Historical biogeography of a Brazilian lineage of Tillandsioideae (subtribe Vrieseinae, Bromeliaceae): the Paranaean Sea hypothesized as the main vicariant event

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor M Kessous ◽  
Beatriz Neves ◽  
Dayvid R Couto ◽  
Bruno Paixão-Souza ◽  
Leandro C Pederneiras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ancestral State ◽  
Vicariant Event ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Recent Origin ◽  
Dna Sequence Markers ◽  
Neotropical Plants ◽  
Dated Phylogeny ◽  
Almost All

Abstract Subtribe Vrieseinae comprise four genera, Alcantarea, Stigmatodon, Vriesea s.s. and Waltillia, encompassing c. 20% of species in Tillandsioideae (Bromeliaceae), almost all of which are exclusive to Brazil. Here, we explore the biogeographic history of Vrieseinae, sampling 21 of the 22 genera of Tillandsioideae (130 terminals) and three DNA sequence markers (two plastid: rps16-trnK and matK; one nuclear: PHYC). We inferred a dated phylogeny and the ancestral areas of this lineage through RASP (reconstruct ancestral state in phylogeny) analyses. Vrieseinae were recovered as monophyletic, but tribe Vrieseeae (subtribe Vrieseinae + subtribe Cipuropsidinae) were not. A vicariant event between the Andes and Brazilian Shield probably occurred c. 10 Mya, when two clades, Cipuropsidineae + Tillandsieae and Vrieseineae, diverged. The Atlantic Forest plus the Chacoan region is recognized as the ancestral area for Vrieseinae. The results confirmed the recent origin of genera of Vrieseinae, with estimated crown ages in the Pliocene (5.3–2.6 Mya). We propose that the Paranaean Sea influenced the divergence of the main clades; Pleistocene events were probably responsible for the diversification of the most recent clades. This study sheds light on the biogeographic history of a key group of Neotropical plants, providing a new hypothesis for the evolution of bromeliads.

scholarly journals The double odyssey of Madagascan polystome flatworms leads to new insights on the origins of their amphibian hosts

2009 ◽  
Vol 276 (1662) ◽  
pp. 1575-1583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Verneau ◽  
Louis H Du Preez ◽  
Véronique Laurent ◽  
Liliane Raharivololoniaina ◽  
Frank Glaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Dating ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Late Mesozoic ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
On This Island ◽  
The Family ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
History Of ◽  
Recent Origin ◽  
High Species Richness

Polystomatid flatworms are parasites of high host specificity, which mainly infect amphibian hosts. Only one polystome species has so far been recorded from Madagascar despite the high species richness and endemicity of amphibians on this island. Out of the 86 screened Malagasy frog species, we recovered polystomes from 25 in the families Ptychadenidae and Mantellidae. Molecular phylogenetic analysis uncovered an unexpected diversity of polystome species belonging to two separate clades: one forming a lineage within the genus Metapolystoma , with one species in Ptychadena and several species in the mantellid host genera Aglyptodactylus and Boophis ; and the second corresponding to an undescribed genus that was found in the species of the subfamily Mantellinae in the family Mantellidae. The phylogenetic position of the undescribed genus along with molecular dating suggests that it may have colonized Madagascar in the Late Mesozoic or Early Cainozoic. By contrast, the more recent origin of Metapolystoma in Madagascar at ca 14–2 Myr ago strongly suggests that the ancestors of Ptychadena mascareniensis colonized Madagascar naturally by overseas dispersal, carrying their Metapolystoma parasites. Our findings provide a striking example of how parasite data can supply novel insights into the biogeographic history of their hosts.

scholarly journals Phylogeography of high Andean killifishes Orestias (Teleostei: Cyprinodontidae) in Caquena and Lauca sub-basins of the Altiplano (Chile): mitochondrial and nuclear analysis of an endangered fish

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11917
Author(s):  
Violeta Cárcamo-Tejer ◽  
Irma Vila ◽  
Francisco Llanquín-Rosas ◽  
Alberto Sáez-Arteaga ◽  
Claudia Guerrero-Jiménez
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Andes Mountains ◽  
Endangered Fish ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Genetic Groups ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
D Loop ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nuclear Microsatellite ◽  
Genic Diversity

From the early Miocene, the uplift of the Andes Mountains, intense volcanic activity and the occurrence of successive periods of dryness and humidity would have differentially influenced the modification of Altiplano watersheds, and consequently the evolutionary history of the taxa that live there. We analyzed Orestias populations from the Caquena and Lauca Altiplanic sub-basins of northern Chile to determine their genetic differentiation and relationship to their geographical distribution using mitochondrial (D-loop) and nuclear (microsatellite) molecular markers and to reconstruct its biogeographic history on these sub-basins. The results allowed reconstructing and reevaluating the evolutionary history of the genus in the area; genic diversity and differentiation together with different founding genetic groups suggest that Orestias have been spread homogeneously in the study area and would have experienced local disturbances that promoted isolation and diversification in restricted zones of their distribution.

