Immigrant Perceptions of the Police: The Role of Country of Origin and Length of Settlement

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 1370-1389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Jung ◽  
Jane B Sprott ◽  
Carolyn Greene
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
Country Of Origin ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Immigrant Populations ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Trust In Police

AbstractRelationships between police and minority groups have been shown to be strained with members of these groups often viewing police in a more negative light. Distinguishing between minority group and immigrant populations, more recent work has shown that foreign-born individuals are more likely to view the police in a more favourable light than native-born populations. Adding to this literature, we examine group-specific factors that shape foreign-born individuals’ views of the police. We find that country of origin and length of settlement are important factors in better understanding immigrants’ perceptions of the police. The study concludes with a discussion of trust in police and recommendations for future research.

Educational Attainments of Immigrant Offspring: Success or Segmented Assimilation?

2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 1037-1060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Second Generation ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
The United States ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Visible Minority ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
The Third ◽  
Educational Attainments ◽  
Statistics Canada

In this article, I study the educational attainments of the adult offspring of immigrants, analyzing data from the 1996 panel of the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID). Fielded annually since 1993 by Statistics Canada, respondents are asked for the first time in 1996 to report the birthplaces of their parents, making it possible to define and study not only the foreign-born population (the first generation), but also the second generation (Canadian born to foreign-born parents) and the third-plus generation (Canadian born to Canadian-born parents). The survey also asked respondents to indicate if they are members of a visible minority group, thus permitting a limited assessment of whether or not color conditions educational achievements of immigrant offspring. I find that “1.5” and second generation adults, age 20–64 have more years of schooling and higher percentages completing high school compared with the third-plus generation. Contrary to the segmented “underclass” assimilation model found in the United States, adult visible minority immigrant offspring in Canada exceed the educational attainments of other not-visible-minority groups. Although the analysis is hampered by small sample numbers, the results point to country differences in historical and contemporary race relations, and call for additional national and cross-national research.

LGBT Workers

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaun Pichler ◽  
Enrica N. Ruggs
Keyword(s):  
Minority Groups ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
Gay Marriage ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Workplace Experiences ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Supreme Court ◽  
Bisexual And Transgender ◽  
Different Levels

Despite the large and growing representation of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) workers, this minority group has received relatively less attention in the management and organization literature compared with other minority groups. This is a critical time in history for LGBT workers in that public opinion has become much more favorable regarding homosexuality. The US Supreme Court has made important decisions concerning gay marriage; and although there is still no comprehensive antidiscrimination legislation at the federal level, a recent executive order provides employment protections for federal LGBT workers. This chapter reviews the literature on the workplace experiences of LGBT workers with a focus on synthesizing findings across studies, addressing research trends at different levels of analysis, and providing recommendations for areas for future research.

The systematic study of how subtle forms of bias related to prosocial behavior operate in racial and gender relations

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-121
Author(s):  
Silvia Abad-Merino ◽  
John F. Dovidio ◽  
Carmen Tabernero ◽  
Ignacio González
Keyword(s):  
Gender Relations ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
The Status ◽  
And Gender ◽  
And Behavior

Psychological research and theory have traditionally focused on bias and conflict between separate groups. Our central thesis is that the processes that shape hierarchical group relations within a society are distinctive and typically operate in ways that are frequently subtle rather than blatant. The challenges of detecting new subtle forms of bias are receiving considerable attention in the field of social psychology, internationally. Although explicit hostility toward minority groups seems to have faded in modern societies, cross-cultural data show that the status, resources, and the power of women and ethnic/racial minorities remain unequal. The present literature review integrates the findings of cross-cultural research showing the role of paternalistic legitimizing ideas and behavior for establishing, maintaining, and reinforcing group hierarchy and the disadvantage of members of traditionally underrepresented groups. Specifically, we explain how intergroup helping relations can be used as a mechanism to maintain social advantage in racial and gender relations. These theoretical and experimental insights help illuminate the dynamics of relations between socially linked groups and the nature of contemporary bias. We also highlight how this perspective suggests novel and productive directions for future research.

scholarly journals The ethnic density effect in psychosis: a systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Sophie J. Baker ◽  
Mike Jackson ◽  
Hannah Jongsma ◽  
Christopher W. N. Saville
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Density Effect ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ethnic Density ◽  
Black Populations ◽  
Group Density

