Changes in Maternal Diet Quality Across Pregnancy and Postpartum and Associations with Sociodemographic Characteristics

Abstract Objectives This study described diet quality across the perinatal continuum and investigated associations of sociodemographic characteristics with diet quality change from pregnancy to postpartum. Methods Pregnant women (n = 365) in a prospective cohort study completed a demographic questionnaire at recruitment and six 24-hour dietary recalls (one in each pregnancy trimester and 2, 6, and 12 months postpartum). Sample-level diet quality (Healthy Eating Index-2015, HEI total and component scores) at each of the six time points was quantified using the population ratio method and compared using bootstrapping and permutation tests. Individual-level HEI scores during the pregnancy (pooling 3 pregnancy recalls) and postpartum (pooling 3 postpartum recalls) periods were quantified using the by-person method and compared using paired t-tests. Multiple linear regression models examined independent associations of sociodemographic characteristics with change in HEI (postpartum subtracted from pregnancy score). Results Sample-level HEI total and component scores were generally consistent among time points within pregnancy and within postpartum but showed varied changes between periods. Within-person analyses indicated both positive (total protein, fatty acids, refined grains, saturated fat) and negative (total fruit, whole fruit, dairy) changes in HEI from pregnancy to postpartum. Greater improvements in HEI total score were observed in white non-Hispanic versus black non-Hispanic participants (β ± SEM: 6.7 ± 3.2), participants with at least a college degree versus less than a college degree (6.8 ± 2.7), and participants who were not working by choice versus working full time (7.0 ± 2.6). In addition to associations with change in HEI total score, race/ethnicity was associated with change in greens and beans, seafood and plant proteins, and added sugars component scores, education was associated with change in total fruit and refined grains scores, and employment was associated with change in refined grains score. Age, smoking status, and body mass index were also associated with changes in HEI component scores. Conclusions Perinatal decreases in fruit and dairy intake and sociodemographic disparities in dietary changes may represent critical intervention targets. Funding Sources This research was supported by the NICHD Intramural Research Program.

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The Association Between Diet Quality and Fasting Blood Glucose in People Living with HIV (P08-051-19)

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzz044.p08-051-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Heather Stanner ◽

Diane Rigassio Radler ◽

Joachim Sackey

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Diet Quality ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Healthy Eating Index ◽

People Living With Hiv ◽

Refined Grains ◽

Component Score ◽

Cardiovascular Assessment ◽

Component Scores ◽

Care Study

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine the association between diet quality (utilizing Healthy Eating Index-2010 [HEI-2010] total scores) and fasting blood glucose in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV). The associations between refined grains and total fruit consumption (HEI-2010 component scores) and fasting blood glucose were also explored. Methods This was a cross-sectional analysis (N = 191) of an existing dataset from the Cardiovascular Assessment Risk Examination (CARE) study at Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA between 2007 and 2013. It was hypothesized that there would be no association between diet quality and fasting blood glucose. Multiple linear regression was used to test the hypothesis adjusting for several a priori variables (age, race, sex, employment status, use of highly active antiretroviral therapy [HAART], living situation, body mass index, family history of type 2 diabetes [T2D] and year of enrollment). Results The mean age of the subjects was 41.1 years (SD = 7.1 years). Approximately half were white (50.8%, n = 97) and the majority were male (74.9%, n = 143). Subjects had a mean total HEI-2010 score of 49.3 out of 100 possible points with a range of 10–88 points. This is indicative of poor diet quality in this sample of PLHIV. Total protein foods and refined grains represented the component scores with the highest median scores (5.0 out of 5 possible points and 7.6 out of 10 possible points, respectively). Components with low median scores were total fruit (1.6 out of 5 possible points), whole fruit (1.4 out of 5 possible points), greens & beans (0.9 out of 5 possible points) and whole grains (1.5 out of 10 possible points). No significant associations were found between total HEI-2010 score and fasting blood glucose. No significant associations were found between the refined grains HEI-2010 component score or total fruit HEI-2010 component score and fasting blood glucose. Conclusions Overall diet quality was low in this study and the hypothesis of no association between diet quality and fasting blood glucose was supported. Additional studies are needed to determine the relationship between diet quality and fasting blood glucose in PLHIV and how to improve diet quality in this population. Funding Sources The CARE study was supported by the National Institutes of Health (R01HL065947).