scholarly journals Tarantula phylogenomics: A robust phylogeny of multiple tarantula lineages inferred from transcriptome data sheds light on the prickly issue of urticating setae evolution

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Foley ◽  
Tim Lueddecke ◽  
Dong-Qiang Chen ◽  
Henrik Krehenwinkel ◽  
Sven Kuenzel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Transcriptome Data ◽  
Large Size ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Almost All ◽  
First Time

Mygalomorph spiders of the family Theraphosidae, known to the broader public as tarantulas, are among the most recognizable arachnids on earth due to their large size and widespread distribution. Their use of urticating setae is a notable adaptation that has evolved exclusively in certain New World theraphosids. Thus far, the evolutionary history of Theraphosidae remains poorly understood; theraphosid systematics still largely relies on morphological datasets, which suffer from high degrees of homoplasy, and traditional targeted sequencing of preselected genes failed to provide strong support for supra-generic clades (i.e. particularly those broader than subfamilies). In this study, we provide the first robust phylogenetic hypothesis of theraphosid evolution inferred from transcriptome data. A core ortholog approach was used to generate a phylogeny from 2460 orthologous genes across 25 theraphosid genera, representing all of the major theraphosid subfamilies, except Selenogyrinae. For the first time our phylogeny recovers a monophyletic group that comprises the vast majority of New World theraphosid subfamilies including Aviculariinae and Theraphosinae. Concurrently, we provide additional evidence for the integrity of questionable subfamilies, such as Poecilotheriinae and Psalmopoeinae, and support the non-monophyly of Ischnocolinae. The deeper relationships between almost all subfamilies are confidently inferred for the first time. We also used our phylogeny in tandem with published morphological data to perform ancestral state analyses on urticating setae. This revealed that the evolution of this important defensive trait might be explained by three equally parsimonious scenarios.

Cladistic, biogeographic and environmental niche analysis of the species of Agathemera Stål (Phasmatida, Agathemeridae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2308 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. CECILIA DOMINGUEZ ◽  
GERMAN SAN BLAS ◽  
FEDERICO AGRAIN ◽  
SERGIO A. ROIG-JUÑENT ◽  
ANA M. SCOLLO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Niche Overlap ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Environmental Niche ◽  
Vicariant Event ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
Biogeographical Analysis ◽  
Almost All

The endemic southern South American genus Agathemera Stål, which contains eight species, is analyzed in a cladistic context in order to establish a hypothesis regarding the phylogenetic relationships among its species. The cladistic analysis is based on adult and immature morphological characters belonging to both sexes. A biogeographical analysis is also performed to reconstruct the biogeographic history of the genus, and an environmental niche analysis to determine the potential distribution of the species, estimate niche overlap among species, and to find the most important variables that explain its present distribution. One tree of 51 steps was obtained that supports the monophyly of the genus. The species A. elegans and A. mesoauriculae distributed in southern Chile are situated at the base of the cladogram and they are the sister group to both the Argentinian (A. claraziana, A. luteola, A. maculafulgens and A. millepunctata) and the Chilean species (A. grylloidea and A. crassa). The Biogeographic analysis using DIVA 1.1 found 1 optimal reconstruction that involves a vicariant event at each node. The vicariant event of the most apical node of the tree can be correlated to the uplifting of the Andes. The basal species are distributed in the southern regions of Chile and in the Patagonian Steppe, while the remaining species are distributed in northern highlands. Environmental Niche Models showed that the soil variable was important for all eight species. According to the models, A. claraziana and A. millepunctata have large potential geographic distribution covering almost all the Patagonian area, and have similar niche requirements, while the six remaining species showed a more restricted geographic distribution.

scholarly journals Shifts in diversification rates linked to biogeographic movement into new areas, an example of disparate continental distributions and a recent radiation in the Andes

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Uribe-Convers ◽  
David C Tank
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
Diversification Rates ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Geographic Environment ◽  
American Clade

