scholarly journals Mapping migraine to a common brain network

Brain ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 143 (2) ◽  
pp. 541-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J Burke ◽  
Juho Joutsa ◽  
Alexander L Cohen ◽  
Louis Soussand ◽  
Danielle Cooke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Generalized Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Grey Matter Volume ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
Network Mapping

Abstract Inconsistent findings from migraine neuroimaging studies have limited attempts to localize migraine symptomatology. Novel brain network mapping techniques offer a new approach for linking neuroimaging findings to a common neuroanatomical substrate and localizing therapeutic targets. In this study, we attempted to determine whether neuroanatomically heterogeneous neuroimaging findings of migraine localize to a common brain network. We used meta-analytic coordinates of decreased grey matter volume in migraineurs as seed regions to generate resting state functional connectivity network maps from a normative connectome (n = 1000). Network maps were overlapped to identify common regions of connectivity across all coordinates. Specificity of our findings was evaluated using a whole-brain Bayesian spatial generalized linear mixed model and a region of interest analysis with comparison groups of chronic pain and a neurologic control (Alzheimer’s disease). We found that all migraine coordinates (11/11, 100%) were negatively connected (t ≥ ±7, P < 10−6 family-wise error corrected for multiple comparisons) to a single location in left extrastriate visual cortex overlying dorsal V3 and V3A subregions. More than 90% of coordinates (10/11) were also positively connected with bilateral insula and negatively connected with the hypothalamus. Bayesian spatial generalized linear mixed model whole-brain analysis identified left V3/V3A as the area with the most specific connectivity to migraine coordinates compared to control coordinates (voxel-wise probability of ≥90%). Post hoc region of interest analyses further supported the specificity of this finding (ANOVA P = 0.02; pairwise t-tests P = 0.03 and P = 0.003, respectively). In conclusion, using coordinate-based network mapping, we show that regions of grey matter volume loss in migraineurs localize to a common brain network defined by connectivity to visual cortex V3/V3A, a region previously implicated in mechanisms of cortical spreading depression in migraine. Our findings help unify migraine neuroimaging literature and offer a migraine-specific target for neuromodulatory treatment.

scholarly journals Reduced visual cortex grey matter volume in children and adolescents with reactive attachment disorder

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 13-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koji Shimada ◽  
Shinichiro Takiguchi ◽  
Sakae Mizushima ◽  
Takashi X. Fujisawa ◽  
Daisuke N. Saito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Reactive Attachment Disorder ◽  
Grey Matter Volume ◽  
Attachment Disorder ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
Reactive Attachment

scholarly journals Structural and functional footprint of visual snow syndrome

Brain ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 143 (4) ◽  
pp. 1106-1113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph J Schankin ◽  
Farooq H Maniyar ◽  
Denise E Chou ◽  
Michael Eller ◽  
Till Sprenger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Superior Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Clinical Impression ◽  
Grey Matter Volume ◽  
Voxel Based Morphometry ◽  
Visual Symptoms ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
The Right

Abstract Patients with visual snow syndrome suffer from a continuous pan-field visual disturbance, additional visual symptoms, tinnitus, and non-perceptional symptoms. The pathophysiology of visual symptoms might involve dysfunctional visual cortex. So far, the extra-visual system has not been investigated. We aimed at identifying structural and functional correlates for visual and non-visual symptoms in visual snow syndrome. Patients were compared to age- and sex-matched controls using 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose PET (n = 20 per group) and voxel-based morphometry (n = 17 per group). Guided by the PET results, region of interest analysis was done in voxel-based morphometry to identify structural-functional correspondence. Grey matter volume was assessed globally. Patients had corresponding hypermetabolism and cortical volume increase in the extrastriate visual cortex at the junction of the right lingual and fusiform gyrus. There was hypometabolism in the right superior temporal gyrus and the left inferior parietal lobule. Patients had grey matter volume increases in the temporal and limbic lobes and decrease in the superior temporal gyrus. The corresponding structural and functional alterations emphasize the relevance of the visual association cortex for visual snow syndrome. The broad structural and functional footprint, however, confirms the clinical impression that the disorder extends beyond the visual system.