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Abstract P211: Diet Quality Declines and Differs by Race in Early Childhood

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.135.suppl_1.p211 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 135 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Kelly Reynolds ◽

Heidi Kalkwarf ◽

Suzanne Summer ◽

Philip Khoury ◽

Marcia Gavin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Early Childhood ◽

Healthy Eating ◽

Diet Quality ◽

Dietary Intervention ◽

Healthy Eating Index ◽

Final Visit ◽

White Children ◽

Refined Grains ◽

Component Scores

Introduction: Diet quality is an important determinant of health in children, but little is known about how diet quality progresses during early childhood. We hypothesized that overall diet quality, assessed by the 2010 Healthy Eating Index, would decline during early childhood. Methods: Three hundred seventy-two (372) healthy 3-year-old children were recruited from the Greater Cincinnati area and assessed every 4 months until age 7 at in-person clinical visits, for a total of 13 visits. Parents completed 3-day diet diaries at each visit which were analyzed for nutrient composition using the Nutrition Data Systems for Research system (NDSR). The 2010 Healthy Eating Index (HEI) total and food-group component scores were calculated and averaged by year of study. Longitudinal mixed modeling was used to evaluate longitudinal trends. Results: The population was 52% (195/372) male, 78% (290/372) white and 83% (308/372) completed the final visit. HEI total scores at age 3 were poor (mean±SE: 45.2±0.4) and declined significantly between ages 3-7 (p<0.0001). None of the participants had “good” quality diet (HEI>80) at any point in the study. HEI total scores differed by race, with white children having significantly higher scores (p=0.05, Figure). HEI component scores showed a mixed pattern, with some significantly improving (protein, vegetables and fatty acids), some significantly worsening (dairy, refined grains, sodium, whole fruit and total fruit); other component scores did not change. Differences by race also varied, with African-Americans having consistently better scores for vegetables, greens and beans, protein and fatty acids (all p<0.0001), while white children had better scores for dairy, sodium and refined grains (all p<0.0005). Conclusions: The average HEI scores for young children showed poor baseline diet quality at age 3 that became gradually worse throughout early childhood. The varying patterns in HEI component scores indicate specific areas of focus for early dietary intervention, which may differ by race.

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The accelerator, the brake, and the terrain: associations of reward-related eating, self-regulation, and the home food environment with diet quality during pregnancy and postpartum in the pregnancy eating attributes study (PEAS) cohort

International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity ◽

10.1186/s12966-020-01047-x ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Tonja R. Nansel ◽

Leah M. Lipsky ◽

Myles Faith ◽

Aiyi Liu ◽

Anna Maria Siega-Riz

Keyword(s):

Diet Quality ◽

Food Environment ◽

Eating Behaviors ◽

Self Regulation ◽

Delay Of Gratification ◽

Healthy Eating Index ◽

Home Food Environment ◽

Link Type ◽

Pregnancy And Postpartum ◽

Home Food

Abstract Background Neurobehavioral factors, including reward-related eating and self-regulation, in conjunction with the food environment, may influence dietary behaviors. However, these constructs have not been examined in pregnancy and postpartum, a time of changing appetite and eating behaviors, and when dietary intake has implications for maternal and child health. This study examined associations of reward-related eating, self-regulation, and the home food environment with pregnancy and postpartum diet quality. Methods Participants in the Pregnancy Eating Attributes Study observational cohort were enrolled at ≤12 weeks gestation and followed through one-year postpartum. Pregnancy and postpartum Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-total), and adequacy and moderation scores, respectively, were calculated by pooling 24-h diet recalls administered each trimester and during 2, 6, and 12 months postpartum. Participants completed four measures of reward-related eating – Modified Yale Food Addiction Scale (mYFAS), Power of Food Scale (PFS), Multiple Choice Procedure (MCP), and Reinforcing Value of Food Questionnaire (RVFQ); two measures of self-regulation – Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) and Delay of Gratification Inventory (DGI); and a Home Food Inventory (HFI), yielding obesogenic (OBES) and fruit/vegetables (FV) scores. Linear regression analyses estimated associations of reward-related eating, self-regulation, and home food environment with diet quality during pregnancy and postpartum, adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics. Results Pregnancy HEI-total was inversely associated with PFS (β = − 0.14 ± 0.05, p = 0.009), mYFAS(β = − 0.14 ± 0.06, p = 0.02), 2 of the 5 RVFQ indices, MCP (β = − 0.14 ± 0.05, p = 0.01), and DGI food subscale (β = 0.23 ± 0.05, p < 0.001), but associations of postpartum HEI-total with reward-related eating measures and self-regulation were small and not statistically significant. Pregnancy and postpartum HEI-total were associated inversely with HFI-OBES (β = − 0.17 ± 0.06, p = 0.004 and β = − 0.19 ± 0.07, p = 0.006, respectively), and positively with HFI-FV (β = 0.21 ± 0.05, p < 0.001 and β = 0.17 ± 0.06, p = 0.009, respectively). Conclusions Associations of poorer diet quality with greater reward-related eating during pregnancy but not postpartum suggests the need to better understand differences in the determinants of eating behaviors and approaches to circumvent or moderate reward-related eating to facilitate more optimal diet quality across this critical period. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov. URL – Registration ID – NCT02217462. Date of registration – August 13, 2014.

