The role of signaling constraints in defining optimal marginal costs of reliable signals

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 784-791
Author(s):  
Keith D Harris ◽  
Yair Daon ◽  
Vidyanand Nanjundiah
Keyword(s):  
Choice Model ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Costly Signaling ◽  
Handicap Principle ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Marginal Costs ◽  
Signal Production ◽  
Functional Advantage ◽  
Informative Signals

Abstract The handicap principle was originally proposed to resolve the question of why, in their competition for mates, certain species invest in exaggerated ornaments that are often detrimental to their survival. Zahavi suggested that the traits that are most suitable to serve as signals are precisely those that require the burden of extra investment to increase in magnitude: that burden enables the signal to be correlated with the signaler’s quality. According to his model, the additional investment in signaling results in a functional advantage. It does so by providing more accurate information regarding the signaler as it increases the distinction between males of similar quality. There are a number of formalizations of this model, and experimental studies of the handicap principle have focused on testing them. Nonetheless, there is little consensus whether 1) ensuring reliability requires an additional investment or 2) traits that require a relatively higher investment to increase (have higher marginal costs) are selected as signals over those with lower marginal costs. Here, we present an agent-based mate choice model that quantifies the relative stability of signals with different marginal costs. Our model demonstrates how quality-independent constraints (in signal production and perception) affect the range of marginal costs for which a signal is informative. In turn, receiver preference for informative signals drives the selection of signals according to marginal cost. The presence or absence of signaling constraints can determine the outcome of costly signaling models and, thus, explain the different conclusions of Zahavi’s verbal model and its subsequent formalizations.

scholarly journals An Agent-Based Route Choice Model

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanjiang Zhu ◽  
David Matthew Levinson ◽  
Lei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Choice Model ◽  
Route Choice ◽  
Agent Based

scholarly journals Agent-Based Parking Choice Model

2012 ◽  
Vol 2319 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rashid A. Waraich ◽  
Kay W. Axhausen
Keyword(s):  
Choice Model ◽  
Agent Based

Spinoff Challenges for Computational Fluid Dynamics

2012 ◽  
Vol 135 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis H. Harlow
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Stokes Equations ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Stochastic Representation ◽  
Collective Behaviors ◽  
Agent Based

This paper describes extensions of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to fields of analysis lying well beyond their current realms of application. In particular, three examples are presented. The first is to the collective behavior of mobs of people interacting with sources of danger and/or opportunity to which each individual responds by actions that depend strongly on the inducement of fear and/or excitement, depending on the intrinsic susceptibilities of the person. This behavior results in both individual activities (agent-based) and collective behaviors (crowd-based stochastic) with consequences of potentially great significance. Extensions are also described for which various other emotional developments are important to the behavior of a mob. The second example is to the processes of biological evolution, in particular to the driving forces that influence the directions of species alterations through a succession of characteristics that are tested for survivability in classical Darwinian fashion. The key to the analysis lies in the newly emerging field of epigenetics, in which numerous important experimental studies are producing astonishing results leading to major challenges to the creation of computational models of the collective fluid-like dynamics of interacting biological species. The third example explores an alternative to the Big Bang theory for describing the origin of our universe. The idea is that a parent universe exists, being composed of energy, matter, and antimatter in various forms. In some region a perturbation occurs, which locally has an excess of matter over antimatter. An enormous gravitational buildup of matter and energy in the region leads to a black hole, in which there is distortion in the fourth dimension. The result then leads to an offspring entity (universe) that becomes completely detached from the parent. To apply computational fluid dynamics to the analysis of this process requires formulations that include a major component of relevant physical representations. In all three of these examples, instabilities, fluctuations, and turbulence play major roles. These arise naturally in agent-based numerical formulations (the first and second of our examples), but are much more challenging to describe in a stochastic representation (e.g., the Navier–Stokes equations). Some promising spectral analysis extensions for stochastic formulations are included in this paper.

