The potential role of stress and sex steroids in heritable effects of sevoflurane

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anatoly E Martynyuk ◽  
Ling-Sha Ju ◽  
Timothy E Morey
Keyword(s):  
Sex Steroids ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
General Anesthetics ◽  
Pharmacological Agents ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
Heritable Effects

Abstract Most surgical procedures require general anesthesia, which is a reversible deep sedation state lacking all perception. The induction of this state is possible because of complex molecular and neuronal network actions of general anesthetics (GAs) and other pharmacological agents. Laboratory and clinical studies indicate that the effects of GAs may not be completely reversible upon anesthesia withdrawal. The long-term neurocognitive effects of GAs, especially when administered at the extremes of ages, are an increasingly recognized health concern and the subject of extensive laboratory and clinical research. Initial studies in rodents suggest that the adverse effects of GAs, whose actions involve enhancement of GABA type A receptor activity (GABAergic GAs), can also extend to future unexposed offspring. Importantly, experimental findings show that GABAergic GAs may induce heritable effects when administered from the early postnatal period to at least young adulthood, covering nearly all age groups that may have children after exposure to anesthesia. More studies are needed to understand when and how the clinical use of GAs in a large and growing population of patients can result in lower resilience to diseases in the even larger population of their unexposed offspring. This minireview is focused on the authors’ published results and data in the literature supporting the notion that GABAergic GAs, in particular sevoflurane, may upregulate systemic levels of stress and sex steroids and alter expressions of genes that are essential for the functioning of these steroid systems. The authors hypothesize that stress and sex steroids are involved in the mediation of sex-specific heritable effects of sevoflurane.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Questionnaire Data Views on the Design of Living Space for Different Situations in Life

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carsten Brausch ◽  
Dušan Katunský ◽  
Jana Katunská
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Natural Aging ◽  
Life Changes ◽  
Interior Space ◽  
Living Space ◽  
Adaptive Environment ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
The Given

The role of the submission was to find out what changes people think they need to make in their home because of getting older. At advanced age, the likelihood of different limitations such as vision impairment, hearing impairment or physical inability is increased. Currently, tenants are often forced to leave their long-term living space, as these spaces cannot serve “new” individual needs. This transition from the privacy of their home to the new environment often appears to be a painful change. They will not have a well-known environment because their homes cannot be adapted to their new needs. The aim is a comprehensive approach to the design of such an exterior and interior space which could serve people at all stages of their life, including the terms of mobility. This means that even if there is an unexpected situation and changes in movement abilities and physiological limitations of man, not only by natural aging, but according to accidents or disabilities we can adapt the living space to the given conditions. The survey results are presented in Germany and Slovakia. In the survey, respondents expressed their opinion on what they considered important in creating an adaptive environment considering various life changes. Results are processed graphically with explanation. The results could be of an interest to architects and designers of the environment. Based on the results of the questionnaire survey, studies of possible modifications of flats and houses were developed. The contribution brought these results to three age groups of respondents; people aged 35, 50 and over 50.

scholarly journals The Role of Destination Experience in the Sustainability of the Image of the Tourist Destination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olimpia Ban ◽  
Adrian Hatos ◽  
Laurențiu Droj ◽  
Carmen Toderascu
Keyword(s):  
Brand Image ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Destination Image ◽  
Tourist Destination ◽  
Good Image ◽  
Remarkable Increase ◽  
Dangerous Situation ◽  
Younger Age

The concept of destination image is closely related to the brand image of the destination. A good image is a step in branding the destination. The image of the destination can be a primary, sec-ondary or global one, the latter incorporating the first two. The sustainability of a positive image of the destination is based on both a positive secondary image and a positive global image. The purpose of this research is to analyze separately the two types of images for a given tourist des-tination that has registered in recent years a remarkable increase in the number of visitors. The research is based on a questionnaire-based survey of a sample of 607 people. The collected data were processed with SPSS and the results show significant differences between the two types of images (secondary image and global image), a dangerous situation in the medium and long term for destination management. The nuances in the perception of the image of the destination on the two types of respondents (who experienced respectively who did not experience the destination) can be explained by the aggressive strategy of promoting the tourist destination, but inefficient strategy for younger age groups. The study allows the formulation of conclusions and measures to correct the situation.