Background An ‘ethnic’ or ‘group’ density effect in psychosis has been observed, whereby the risk of psychosis in minority group individuals is inversely related to neighbourhood-level proportions of others belonging to the same group. However, there is conflicting evidence over whether this effect differs between minority groups and limited investigation into other moderators. Aims To conduct a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of the group density effect in psychosis and examine moderators. Method Four databases were systematically searched. A narrative review was conducted and a three-level meta-analysis was performed. The potential moderating effect of crudely and specifically defined minority groups was assessed. Country, time, area size and whether studies used clinical or non-clinical outcomes were also tested as moderators. Results Thirty-two studies were included in the narrative review and ten in the meta-analysis. A 10 percentage-point decrease in own-group density was associated with a 20% increase in psychosis risk (OR = 1.20, 95% CI 1.09−1.32, P < 0.001). This was moderated by crudely defined minority groups (F6,68 = 6.86, P < 0.001), with the strongest associations observed in Black populations, followed by a White Other sample. Greater heterogeneity was observed when specific minority groups were assessed (F25,49 = 7.26, P < 0.001). Conclusions This is the first review to provide meta-analytic evidence that the risk of psychosis posed by lower own-group density varies across minority groups, with the strongest associations observed in Black individuals. Heterogeneity in effect sizes may reflect distinctive social experiences of specific minority groups. Potential mechanisms are discussed, along with the implications of findings and suggestions for future research.

The evolution of sustainable innovation: from the past to the future

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanna Afeltra ◽  
Sayed Alireza Alerasoul ◽  
Fernanda Strozzi
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
Green Innovation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sustainable Innovation ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Objective View ◽  
Environmental Goals

PurposeOver the last few decades, more emphasis has been placed on those innovations that can reconcile economic, social and environmental goals in order to achieve a “win-win-win” situation. This paper aims to systematise the scientific literature on Sustainable Innovation as a broad field in order to identify the most relevant scholars and their significant contributions as well as existing lines of research. Finally, future research directions are suggested.Design/methodology/approachA novel methodology, the Systematic Literature Network Analysis, has been applied. By using a dynamic approach to the traditional Systematic Literature Review, the present review investigates the creation, transfer, and development of knowledge throughout the epistemic community of Sustainable Innovation.FindingsStarting from a sample of 1,108 articles, the critical assessment of the results detected five main themes: (1) “the role of Regulation, Market and Technology”; (2) “Eco-Innovation determinants and firm specific factors and the debate between corporate environmental performance and corporate financial performance”; (3) “Green innovation and internal and external drivers”; (4) “The strategic determinants of green (non-green) innovation”; (5) “The interplay between policy, regulations and the green innovation”.Practical implicationsFrom a practitioner's perspective, this study provides an objective view on the current internal, external drivers and strategic determinants of sustainability-oriented innovations and relevant studies that can guide managers in their decision-making processes and enhance sustainable innovation performance.Originality/valueThis study is a first attempt to unveil the evolution of knowledge in the field of sustainable innovation by utilizing bibliometric tools.

scholarly journals The role of optimal conditions and intergroup contact in promoting positive intergroup relations in and out of the workplace: A study with ethnic majority and minority workers

2021 ◽  
pp. 136843022110109
Author(s):  
Gian Antonio Di Bernardo ◽  
Loris Vezzali ◽  
Michèle D. Birtel ◽  
Sofia Stathi ◽  
Barbara Ferrari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Intergroup Contact ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
Social Policies ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
Contact Conditions ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Positive Contact

A field study was conducted with majority and minority group members to test whether the effects of optimal contact conditions and of intergroup contact generalize across situations, and extend to the support of intergroup equality in terms of agreement with social policies benefitting the minority group. Participants were 163 Italian and 129 immigrant workers in three corporate organizations. Results from structural equation modelling analyses revealed that, for the majority group, positive contact stemming from optimal contact conditions was indirectly associated, via reduction in negative stereotypes, with more positive behavior that generalized across situations. For both majority and minority groups, positive contact stemming from optimal contact conditions was associated with less negative stereotypes, and in turn with greater support for social policies favoring the minority. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed, also in relation to the significance of the present results for research investigating the relation between intergroup contact and social change.

scholarly journals The Missing Side of Acculturation: How Majority-Group Members Relate to Immigrant and Minority-Group Cultures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas R. Kunst
Keyword(s):  
Minority Groups ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ethnic Minority Groups ◽  
Individual Group ◽  
Majority Group ◽  
Cultural Orientations ◽  
Group Members

In many countries, individuals who have represented the majority group historically are decreasing in relative size and/or perceiving that they have diminished status and power compared to those identifying as immigrants or members of ethnic minority groups. These developments raise several salient and timely issues including: (a) how majority-group members’ cultural orientations change as a consequence of increasing intercultural contact due to shifting demographics; (b) what individual, group, cultural and socio-structural processes shape these changes; and (c) the implications of majority-group members’ acculturation. Although research across several decades has examined the acculturation of individuals identifying as minority-group members, much less is known about how majority-group members acculturate in increasingly diverse societies. We present an overview of the state of the art in the emerging field of majority-group acculturation, identify what is known and needs to be known, and introduce a conceptual model guiding future research.