scholarly journals Public Policy and Market Competition: How the Master Settlement Agreement Changed the Cigarette Industry

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Ciliberto ◽  
Nicolai V Kuminoff
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Pricing ◽  
Choice Model ◽  
Market Competition ◽  
Marginal Costs ◽  
Cigarette Industry ◽  
Pricing Rules ◽  
Demand Curves ◽  
Addiction Theory ◽  
Settlement Agreement ◽  
Industry Structures

Abstract This paper investigates the large and unexpected increase in cigarette prices that followed the 1997 Master Settlement Agreement (MSA). We integrate key features of rational addiction theory into a discrete-choice model of the demand for a differentiated product. We find that following the MSA firms set prices on a more elastic region of their demand curves. Using these estimates, we predict prices that would be charged under a variety of industry structures and pricing rules. Under the assumptions of firms’ perfect foresight and constant marginal costs, we fail to reject the hypothesis that firms collude on a dynamic pricing strategy.

DETERMINING THE RESOURCE OF THE OUTER RING OF A ROLLING BEARING BASED ON SIGNAL REGISTRATION AND SIMULATION OF THE TIME DEPENDENCE OF ACOUSTIC EMISSION PARAMETERS

2020 ◽  
pp. 26-34
Author(s):  
V. V. Nosov ◽  
I. A. Pavlenko ◽  
A. P. Artyushchenko ◽  
E. V. Grigoriev
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Emission ◽  
Time Dependence ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Surface Damage ◽  
Rolling Bearing ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Outer Ring ◽  
Rolling Bearings ◽  
Useful Signal ◽  
Informative Signals

Traditionally, the problem of monitoring the condition of rolling bearings can be solved based on registration of control signals that occur when the bearing performs a kinematic function due to contact of surface damage which is accumulated and caused by the processes of friction, impact, heat generation, contact electrical interaction, generation of elastic vibrations from them, etc. Relative to the bearing function of bearings, the diagnostic value of such signals is quite low, since they depend on many factors that are not related to resource-determining processes and play a destabilizing role in establishing the connection between control parameters and condition. The solution of the problem must be carried out based on a systematic approach linking the control of the object with the main criterion of its performance. Since the cause of bearing failures is fatigue processes occurring in the material of their elements, the most promising methods are those based on the registration of signals associated with the restructuring of the structure and the accumulation of damage of the material, and in particular, the method of acoustic emission (AE) based on recording the phenomenon of waves of elastic radiation at loading. The development of the acoustic emission method for monitoring the state of rolling bearings is based on a multi-level model of the time dependence of AE parameters, and the control is based on the assessment of the intensity parameters of the resource-determining stage of uniform elastic fracture of representative structural elements of the material of the test object. AE informative signals are selected, and diagnostic parameters are determined at the interlevel transition from macro- to micro- and nano-level. The idea of the transitions is to select representative informative parameters and to trace the connection between them through AE strength indicators that can highlight a useful signal in conditions of high instability and heterogeneity of the accompanying processes. The experimental stup and the results of experimental studies of AE of rolling bearings with an artificially created defect on the surface of the outer ring are described, the results of control are compared with the results of the analysis of the stress-strain state around the created defect, the informative value of the concentration and kinetic index and the possibility of evaluating the resource based on it are shown.

scholarly journals THE ANALYSIS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN CHINA

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin Agung Wibowo
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Economic Culture ◽  
Administrative Procedures ◽  
The Comparative Study

This paper has used a comparative study for the key findings of the experimental studies.  The several aspects such as the legal framework, economic, culture and macro environment are subjected to be compared to measure the main gap as the issues between theoretical legal framework and IPR administrative procedures in China.  In addition, this paper includes several sources of experimental data from library, journals and Internet in order to obtain the accurate information for the comparative study.

scholarly journals An Innovative Simulation Agent-Based Model for the Combined Sea-Road Transport as a DSS