Premise of the study: Clade specific bursts in diversification are often associated with the evolution of key innovations. However, in groups with no obvious morphological innovations, observed upticks in diversification rates have also been attributed to the colonization of a new geographic environment. In this study, we explore the systematics, diversification dynamics, and historical biogeography of the plant clade Rhinantheae in the Orobanchaceae, with a special focus on the Andean clade of the genus Bartsia L.. Methods: We sampled taxa from across Rhinantheae, including a representative sample of Andean Bartsia species. Using standard phylogenetic methods, we reconstructed evolutionary relationships, inferred divergence times among the clades of Rhinantheae, elucidated their biogeographic history, and investigated diversification dynamics. Key results: We confirmed that the South American Bartsia species form a highly supported monophyletic group. The median crown age of Rhinantheae was determined to be ca. 30 Ma, and Europe played an important role in the biogeographic history of the lineages. South America was first reconstructed in the biogeographic analyses around 9 Ma, and with a median age of 2.59 Ma, this clade shows a significant uptick in diversification. Conclusions: Increased net diversification of the South American clade corresponds with biogeographic movement into the New World. This happened at a time when the Andes were reaching the necessary elevation to host an alpine environment. Although a specific route could not be identified with certainty, we provide plausible hypotheses to how the group colonized the New World.

scholarly journals More-curated data outperforms more data: treatment of cryptic and known paralogs improves phylogenomic analysis and resolves a northern Andean origin of Freziera (Pentaphylacaceae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura A Frost ◽  
Laura P Lagomarsino
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Forest ◽  
Gene Tree ◽  
Phylogenetic Inference ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Phylogenomic Analysis ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
Target Sequence ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
History Of

The Andes mountains in South America are a biodiversity hotspot within a hotspot, the New World Tropics, for seed plants. Much of this diversity is concentrated at middle-elevations in cloud forests, yet the evolutionary patterns underlying this extraordinary diversity remain poorly understood. This is partially due to a paucity of resolved phylogenies for cloud forest plant lineages: the young age of the Andes and generally high diversification rates among Andean systems precludes robust phylogenetic inference, and remote populations, few genomic resources, and generally understudied organisms make acquiring high-quality data difficult. We present the first phylogeny of Freziera (Pentaphylacaceae), an Andean-centered, cloud forest radiation with potential to provide insight into some of the abiotic and extrinsic factors that promote the highest diversity observed on the globe. Our dataset, representing data for 50 of the ca. 75 spp. obtained almost entirely from herbarium specimens via hybrid-enriched target sequence capture with the universal bait set Angiosperms353, included a proportion of poorly assembled loci likely representing multi-copy genes, but with insufficient data to be flagged by paralog filters: cryptic paralogs. These cryptic paralogs likely result from limitations in data collection that are common in herbariomics combined with a history of genome duplication and are likely common in other plant phylogenomic datasets. Standard empirical metrics for identifying poor-quality genes, which typically focus on filtering for genes with high phylogenetic informativeness, failed to identify problematic loci in our dataset where strong but inaccurate signal was a greater problem. Filtering by bipartition support was the most successful method for selecting genes and resulted in a species tree with lower discordance, higher support, and a more accurate topology relative to a consensus tree. Using known paralogs, we investigate the utility of multi-copy genes in phylogenetic inference and find a role for paralogs in resolving deep nodes and major clades, though at the expense of gene tree concordance and support. With the first phylogeny, we infer the biogeographic history of Freziera and identify the northern Andes as a source region. We also identify distinct modes of diversification in the northern and central Andes, highlighting the importance of fine-scale biogeographic study in Andean cloud forest systems.

scholarly journals North Andean origin and diversification of the largest ithomiine butterfly genus

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna Lisa De-Silva ◽  
Luísa L. Mota ◽  
Nicolas Chazot ◽  
Ricardo Mallarino ◽  
Karina L. Silva-Brandão ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Geological History ◽  
Abiotic Conditions ◽  
Speciation Rate ◽  
Rate Of Evolution ◽  
The Andes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Taxonomic Changes ◽  
Dated Phylogeny ◽  
Terrestrial Biodiversity

The Neotropics harbour the most diverse flora and fauna on Earth. The Andes are a major centre of diversification and source of diversity for adjacent areas in plants and vertebrates, but studies on insects remain scarce, even though they constitute the largest fraction of terrestrial biodiversity. Here, we combine molecular and morphological characters to generate a dated phylogeny of the butterfly genus Pteronymia (Nymphalidae: Danainae), which we use to infer spatial, elevational and temporal diversification patterns. We first propose six taxonomic changes that raise the generic species total to 53, making Pteronymia the most diverse genus of the tribe Ithomiini. Our biogeographic reconstruction shows that Pteronymia originated in the Northern Andes, where it diversified extensively. Some lineages colonized lowlands and adjacent montane areas, but diversification here remained scarce. The recent colonization of lowland areas was reflected by an increase in the rate of evolution of species elevational ranges towards present. By contrast, speciation rate decelerated with time, with no extinction. The geological history of the Andes and adjacent regions have likely contributed to Pteronymia diversification by providing compartmentalized habitats and an array of biotic and abiotic conditions, and by limiting dispersal between some areas while promoting interchange across others.