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Comparing Healthy Eating Index Scoring Methods and Different Dietary Assessment Instruments: The Interactive Diet and Activity Tracking in AARP (IDATA) Study

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzaa046_073 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 573-573

Author(s):

Edwina Wambogo ◽

Jill Reedy ◽

Kirsten Herrick ◽

Marissa Shams-White ◽

Jennifer Lerman

Keyword(s):

Healthy Eating ◽

Dietary Assessment ◽

Healthy Eating Index ◽

Ratio Method ◽

Plant Proteins ◽

Scoring Methods ◽

Activity Tracking ◽

Usual Intake ◽

Population Ratio ◽

Component Scores

Abstract Objectives To compare five Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015) scoring methods using 24-hour recalls (24HRs), 4-day food records (4DFRs), and food frequency questionnaires (FFQs). Methods Over 12 months, Interactive Diet and Activity Tracking in AARP (IDATA) study participants (N = 1021) aged 50–74 years completed up to six Automated Self-Administered 24-Hour Dietary Assessment Tool (ASA24) recalls, 2 4DFRs, and 2 FFQs. Mean HEI-2015 total and component scores were estimated using five methods – two estimating usual intake: the multivariate Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) and bivariate; and three not estimating usual intake: per day, per person, and population ratio. Sums of squared differences (SSD) were calculated to compare differences among component scores. Results MCMC and bivariate methods estimated similar total mean HEI-2015 scores for men with 24HRs (60 points) and 4DFRs (61 points). The population ratio scores were comparable (63 points), but higher, and the per day was most different for both 24HRs and 4DFRs (57 points). This pattern was similar for women. With 24HR and 4DFRs, the population ratio method had higher component scores compared with MCMC and bivariate for Total Fruits, Whole Fruits, and Seafood and Plant Proteins. For example, among men, in 24HRs (comparing MCMC and population ratio), the SSD for Whole Fruit were 1.44 and those of Seafood and Plant Proteins were 0.49, compared to SSDs for other components which only ranged from 0.01 to 0.16. With FFQs, estimation of mean HEI scores is not recommended due to biases. However, when applying all methods, the total and component scores for FFQs were higher for Total Fruits, Whole Fruits, Greens and Beans, Dairy, Fatty Acids, Refined Grains, Sodium, and Saturated Fats. Conclusions Overall, the two usual intake methods (MCMC and bivariate) yield comparable total and component scores. The population ratio method adjusts for day-to-day variation by averaging data across populations, thus arrives at scores closer to the MCMC and bivariate, hence is the preferred method of estimating a population's mean usual HEI scores on the basis of a single day of data. When distributions are needed, the MCMC and bivariate methods are recommended to adjust for measurement error, consider episodic consumption and skewness, and account for correlation between each and or all constituents and energy. Funding Sources N/A.

