Resistance Exercise-Induced Apelin Is Not Modulated by Higher Dietary Protein Density in Overweight Adults

Abstract Objectives Apelin is a putative exercise-sensitive myokine that has been shown to be associated with physical independence during aging. Physical performance is highly dependent on muscle strength, with a clear role of dietary protein (i.e., > Recommended Dietary Allowance) for the maintenance of age-related muscle strength. However, the influence of dietary protein density on exercise-induced apelin remains unknown. Therefore, our aim was to evaluate plasma apelin concentrations and its relationship with muscle strength in middle-aged adults consuming differential amounts of animal-based protein during progressive resistance training. Methods 41 overweight middle-aged adults (50 ± 2 y, BMI 28 ± 1 kg · m−2, M = 19, F = 22) were stratified and randomized to consume either high protein (1.68 ± 0.06 g · kg−1·d−1) or moderate amounts of animal-based protein (1.16 ± 0.04 g · kg−1·d−1) during a 10-week weight-maintenance nutrition counseling-controlled resistance training program. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Muscle strength was assessed by one-repetition maximum (1RM) and isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) at 60° knee angle. Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed at baseline and post-intervention. Results Main effects of time were observed for increases in lean body mass (P = 0.003), upper and lower body 1RM (all P ≤ 0.001), isometric MVC (P = 0.013), and plasma apelin concentrations (P = 0.007). There were no changes in body adiposity or glucose-insulin regulation (e.g., HOMA-IR, Matsuda) with the intervention (all P ≥ 0.152). Apelin was positively and significantly associated with isometric MVC (extension: r = 0.233, P = 0.047; flexion: r = 0.308, P = 0.008), but not 1RM. Conclusions Our results show that resistance training increases circulating apelin concentrations which is related to isometric strength gain. However, higher consumption of animal-based protein foods does not potentiate these resistance-exercise induced adaptations in overweight middle-aged adults. Funding Sources Funded in part by the Beef Checkoff. CFM funded by JBT Fellowship, UIUC.

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Higher Protein Intake Does Not Potentiate Skeletal Muscle Vitamin D Receptor

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzab041_027 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 512-512

Author(s):

Colleen McKenna ◽

Amadeo Salvador ◽

Andrew Askow ◽

Kevin J.M. Paulussen ◽

Alexander Keeble ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Resistance Training ◽

Resistance Exercise ◽

Lean Mass ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Dietary Protein Intake ◽

Resistance Training Program ◽

Middle Aged Adults

Abstract Objectives The loss of muscle mass with age increases not only risk of functional impairment, but also development and exacerbation of cardiometabolic disease. While dietary protein intake and habitual resistance exercise are traditional strategies to offset age-related decrements in lean mass, it is important to define the role of other regulatory nutrients in this process. Dietary vitamin D (VD) has received particular interest as muscle vitamin D receptor (VDR) is associated with hypertrophy. Importantly, beyond being a significant source of high-quality protein, animal-based protein foods are also rich in VD. While previous efforts have investigated the provision of protein and/or VD supplements during a resistance training program, the influence of dietary protein composition and diet-derived VD on resistance exercise adaptations remains unknown. Methods Forty-one middle-aged adults (mean ± SD: age 50 ± 8 y, BMI 27 ± 4 kg/m2, M = 19, F = 22) were stratified and randomized to consume either high (1.68 ± 0.26 g/kg/d) or moderate (1.16 ± 0.19 g/kg/d) amounts of animal-based protein during a 10-week dietary counseling-controlled resistance training program. Dietary intake was monitored by biweekly 3d diet records (ASA24). Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and muscle biopsies were performed pre- and post-intervention. Total RNA was extracted and reverse-transcribed for muscle gene expression by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Intervention outcomes and their relationships were analyzed using linear mixed effects models and repeated measures correlation, respectively, by R. Results VDR gene expression increased regardless of condition (P = 0.007; 95% CI: 0.13, 0.84). Upregulation of VDR expression was correlated with gains in appendicular lean mass (r = 0.44; P = 0.011; CI: 0.10, 0.68). While protein intake did not affect VDR expression, animal-based protein diet density (servings/1000 kcal) was modestly correlated with VDR expression (r = 0.42; P = 0.014; CI: 0.08, 0.67). There was no relationship between dietary VD and VDR expression. Conclusions Our results suggests that moderate dietary protein intake is sufficient to support resistance exercise-induced VDR upregulation and lean mass gain in middle-aged adults. Funding Sources Funded in part by the Beef Checkoff. CFM funded by JBT Fellowship, UIUC.