From the Tower of London to the Thomas More Society of Buenos Aires: “Give me thy grace, good Lord, to set the world at nought”

Moreana ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 42 (Number 164) (4) ◽  
pp. 187-206
Author(s):  
Clare M. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Short History ◽  
Thomas More ◽  
Tower Of London ◽  
Hebrew Poetry ◽  
Prayer Book ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Book Of Hours ◽  
Almost All

The Thomas More Society of Buenos Aires begins or ends almost all its events by reciting in both English and Spanish a prayer written by More in the margins of his Book of Hours probably while he was a prisoner in the Tower of London. After a short history of what is called Thomas More’s Prayer Book, the author studies the prayer as a poem written in the form of a psalm according to the structure of Hebrew poetry, and looks at the poem’s content as a psalm of lament.

scholarly journals An Emulation of Randomized Trials of Administrating Antipsychotics in PTSD Patients for Outcomes of Suicide-Related Events

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 178
Author(s):  
Noah R. Delapaz ◽  
William K. Hor ◽  
Michael Gilbert ◽  
Andrew D. La ◽  
Feiran Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
P Value ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
Almost All

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent mental disorder marked by psychological and behavioral changes. Currently, there is no consensus of preferred antipsychotics to be used for the treatment of PTSD. We aim to discover whether certain antipsychotics have decreased suicide risk in the PTSD population, as these patients may be at higher risk. A total of 38,807 patients were identified with a diagnosis of PTSD through the ICD9 or ICD10 codes from January 2004 to October 2019. An emulation of randomized clinical trials was conducted to compare the outcomes of suicide-related events (SREs) among PTSD patients who ever used one of eight individual antipsychotics after the diagnosis of PTSD. Exclusion criteria included patients with a history of SREs and a previous history of antipsychotic use within one year before enrollment. Eligible individuals were assigned to a treatment group according to the antipsychotic initiated and followed until stopping current treatment, switching to another same class of drugs, death, or loss to follow up. The primary outcome was to identify the frequency of SREs associated with each antipsychotic. SREs were defined as ideation, attempts, and death by suicide. Pooled logistic regression methods with the Firth option were conducted to compare two drugs for their outcomes using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). The results were adjusted for baseline characteristics and post-baseline, time-varying confounders. A total of 5294 patients were eligible for enrollment with an average follow up of 7.86 months. A total of 157 SREs were recorded throughout this study. Lurasidone showed a statistically significant decrease in SREs when compared head to head to almost all the other antipsychotics: aripiprazole, haloperidol, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, and ziprasidone (p < 0.0001 and false discovery rate-adjusted p value < 0.0004). In addition, olanzapine was associated with higher SREs than quetiapine and risperidone, and ziprasidone was associated with higher SREs than risperidone. The results of this study suggest that certain antipsychotics may put individuals within the PTSD population at an increased risk of SREs, and that careful consideration may need to be taken when prescribed.

scholarly journals Amazonia as the Origin and Diversification Area of Didelphidae (Mammalia: Metatheria), and a Review of the Fossil Record of the Clade

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariela C. Castro ◽  
Murilo J. Dahur ◽  
Gabriel S. Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Parametric Models ◽  
Isthmus Of Panama ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
Early Diversification ◽  
Northern Portion ◽  
History Of ◽  
Environmental Events ◽  
Fossil Records

AbstractDidelphidae is the largest New World radiation of marsupials, and is mostly represented by arboreal, small- to medium-sized taxa that inhabit tropical and/or subtropical forests. The group originated and remained isolated in South America for millions of years, until the formation of the Isthmus of Panama. In this study, we present the first reconstruction of the biogeographic history of Didelphidae including all major clades, based on parametric models and stratified analyses over time. We also compiled all the pre-Quaternary fossil records of the group, and contrasted these data to our biogeographic inferences, as well as to major environmental events that occurred in the South American Cenozoic. Our results indicate the relevance of Amazonia in the early diversification of Didelphidae, including the divergence of the major clades traditionally ranked as subfamilies and tribes. Cladogeneses in other areas started in the late Miocene, an interval of intense shifts, especially in the northern portion of Andes and Amazon Basin. Occupation of other areas continued through the Pliocene, but few were only colonized in Quaternary times. The comparison between the biogeographic inference and the fossil records highlights some further steps towards better understanding the spatiotemporal evolution of the clade. Finally, our results stress that the early history of didelphids is obscured by the lack of Paleogene fossils, which are still to be unearthed from low-latitude deposits of South America.

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