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 10773
Author(s):  
Alessandra Renna ◽  
Marco Petrelli ◽  
Stefano Carrese ◽  
Riccardo Bertocci
Keyword(s):  
Choice Model ◽  
Single Agent ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Simulation Tool ◽  
Modal Shift ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
The Road ◽  
Italian Context ◽  
The Impact

This research proposes an innovative approach to evaluate modal shift from the road-only to the combined sea-road transport in order to implement new policies and introduce a Decision Support System (DSS) for the transportation planner’s decision. The impact of these is carried out by using an innovative simulation tool which has the capability to simulate the real choice process of all stakeholders involved, specifically modelling the freight forwarder’s point of view. The model runs as a single-agent based simulation which uses a multimodal network with detailed zoning. The simulation tool, capable of simulating the assignment of the whole network simultaneously, consists of a path choice model and a mode choice model for each o/d pair considered, establishing o/d pairs suitable and not suitable for modal shift. Three policies have been designed and tested through the simulation tool with an application in the Italian context: (1) internalization of the external costs of heavy vehicles; (2) introduction of a bonus for shipping companies; (3) design of new Ro-Ro services. The most affecting policy concerns an increase of speed of some Ro-Ro services to 22 kn, proposing a good balance between the navigation costs and the potential demand attracted.

scholarly journals Disassociating conformity driven and self-interest driven dishonest behaviors

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nora Huang ◽  
siyang luo
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Modeling ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
The Self ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
Environmental Predictability ◽  
Self Interest

Dishonest behavior can be driven by both self-interest and social learning towards the external environment. However, whether and how these two processes (conformity-driven and self-interest-driven dishonesty) relate and interact to influence dishonest acts remains unknown. In the current research, we propose a computational model consisting of these two dishonesty processes. The results of the agent-based simulation modeling and experimental studies revealed that self-interest driven-dishonesty propensity determined the extent of dishonesty when one was in pursuit of self-interests, while the effect of dishonesty conformity on dishonesty was dependent on both the self and environmental dishonesty propensity. In addition, self-interest-driven dishonesty propensity was related to individuals’ preference for value allocation, while dishonesty conformity was related to the belief in environmental predictability. In cross-cultural contexts, these two processes of dishonesty exert distinct effects on participants’ tendency to violate the regulation rules of the local government and impacted the development of the local prevalence of pathogens during the COVID-19 epidemic. The results of the current in-depth research validate the processes of conformity-driven and self-interest-driven dishonesty when dishonest behaviors emerged and to uncover how these two processes influenced the progression of a real-life emergent event.

Data-Parallel Techniques for Agent-Based Tissue Modeling on Graphics Processing Units

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan S. Richards ◽  
Mikola Lysenko ◽  
Roshan M. D’Souza ◽  
Gary An
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Graphics Processing Units ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Cell Systems ◽  
Von Neumann ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Cell Behaviors ◽  
Graphics Processing

Agent-Based Modeling has been recently recognized as a method for in-silico multi-scale modeling of biological cell systems. Agent-Based Models (ABMs) allow results from experimental studies of individual cell behaviors to be scaled into the macro-behavior of interacting cells in complex cell systems or tissues. Current generation ABM simulation toolkits are designed to work on serial von-Neumann architectures, which have poor scalability. The best systems can barely handle tens of thousands of agents in real-time. Considering that there are models for which mega-scale populations have significantly different emergent behaviors than smaller population sizes, it is important to have the ability to model such large scale models in real-time. In this paper we present a new framework for simulating ABMs on programmable graphics processing units (GPUs). Novel algorithms and data-structures have been developed for agent-state representation, agent motion, and replication. As a test case, we have implemented an abstracted version of the Systematic Inflammatory Response System (SIRS) ABM. Compared to the original implementation on the NetLogo system, our implementation can handle an agent population that is over three orders of magnitude larger with close to 40 updates/sec. We believe that our system is the only one of its kind that is capable of efficiently handling realistic problem sizes in biological simulations.

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