scholarly journals The Role of Regulation and Emotional Eating Behaviour in the Early Development of Obesity

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (22) ◽  
pp. 11884
Author(s):  
Ana V. Valero-García ◽  
Marina Olmos-Soria ◽  
Julia Madrid-Garrido ◽  
Irene Martínez-Hernández ◽  
Emma Haycraft
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Eating ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Behavioural Regulation ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Family Based

The purpose of our research was to explore the role of both parents’ use of behavioural regulation with food and children’s emotional self-regulation in young children with and without overweight/obesity. For this purpose, 123 participants (n = 62 boys and n = 61 girls) were recruited and classified into two groups by their Body Mass Index (BMI, non-overweight vs. overweight/obese) and into two age groups (four years and seven years). The children’s parents/primary caregivers completed two scales of the Childhood Obesogenic Behaviours’ Questionnaire (COBQ). The participants were measured and weighed to calculate their BMI to identify overweight, obesity, and non-overweight. The results showed that the means for children who were obese/overweight were significantly higher than those of children who were non-overweight for both the parents’ behavioural regulation scale (non-overweight: M = 1.80, SD = 0.69; overweight/obesity: M = 2.94, SD = 0.85) and the child’s emotional overeating scale (non-overweight: M = 1.47, SD = 0.56; overweight/obesity: M = 2.65, SD = 0.87). No statistically significant differences were found related to age (4 and 7 years), indicating that the potential impact of obesogenic behaviours starts early in development. Similarly, no differences by gender were found. Due to the implications of obesity for physical and mental health, and the high probability of maintaining this overweight status in the long term, family-based interventions to prevent obesity are highly advisable from birth.

Advances in male and female sex therapy: Expectations and disappointments

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 2036-2036
Author(s):  
Z. Zemishlany
Keyword(s):  
Sex Therapy ◽  
Pharmacological Agents ◽  
Low Sexual Desire ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Duration Relationship ◽  
Therapy Expectations ◽  
Serotonin 2A ◽  
Male Erectile Dysfunction

The introduction of the PDE-5 inhibitors for male erectile dysfunction (ED) evolved expectations for 70–80% of efficacy as has been shown in short term studies. Ten years later, we are aware of their limitation: PDE-5 inhibitors are not efficient when desire is lacking, as well as in severe ED. Also, long term studies showed a lesser degree of efficacy.The new pharmacological treatment for premature ejaculation, Dapoxetine, has been developed as a short acting SSRI. It has been shown to increase the time for ejaculation by three folds but has some adverse effects including nausea and fainting (due to hypotension).Low desire is the most common sexual complaint in females. New pharmacological treatments include Bupropion 150 mg/day and Flibanserin 150 mg/day, although the evidence for efficacy is not conclusive. Their proposed mechanism is an increase in dopamine and norepinephrine activity. Flibanserin is an antagonist at the serotonin 2A receptor and an agonist of the serotonin 1A and dopamine D4 receptors.Estrogen and/or testosterone replacement may be beneficial in appropriate cases.There is a growing awareness in the last decade that low sexual desire in women is associated with age, relationship duration, relationship distress and complaints of anxiety and depression. Those psycho-social factors might limit the role of pharmacological agents.Sex therapy should always consider and relate to these key issues

scholarly journals Ways of Antiepizootic Measures’ Improvement in Case of Cattle Brucellosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 11560-11564
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Dosage Frequency