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Circuit resistance training is an effective means to enhance muscle strength in older and middle aged adults

Ageing Research Reviews ◽

10.1016/j.arr.2017.04.003 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 37 ◽

pp. 16-27 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Assaf Buch ◽

Ofer Kis ◽

Eli Carmeli ◽

Lital Keinan-Boker ◽

Yitshal Berner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Resistance Training ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Effective Means ◽

Middle Aged ◽

Circuit Resistance Training ◽

Middle Aged Adults ◽

Circuit Resistance

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Higher protein intake during resistance training does not potentiate strength, but modulates gut microbiota, in middle-aged adults: a randomized control trial

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.00574.2020 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Colleen F. McKenna ◽

Amadeo F. Salvador ◽

Riley L Hughes ◽

Susannah E. Scaroni ◽

Rafael A. Alamilla ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Resistance Training ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Healthy Aging ◽

Protein Supplementation ◽

Middle Aged ◽

Dietary Counseling ◽

Resistance Training Program ◽

Clinical Biomarkers ◽

Middle Aged Adults

Protein intake above the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) and resistance training are known anabolic stimuli to support healthy aging. Specifically, protein supplementation after resistance exercise and nightly are strategies to maximize utilization of protein intake above the RDA in healthy adults. As such, the primary objective was to examine the efficacy of protein supplementation and nutritional counseling resulting in either moderate (MOD: ~1.0 g·kg−1·d−1) or higher (HIGH: ~1.6 g·kg−1·d−1) protein intake during resistance training on strength (one-repetition maximum, 1-RM; isokinetic and isometric peak torque) in healthy middle-aged adults. Exploratory analyses include diet-exercise effects on lean body mass (LBM), clinical biomarkers, gut microbiota, and diet composition. 50 middle-aged adults (age: 50 ± 8 y, BMI: 27.2 ± 4.1 kg·m-2) were randomized to either MOD or HIGH protein intake during a 10-week resistance training program (3 × week). Participants received dietary counseling and consumed either 15 g (MOD) or 30 g (HIGH) of protein from lean beef in the immediate post-exercise period and each evening. Maximal strength (1-RM) for all upper and lower body exercises significantly increased with no effect of protein intake (P<0.050). There was a main effect of time for LBM (P<0.005). Cardiovascular, renal, or glycemic biomarkers were not affected by the intervention. Gut microbiota were associated with several health outcomes (P<0.050). In conclusion, higher protein intake above moderate amounts does not potentiate resistance training adaptations in previously untrained middle-aged adults. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03029975.

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Higher Protein Intake Does Not Augment Muscle Protein Synthetic Responses During the Early Stages of Resistance Training in Middle-Aged Adults

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzab041_035 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 520-520

Author(s):

Amadeo Salvador ◽

Colleen McKenna ◽

Kevin J.M. Paulussen ◽

Alexander Keeble ◽

Andrew Askow ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protein Synthesis ◽

Resistance Training ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Muscle Protein ◽

Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽

Protein Fractions ◽

Dietary Protein Intake ◽

Middle Aged ◽

Middle Aged Adults

Abstract Objectives Dietary protein intake augments muscle protein synthesis rates during acute recovery from resistance exercise training (RET) and can help offset age-related loss in muscle mass. Skeletal muscle tissue contains a variety of different protein pools such as myofibrillar (contractile), mitochondrial (substrate oxidation), and collagen (structural support) proteins that have been reported to have different contraction and nutrient sensitivities in controlled laboratory studies. However, no study has investigated the impact of dietary protein intake on the synthesis of these specific muscle proteins fractions during RET in a free-living setting. Therefore, we investigated the effect of dietary protein intake on daily muscle protein synthesis rates (PS) within the myofibrillar (MyoPS), mitochondrial (MitoPS), and collagen (CPS) protein fractions throughout the early phase (0 – 3 wks) of RET in middle-aged adults. Methods Twenty middle-aged adults (47 ± 1 y, BMI 28 ± 1 kg/m2, M = 12, F = 8) were stratified and randomized to consume either moderate (MOD; 1.06 ± 0.22 g/kg/d) or high (HI; 1.55 ± 0.25 g/kg/d) amounts of protein during a dietary counseling-controlled resistance training program. On day 0, participants ingested intermittent boluses of deuterated (2H) water followed by daily maintenance doses throughout the study period. Muscle biopsies were collected prior to and at weeks 1, 2, and 3 of the intervention to assess MyoPS, MitoPS, and CPS by LC/MS. Results MitoPS decreased at 0–3 wks when compared to 0–1 wks (P = 0.010, CI: −0.77 – −0.10%/d) regardless of group (HI: 0.64 ± 0.32%/d and MOD 0.86 ± 0.55%/d; P = 0.827). A similar decline was also observed for CPS (group P = 0.323; time P = 0.007). The MyoPS in the HI condition remained constant (0–1 wk: 0.81 ± 0.42%/d and 0–3 wks: 0.81 ± 0.72%/d, P = 1.0), but MOD decreased over time (0–1 wk: 1.35 ± 0.9%/d and 0–3 wks: 0.77 ± 0.43%/d, P = 0.023). Conclusions Our results demonstrated that additional protein intake above moderate amounts does not meaningfully potentiate the stimulation of longer-term muscle protein synthetic responses within the myofibrillar, mitochondrial, or collagen protein fractions during the early stages of a RET in middle-aged adults. Funding Sources Funded in part by the Beef Checkoff. AFS funded by CAPES Scholarship.

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The effects of supplementation with creatine and protein on muscle strength following a traditional resistance training program in middle-aged and older men

The journal of nutrition health & aging ◽

10.1007/s12603-009-0124-8 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 155-159 ◽

Cited By ~ 58

Author(s):

M.G. Bemben ◽

M.S. Witten ◽

J.M. Carter ◽

K.A. Eliot ◽

A.W. Knehans ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Resistance Training ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Training Program ◽

Older Men ◽

Middle Aged ◽

Resistance Training Program ◽

Traditional Resistance Training

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Effects of Low Intensity Resistance Training Speed on Body Composition, Muscle Activity and Muscle Strength in Obese Middle-aged Women

Korean Journal of Sport Studies ◽

10.23949/kjpe.2017.07.56.4.39 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 56 (4) ◽

pp. 575-584 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Woo-Jung Lee ◽

Sang-Won Seo ◽

Ho-Seong Lee

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Resistance Training ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Muscle Activity ◽

Middle Aged ◽

Low Intensity

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Efficacy of whey protein supplementation on resistance exercise-induced changes in lean mass, muscle strength, and physical function in mobility-limited older adults.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.717968146.793467953 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

Thomas Lang

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Resistance Exercise ◽

Physical Function ◽

Whey Protein ◽

Lean Mass ◽

Protein Supplementation ◽

Exercise Induced ◽

Induced Changes

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Relationships between Socioeconomic Status, Handgrip Strength, and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Middle-Aged Adults

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18041892 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 1892

Author(s):