scholarly journals Individual differences in brain structure and self-reported empathy in children

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Olivia Bray ◽  
Elena Pozzi ◽  
Nandita Vijayakumar ◽  
Sally Richmond ◽  
Camille Deane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Cognitive Empathy ◽  
Empathic Concern ◽  
Grey Matter Volume ◽  
Matter Volume

Empathy refers to the understanding and sharing of others’ emotions and comprises cognitive and affective components. Empathy is important for social functioning, and alterations in empathy have been demonstrated in many developmental/psychiatric disorders. While several studies have examined associations between empathy and brain structure in adults, few have investigated this relationship in children. Investigating associations between empathy and brain structure during childhood will help us develop a deeper understanding of the neural correlates of empathy across the lifespan.125 children (66 female, mean age 10 years) underwent MRI brain scans. Grey matter volume and cortical thickness from T1-weighted structural images were examined using the CAT12 toolbox within SPM12. Children completed questionnaire measures of empathy (cognitive empathy, affective empathy: affective sharing, empathic concern, empathic distress).In hypothesised region of interest analyses, individual differences in affective and cognitive empathy were related to grey matter volume in the insula and the precuneus. Although these relationships were of similar strength to those found in previous research, they did not survive correction for the total number of models computed. While no significant findings were detected between grey matter volume and empathy in exploratory whole-brain analysis, associations were found between cortical thickness and empathic concern in the right precentral gyrus.This study provides preliminary evidence that individual differences in self-reported empathy in children may be related to aspects of brain structure. Findings highlight the need for more research investigating the neurobiological correlates of empathy in children.

scholarly journals Postoperative increase in grey matter volume in visual cortex after unilateral cataract surgery

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astrid R. Lou ◽  
Kristoffer H. Madsen ◽  
Hanne O. Julian ◽  
Peter B. Toft ◽  
Troels W. Kjaer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Cataract Surgery ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Grey Matter Volume ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
Unilateral Cataract

scholarly journals Grey matter volume in early human visual cortex predicts proneness to the sound-induced flash illusion

2012 ◽  
Vol 279 (1749) ◽  
pp. 4955-4961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin de Haas ◽  
Ryota Kanai ◽  
Lauri Jalkanen ◽  
Geraint Rees
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Visual Perception ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Grey Matter Volume ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
Visual Cortices ◽  
Optimal Weighting ◽  
Early Human

Visual perception can be modulated by sounds. A drastic example of this is the sound-induced flash illusion: when a single flash is accompanied by two bleeps, it is sometimes perceived in an illusory fashion as two consecutive flashes. However, there are strong individual differences in proneness to this illusion. Some participants experience the illusion on almost every trial, whereas others almost never do. We investigated whether such individual differences in proneness to the sound-induced flash illusion were reflected in structural differences in brain regions whose activity is modulated by the illusion. We found that individual differences in proneness to the illusion were strongly and significantly correlated with local grey matter volume in early retinotopic visual cortex. Participants with smaller early visual cortices were more prone to the illusion. We propose that strength of auditory influences on visual perception is determined by individual differences in recurrent connections, cross-modal attention and/or optimal weighting of sensory channels.

scholarly journals Multimodal MRI of grey matter, white matter, and functional connectivity in cognitively healthy mutation carriers at risk for frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease

BMC Neurology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rogier A. Feis ◽  
Mark J. R. J. Bouts ◽  
Elise G. P. Dopper ◽  
Nicola Filippini ◽  
Verena Heise ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Frontotemporal Dementia ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Grey Matter Volume ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
Mutation Carriers ◽  
Healthy Carriers