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Dietary Restraint in Adolescence Predicts Diet Quality in Young Adulthood

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzaa059_040 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 1323-1323

Author(s):

Megan Lawless ◽

Lenka Shriver ◽

Jessica Dollar ◽

Susan Calkins ◽

Susan Keane ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Young Adulthood ◽

Diet Quality ◽

Weight Control ◽

Dietary Restraint ◽

Poor Quality ◽

Mean Value ◽

Healthy Eating Index ◽

Dietary Guidelines ◽

Health Study ◽

Component Scores

Abstract Objectives Establishing a diet that follows the Dietary Guidelines for Americans has been associated with lower risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease and cancer. Some research has shown that individuals’ desire for weight control is an important factor in determining food choices. The aims of this study were to 1) examine dietary restraint in adolescence as a predictor of overall diet quality in young adulthood and 2) compare selected dietary components by levels of restraint. Methods Data were collected from participants enrolled in a longitudinal study in NC, the Right Track Health Study (n = 112). Dietary restraint was assessed using the 21-item subscale of the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire. Three 24-hour dietary recalls were collected to estimate dietary intake and Healthy Eating Index 2015 (HEI-2015) scores were calculated to determine diet quality. Multiple linear regression tested the association between restraint and diet quality, adjusting for sex, race, Body Mass Index-for-age percentiles and disinhibition in adolescence. Using the mean value for restraint (score of 6.64), “high restraint” and “low restraint” groups were created, and the specific HEI-2015 component scores were compared using t-tests. Level of significance was set at P < 0.05. Results Overall, participants consumed a poor-quality diet (HEI-2015 score = 50.24 ± 13.56). Higher restraint in adolescence (mean age 16.59 ± 0.39 years) was associated with higher total HEI-2015 score in young adulthood (mean age 18.74 ± 0.51) (β = 15.39 (95% CI: 3.44, 27.34) P = 0.01). The high restraint group had significantly higher HEI-component scores for total vegetables, greens and beans, total fruit, whole fruit, seafood and plant proteins, and added sugars. There were no differences between the two groups in the remaining HEI-2015 component scores (e.g., whole grains, fatty acids, sodium). Conclusions Higher dietary restraint in adolescence predicts better overall diet quality in young adulthood. Nevertheless, young adults in our sample failed to meet the federal dietary guidelines. Interventions aimed at improving diet quality should consider an individual's level of dietary restraint to better tailor nutrition advice. Funding Sources This research was supported by funding from NIH-NICHD and NIH-NIDDK.

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Effect of a Food Scholarship Program on Food Security Status and Diet Quality of College Students (P04-069-19)

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzz051.p04-069-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Carolyn Moore ◽

Torrey Alexis ◽

Jayna Dave ◽

Derek Miketinas ◽

Tzu-An Chen

Keyword(s):

College Students ◽

Food Security ◽

Diet Quality ◽

Short Form ◽

Healthy Eating Index ◽

Food Bank ◽

Food Security Status ◽

Scholarship Program ◽

The Impact ◽

Component Scores

Abstract Objectives To determine how food insecurity is associated with overall diet quality in college students following the implementation of a new food scholarship program. Changes of Healthy Eating Index (HEI) and food security status were compared over a 10-week period. Methods A new food scholarship program at Texas Woman's University in Houston provided students fresh fruits and vegetables, dairy and meat products, as well as non-perishable foods twice monthly. The Houston Food Bank donated all foods. Baseline and 10-week data were collected. Food security was measured with the USDA 6-item short form of the Food Security Survey Module. Total HEI-2015 and component scores were calculated from analysis of 3-day food records and compared by paired t-tests. ANCOVA estimated the impact of food security (high, low, very low) on HEI post scores, controlling for HEI baseline scores, age, gender, and race. Results Participants (n = 49) were primarily female (n = 38, 78%) with an average age of 28 ± 8 years. Ethnic/race distribution was 49% White, 27% Asian, 20% Black, and 4% other. Participants were primarily single (76%). Food security was low (31.9%) or very low (19.1%) at baseline; at post-test, participants reporting very low food secure dropped to 15.6%. Total HEI-2015 scores at baseline (55.9 ± 11.54) did not increase significantly after 10 weeks (57.7 ± 10.63) (P = 0.298). However, after 10 weeks, total vegetable scores significantly increased (2.64 ± 1.39 to 3.19 ± 1.33) (P = 0.023). There was no significant food security group effect (P = 0.49); however, there was a positive association between age and HEI post scores independent of the other model effects (β = 0.59 + 0.17; P = 0.001). Conclusions HEI-2015 total vegetable component scores increased with implementation of a food scholarship program. Nevertheless, many college students remained food insecure and overall diet quality needs improvement. Funding Sources Food donated by the Houston Food Bank.

