Twin Studies of Atopic Dermatitis: Interpretations and Applications in the Filaggrin Era

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla Elmose ◽  
Simon Francis Thomsen
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Twin Studies ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Atopic Diseases ◽  
Environmental Correlations ◽  
Disease Trait ◽  
Overall Ratio ◽  
The Relationship

Aim. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of population-based twin studies of (a) the concordance and heritability of AD and (b) the relationship between AD and asthma and, furthermore, to reinterpret findings from previous twin studies in the light of the emerging knowledge about filaggrin and its role in the atopic march and provide suggestions for future research in this area. Methods. We identified all twin studies (published after 1970) that have calculated the concordance rate and/or the heritability of AD, or the genetic and environmental correlations between AD and asthma. Results. Reported concordance rates for AD ranged, respectively. From 0.15 to 0.86 for MZ and from 0.05 to 0.41 for DZ twins, with an overall ratio of MZ : DZ twins of approximately three. The heritability of AD was estimated to be approximately 75%, and the association between AD and asthma was around 85% explained by genetic pleiotropy. Conclusions. Genetic factors account for most of the variability in AD susceptibility and for the association between AD and asthma. Controversy remains as to whether the atopic diseases are causally related or whether they are diverse clinical manifestations of a common, underlying (genetic) disease trait. Future twin studies may help solve this enigma.

The smart leader: examining the relationship between intelligence and leader development behavior

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carrie A. Blair ◽  
Charles Allen Gorman ◽  
Katherine Helland ◽  
Lisa Delise
Keyword(s):  
Performance Feedback ◽  
Generalizability Theory ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Leader Development ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Unique Method ◽  
Smart Leader ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between intelligence and behavior during leader development. Design/methodology/approach – As part of a leader development program, a variety of measures are collected, including measures of intelligence and measures of performance (e.g. assessment center performance, a 360-degree appraisal). The participants are given performance feedback from a variety of sources then asked to form developmental goals. The goals are examined for goal quality and goal-feedback correspondence, and examined in relation to intelligence. Findings – Intelligence was positively related to goal-feedback correspondence. Intelligence was also related to goal quality after controlling for variance attributed to professional discipline. Research limitations/implications – Personality, gender, age, and other variables were not included in this study. Other factors, such as the cultures of the organizations from which the individuals hailed, were also not included. Moreover, the conclusions were based on the behaviors exhibited in one leader development program. Future research should address these limitations. Practical implications – Leader development is expensive and is becoming more popular. The results of this research could help organizations better determine who is likely to benefit from the investment in leader development. Originality/value – In addition, a unique method is presented in the study for measuring leader development behavior based on goal quality and goal-feedback correspondence. Generalizability theory is applied in order to determine the reliability of the measures.

scholarly journals Adolescent Biological Maturity and Physical Activity: Biology Meets Behavior

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 332-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren B. Sherar ◽  
Sean P. Cumming ◽  
Joey C. Eisenmann ◽  
Adam D.G. Baxter-Jones ◽  
Robert M. Malina
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Biological Maturation ◽  
Health Related Behaviors ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Biological Maturity ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship

The decline in physical activity (PA) across adolescence is well established but influence of biological maturity on the process has been largely overlooked. This paper reviews the limited number of studies which examine the relationship between timing of biological maturity and PA. Results are generally inconsistent among studies. Other health-related behaviors are also considered in an effort to highlight the complexity of relationships between biological maturation and behavior and to provide future research directions.

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