The paper discusses epizootic situation of cattle brucellosis in the Republic of Kazakhstan and the subjects of the Kostanai region. The system of comprehensive anti-brucellosis measures based on the major principles with integrated organizational, economic, general veterinary and sanitary and special measures using specific prevention means according to certain schemes or without them, depending on the current epizootic situation, which transfers brucellosis into the category of controlled or potentially curable ones, is analyzed. Convincing evidence of the role of these factors in relation to the success of prevention and rehabilitation of infected herds is provided. The long-term research results indicate that in the regions largely affected by brucellosis complete recovery of cattle without specific prevention measures is practically impossible. In this regard, to eliminate the risk of infection we proposed schemes of anti-brucellosis immunization in safe regions and the subjects affected to different degrees, as well as that for imported pedigree cattle and its offspring. The schemes stipulate vaccines (dosage, frequency, place of immunization, intervals, timing of revaccination, etc.), timing and methods of examination different gender and age groups of cattle.

scholarly journals A Review on Recent Developments for the Cure of Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhi, the Causative Agent for Typhoid Fever

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Muqadas Kanwal ◽  
Fadia Waheed ◽  
Hafsa Shahzadi ◽  
Muhammad Shahbaz ◽  
Ahsan Noor
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Typhoid Vaccine ◽  
The World

Salmonella enterica typhi is typhoid or enteric fever agent which is a serious water-borne disease and is a human host restricted organism. So, an important cause of death in underdeveloped countries, typhoid fever is a public health concern. Worldwide, 15-30 million people suffer from this disease every year, causing more than 200,000 deaths. However, several lines of evidence suggest that the advent of multidrug-resistant non-typhoidal strains of Salmonella has an important impact on the effectiveness of current strategies, including reductions in the effectiveness of early empirical treatment for controlling and managing foodborne diseases. Recent studies show more than 2000 strains of salmonella bacteria with around 100 strains connected to human infection - with myriad common strains from Salmonella Heidelberg to Typhimurium to Salmonella infantis. The multi-medicinal strain S. Typhi H58 has developed into the main circulating strain in many parts of the world, and an extensively drug-resistant (XDR) subclade has been recently found. Most of the people agree that the most effective way to control infection is to vaccinate susceptible populations. The commercially available live attenuated (Ty21a) vaccine, on the other hand, is not recommendable for children under the age of six, whereas the poor long-term efficacy of Vi-polysaccharide-based vaccine against typhoid fever. Furthermore, there are no vaccines available to protect against S. para typhi infection. Subsequently, a new formulation is urgently needed that can provide long-term protection against both pathogens while healthy for all age groups. Pakistan is the first country in the world to incorporate the WHO-recommended conjugate vaccine into its routine typhoid immunization program (2019). As a result, the purpose of this review is to describe the various diagnostic procedures for typhoid fever diagnosis and cure development. This article addressed some of the elements and components required for the implementation of typhoid vaccine. With an analysis of past and current enteric fever vaccines in progress as well as the ethical issues relevant to CHIM in typhoid vaccine efficacy research, we have combined the new methods to predict typhoid burden and vaccines impact.

scholarly journals Role of Toll-like receptor-4 in renal graft ischemia-reperfusion injury

2014 ◽  
Vol 306 (8) ◽  
pp. F801-F811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hailin Zhao ◽  
Jessica Santiváñez Perez ◽  
Kaizhi Lu ◽  
Andrew J. T. George ◽  
Daqing Ma
Keyword(s):  
Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Graft Function ◽  
Toll Like Receptor ◽  
Toll Like Receptor 4 ◽  
Pharmacological Agents ◽  
Renal Grafts

Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) has been increasingly recognized as playing a critical role in the pathogenesis of ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) of renal grafts. This review provides a detailed overview of the new understanding of the involvement of TLR-4 in ischemia-reperfusion injury of renal grafts and its clinical significance in renal transplantation. TLR-4 not only responds to exogenous microbial motifs but can also recognize molecules which are released by stressed and necrotic cells, as well as degraded products of endogenous macromolecules. Upregulation of TLR-4 is found in tubular epithelial cells, vascular endothelial cells, and infiltrating leukocytes during renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, which is induced by massive release of endogenous damage-associated molecular pattern molecules such as high-mobility group box chromosomal protein 1. Activation of TLR-4 promotes the release of proinflammatory mediators, facilitates leukocyte migration and infiltration, activates the innate and adaptive immune system, and potentiates renal fibrosis. TLR-4 inhibition serves as the target of pharmacological agents, which could attenuate ischemia-reperfusion injury and associated delayed graft function and allograft rejection. There is evidence in the literature showing that targeting TLR-4 could improve long-term transplantation outcomes. Given the pivotal role of TLR-4 in ischemia-reperfusion injury and associated delayed graft function and allograft rejection, inhibition of TLR-4 using pharmacological agents could be beneficial for long-term graft survival.

scholarly journals Mathematical Modeling Reveals the Role of Hypoxia in the Promotion of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Long-Term Expansion

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuhua Gao ◽  
Cheng Xiang ◽  
Kairong Qin ◽  
Changkai Sun
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Transition Rate ◽  
State Transition ◽  
Replicative Senescence ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Cellular Division ◽  
Experimental Findings

Many experimental studies have found that human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in long-term culture exhibited enhanced cell proliferation and prolonged lifespan under hypoxia (around 1%–7% oxygen) against the normoxic condition (about 21% oxygen). Inspired by the experimental findings, we aimed to investigate the hypoxic effects on MSC expansion quantitatively through mathematical modeling to elucidate the corresponding biological mechanism. A two-compartment model based on ordinary differential equations (ODEs), which incorporate cellular division and senescence via state transition, was developed to describe the MSC expansion process. Parameters of this model were fitted to experimental data and used to interpret the different proliferative capacities of MSCs under hypoxia and normoxia along with model sensitivity analysis. The proposed model was tested on data from two separate experimental studies, and it could reproduce the observed growth characteristics in both conditions. Overall, this compartmental model with a logistic state transition rate was sufficient to explain the experimental findings and highlighted the promotive role of hypoxia in MSC proliferation. This in silico study suggests that hypoxia can enhance MSC long-term expansion mainly by delaying replicative senescence, which is indicated by the slowdown of the state transition rate in our model. Therefore, this explanatory model may provide theoretical proof for the experimentally observed MSC growth superiority under hypoxia and has the potential to further optimize MSC culture protocols for regenerative medicine applications.

scholarly journals Sensory Deprivation during Early Postnatal Period Alters the Density of Interneurons in the Mouse Prefrontal Cortex

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Ueno ◽  
Shunsuke Suemitsu ◽  
Yosuke Matsumoto ◽  
Motoi Okamoto
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Sensory Deprivation ◽  
Sensory System ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Improved Function ◽  
Inhibitory Networks

Early loss of one sensory system can cause improved function of other sensory systems. However, both the time course and neuronal mechanism of cross-modal plasticity remain elusive. Recent study using functional MRI in humans suggests a role of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in cross-modal plasticity. Since this phenomenon is assumed to be associated with altered GABAergic inhibition in the PFC, we have tested the hypothesis that early postnatal sensory deprivation causes the changes of inhibitory neuronal circuit in different regions of the PFC of the mice. We determined the effects of sensory deprivation from birth to postnatal day 28 (P28) or P58 on the density of parvalbumin (PV), calbindin (CB), and calretinin (CR) neurons in the prelimbic, infralimbic, and dorsal anterior cingulate cortices. The density of PV and CB neurons was significantly increased in layer 5/6 (L5/6). Moreover, the density of CR neurons was higher in L2/3 in sensory deprived mice compared to intact mice. These changes were more prominent at P56 than at P28. These results suggest that long-term sensory deprivation causes the changes of intracortical inhibitory networks in the PFC and the changes of inhibitory networks in the PFC may contribute to cross-modal plasticity.

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