Immigrant perceptions of the police

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuning Wu ◽  
Ivan Y Sun ◽  
Liqun Cao
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Data Analyses ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Attitudes Toward The Police ◽  
Residents Attitudes ◽  
Sources Of Influence

A notable limitation among existing studies on immigrant perceptions of the police is the lack of a guiding theoretical framework in data analyses. This article delineates the theoretical perspectives that may explain group differential views on the police between immigrants and non-immigrants, and among immigrant groups. In particular, we formulate a new conceptual framework for classifying these theories. Theories are first organized by the two sources of influence that immigrant attitudes toward the police are subject to: universal factors that tend to shape all residents’ attitudes toward the police, and group-specific factors that apply only to foreign-born individuals. Then within both universal and immigrant-specific factors, there are four subcategories of demographic, experiential, structural, and attitudinal variables. Recommendations for future research are included.

scholarly journals A comprehensive systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis of the ethnic density effect in psychosis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Baker ◽  
Mike Jackson ◽  
Hannah Jongsma ◽  
Christopher W N Saville
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Density Effect ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ethnic Density ◽  
Black Populations ◽  
Group Density

BackgroundAn ethnic density effect in psychosis has been observed whereby the risk of psychosis in minority group individuals is inversely related to the neighbourhood-level proportion of others belonging to the same group. However, there is conflicting evidence over whether this effect differs between minority groups and limited investigation into other moderators.AimsTo conduct a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of the ethnic density effect in psychosis and examine moderators.MethodFour databases were systematically searched. A narrative review was conducted, and a three-level meta-analysis was performed. The potential moderating effect of crudely and specifically defined minority groups was assessed. Country, time, area size, and whether studies used clinical or non-clinical outcomes were also tested as moderators.ResultsThirty-one studies were included in the narrative review and ten in the meta-analysis. A ten percentage-point decrease in own-group density was associated with a 20% increase in psychosis risk [OR=1.20 (CI95%=1.09-1.32), p&lt;0.001]. The pooled effect was moderated by crudely defined minority groups [F6,68=6.86, p&lt;0.001], with the strongest associations observed in Black populations, followed by a White Other sample. Greater heterogeneity was observed when specific minority groups were assessed [F25,49=7.26, p&lt;0.001].ConclusionsThis is the first review to provide meta-analytic evidence that the risk of psychosis posed by lower own-group density areas is not equally distributed across minority groups. The most robust associations were observed in Black individuals. Heterogeneity in effect sizes may reflect distinctive social experiences of specific minority groups. Mechanisms are discussed, along with the implications of findings and suggestions for future research.

scholarly journals Service quality models in the context of the fitness industry

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 360-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Polyakova ◽  
Mohammed T Mirza
Keyword(s):  
Service Quality ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Quality Models ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Perceived Service Quality ◽  
Fitness Industry ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Insight Into

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review the concept of perceived service quality in the fitness industry by considering the service-dominant logic (Vargo and Lusch, 2004) and examining existing service quality models in the context of sport and fitness. Design/methodology/approach – The paper critically reviews generic and industry-specific models of service quality in the fitness industry. The examination of the models is intended to identify the role that the perspective of customers and the dynamics of service co-creation play in these models. Findings – Consideration of the context in a particular industry plays an important role in the development of service quality models. If underestimated, it can result in a model being inadequate or having limited explanatory potential. The review shows that both generic and fitness industry-specific models have methodological and conceptual limitations. This requires researchers to consider developing new contextual models that acknowledge service as co-creation of experience/value between suppliers and customers; and the goal of this co-creation as fulfilment of customers’ aspirations. Such an approach brings a new light to the meaning of “a customer’s perspective” and emphasises the dynamics of service co-creation in the fitness industry. Practical implications – The study provides an agenda for future research to consider perceived service quality models from the customers’ perspective. It suggests researchers to take into account various factors of consumer behaviour (e.g. motivation) which are unique to sport and fitness services. Also, managers of fitness facilities need to revisit their tools for capturing customers’ perceptions and to update the areas included in customer satisfaction surveys. Originality/value – The paper provides an insight into the role of co-creation for service quality in fitness services. It contributes towards establishing revised relations between service quality in fitness and contextual industry-specific factors suggested by numerous studies previously.

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