Jinkyung Cho ◽

Inhwan Lee ◽

Dong-Ho Park ◽

Hyo-Bum Kwak ◽

Kisuk Min

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Liver Disease ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Fatty Liver Disease ◽

Handgrip Strength ◽

Low Ses ◽

Middle Aged ◽

Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽

Middle Aged Adults ◽

Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Although low socioeconomic status (SES) and decreased muscle strength have been found to be associated with the risk factors of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), including insulin resistance, obesity, and metabolic syndrome, the associations among SES, muscle strength, and NAFLD are still unclear. We aimed to investigate the combined effect of SES and relative handgrip strength (HGS) on the risk of NAFLD in middle-aged adults. Data from 5272 middle-aged adults who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) from 2014–2018 were analyzed. NAFLD was defined using the hepatic steatosis index (HSI) > 36 and the comprehensive NAFLD score (CNS) ≥ 40 in the absence of other causes of liver disease. SES was based on a self-reported questionnaire. Overall, individuals with low SES (odds ratio (OR) = 1.703, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.424–2.037, p < 0.001) or low HGS (OR = 12.161, 95% CI: 9.548–15.488, p < 0.001) had a significantly higher risk of NAFLD. The joint association analysis showed that a low SES combined with a low HGS (OR = 2.479, 95% CI: 1.351–4.549, p = 0.003) further significantly increased the risk of NAFLD when adjusted for all the covariates, compared with individuals with a high SES and a high HGS (OR = 1). The current findings suggest that both low SES and low HGS were independently and synergistically associated with an increased risk of NAFLD in middle-aged Korean adults.

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Resistance training reduces the acute exercise-induced increase in muscle protein turnover

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.1999.276.1.e118 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 276 (1) ◽

pp. E118-E124 ◽

Cited By ~ 67

Author(s):

S. M. Phillips ◽

K. D. Tipton ◽

A. A. Ferrando ◽

R. R. Wolfe

Keyword(s):

Resistance Training ◽

Resistance Exercise ◽

Acute Exercise ◽

Muscle Protein ◽

Exercise Bout ◽

Muscle Contractions ◽

Breakdown Rates ◽

Single Bout ◽

Fractional Synthesis ◽

Exercise Induced

We examined the effect of resistance training on the response of mixed muscle protein fractional synthesis (FSR) and breakdown rates (FBR) by use of primed constant infusions of [2H5]phenylalanine and [15N]phenylalanine, respectively, to an isolated bout of pleiometric resistance exercise. Trained subjects, who were performing regular resistance exercise (trained, T; n = 6), were compared with sedentary, untrained controls (untrained, UT; n = 6). The exercise test consisted of 10 sets (8 repetitions per set) of single-leg knee flexion (i.e., pleiometric muscle contraction during lowering) at 120% of the subjects’ predetermined single-leg 1 repetition maximum. Subjects exercised one leg while their contralateral leg acted as a nonexercised (resting) control. Exercise resulted in an increase, above resting, in mixed muscle FSR in both groups (UT: rest, 0.036 ± 0.002; exercise, 0.0802 ± 0.01; T: rest, 0.045 ± 0.004; exercise, 0.067 ± 0.01; all values in %/h; P< 0.01). In addition, exercise resulted in an increase in mixed muscle FBR of 37 ± 5% (rest, 0.076 ± 0.005; exercise, 0.105 ± 0.01; all values in %/h; P < 0.01) in the UT group but did not significantly affect FBR in the T group. The resulting muscle net balance (FSR − FBR) was negative throughout the protocol ( P < 0.05) but was increased in the exercised leg in both groups ( P < 0.05). We conclude that pleiometric muscle contractions induce an increase in mixed muscle protein synthetic rate within 4 h of completion of an exercise bout but that resistance training attenuates this increase. A single bout of pleiometric muscle contractions also increased the FBR of mixed muscle protein in UT but not in T subjects.

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