Abstract Background Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are associated with divergent differences in grey matter volume, white matter diffusion, and functional connectivity. However, it is unknown at what disease stage these differences emerge. Here, we investigate whether divergent differences in grey matter volume, white matter diffusion, and functional connectivity are already apparent between cognitively healthy carriers of pathogenic FTD mutations, and cognitively healthy carriers at increased AD risk. Methods We acquired multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scans in cognitively healthy subjects with (n=39) and without (n=36) microtubule-associated protein Tau (MAPT) or progranulin (GRN) mutations, and with (n=37) and without (n=38) apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE4) allele. We evaluated grey matter volume using voxel-based morphometry, white matter diffusion using tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS), and region-to-network functional connectivity using dual regression in the default mode network and salience network. We tested for differences between the respective carriers and controls, as well as for divergence of those differences. For the divergence contrast, we additionally performed region-of-interest TBSS analyses in known areas of white matter diffusion differences between FTD and AD (i.e., uncinate fasciculus, forceps minor, and anterior thalamic radiation). Results MAPT/GRN carriers did not differ from controls in any modality. APOE4 carriers had lower fractional anisotropy than controls in the callosal splenium and right inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, but did not show grey matter volume or functional connectivity differences. We found no divergent differences between both carrier-control contrasts in any modality, even in region-of-interest analyses. Conclusions Concluding, we could not find differences suggestive of divergent pathways of underlying FTD and AD pathology in asymptomatic risk mutation carriers. Future studies should focus on asymptomatic mutation carriers that are closer to symptom onset to capture the first specific signs that may differentiate between FTD and AD.

Analyzing discontinuities in longitudinal count data: A multilevel generalized linear mixed model.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L. Peugh ◽  
Sarah J. Beal ◽  
Meghan E. McGrady ◽  
Michael D. Toland ◽  
Constance Mara
Keyword(s):  
Count Data ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Generalized Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Longitudinal Count Data

Social cognition and brain organization in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (Pan paniscus)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
William D. Hopkins ◽  
Cheryl D. Stimpson ◽  
Chet C. Sherwood
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Pan Paniscus ◽  
Grey Matter Volume ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
Brain Organization ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
Cognition Sociale

Bonobos and chimpanzees are two closely relates species of the genus Pan, yet they exhibit marked differences in anatomy, behaviour and cognition. For this reason, comparative studies on social behaviour, cognition and brain organization between these two species provide important insights into evolutionary models of human origins. This chapter summarizes studies on socio-communicative competencies and social cognition in chimpanzees and bonobos from the authors’ laboratory in comparison to previous reports. Additionally, recent data on species differences and similarities in brain organization in grey matter volume and distribution is presented. Some preliminary findings on microstructural brain organization such as neuropil space and cellular distribution in key neurotransmitters and neuropeptides involved in social behaviour and cognition is presented. Though these studies are in their infancy, the findings point to potentially important differences in brain organization that may underlie bonobo and chimpanzees’ differences in social behaviour, communication and cognition. Les bonobos et les chimpanzés sont deux espèces du genus Pan prochement liées, néanmoins ils montrent des différences anatomiques, comportementales et cognitives marquées. Pour cette raison, les études comparatives sur le comportement social, la cognition et l’organisation corticale entre ces deux espèces fournissent des idées sur les modèles évolutionnaires des origines humaines. Dans ce chapitre, nous résumons des études sur les compétences socio-communicatives et la cognition sociale chez les chimpanzés et les bonobos de notre laboratoire en comparaison avec des rapports précédents. En plus, nous présentons des données récentes sur les différences et similarités d’organisation corticale du volume et distribution de la matière grise entre espèces. Nous présentons plus de résultats préliminaires sur l’organisation corticale microstructurale comme l’espace neuropile et la division cellulaire dans des neurotransmetteurs clés et les neuropeptides impliqués dans le comportement social et la cognition. Bien que ces études sont dans leur enfance, les résultats montrent des différences d’organisation corticale importantes qui sont à la base des différences de comportement social, la communication et la cognition entre les bonobos et les chimpanzés.

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