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Daily intake of non-fried potato does not affect markers of glycaemia and is associated with better diet quality compared with refined grains: a randomised, crossover study in healthy adults

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114520000252 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 123 (9) ◽

pp. 1032-1042 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

E. A. Johnston ◽

K. S. Petersen ◽

P. M. Kris-Etherton

Keyword(s):

Crossover Study ◽

Diet Quality ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Saturated Fat ◽

Healthy Eating Index ◽

Refined Grains ◽

Cardiometabolic Diseases ◽

Side Dish ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Potato Consumption

AbstractEpidemiological studies suggest that consumption of potatoes is associated with increased risk of cardiometabolic diseases. However, few clinical trials have empirically tested this. The aim of this single-blind, randomised, crossover study was to evaluate the effect of daily potato consumption, compared with refined grains, on risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases. It was hypothesised that no difference in cardiometabolic endpoints would be detected between conditions, but diet quality would improve with potato consumption. Healthy participants on self-selected diets received one potato-based side dish or one refined grain-based side dish daily, for 4 weeks, separated by a minimum 2-week break. Dishes were isoenergetic, carbohydrate-matched and prepared without excess saturated fat or Na. Participants were instructed to consume the side dish with a meal in place of carbohydrates habitually consumed. Lipids/lipoproteins, markers of glycaemic control, blood pressure, weight and pulse wave velocity were measured at baseline and condition endpoints. Diet quality was calculated, based on 24-h recalls, using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2015. Fifty adults (female n 34; age 40 (sd 13) years; BMI 24·5 (sd 3·6) kg/m2) completed the present study. No between-condition differences were detected for fasting plasma glucose (–0·05 mmol/l, 95 % CI –0·14, 0·04; P = 0·15), the primary outcome or any other outcomes. Compared with refined grains, the HEI-2015 score (3·5, 95 % CI 0·6, 6·4; P = 0·01), K (547 mg, 95 % CI 331, 764, P < 0·001) and fibre (2·4 g, 95 % CI 0·6, 4·2, P = 0·01) were higher following the potato condition. Consuming non-fried potatoes resulted in higher diet quality, K and fibre intake, without adversely affecting cardiometabolic risk.

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Associations Between Nutrition Knowledge and Overall Diet Quality: The Moderating Role of Sociodemographic Characteristics—Results From the PREDISE Study

American Journal of Health Promotion ◽

10.1177/0890117120928877 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 38-47

Author(s):

Elise Carbonneau ◽

Benoît Lamarche ◽

Véronique Provencher ◽

Sophie Desroches ◽

Julie Robitaille ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Healthy Eating ◽

Diet Quality ◽

Nutrition Knowledge ◽

Healthy Eating Index ◽

Education Level ◽

Sociodemographic Characteristics ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Interaction Terms ◽

Lower Education ◽

Food Recalls

Purpose: To assess how nutrition knowledge is associated with global diet quality and to investigate whether sociodemographic characteristics (ie, sex, age, education, income, marital status, and living with children or not) moderate this association. Design: Cross-sectional web-based study. Participants: The PREDISE study aims at identifying correlates of adherence to healthy eating guidelines in French-speaking adults from the Province of Quebec, Canada. Subjects: A probability sample of 1092 participants (50% female). Measures: The Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire and 24-hour food recalls from which the Canadian Healthy Eating Index (C-HEI) was calculated. Analysis: Multiple linear regressions performed to assess how nutrition knowledge is associated with the C-HEI. Interaction terms tested to evaluate whether sociodemographic characteristics moderate the association between nutrition knowledge and the C-HEI. Results: Nutrition knowledge (B = 0.141 [95% CI: 0.075-0.208], P < .0001) was identified as a significant correlate of the C-HEI. Education significantly moderated the association between nutrition knowledge and the C-HEI ( P interaction = .0038), with a significative association among participants with a lower education level (B = 0.295 [95% CI: 0.170-0.421], P < .0001) but not among participants with a higher education level (B = 0.077 [95% CI: −0.004 to 0.157], P = .06). Whether participants lived with or without children also significantly moderated the association ( P interaction = 0.0043); nutrition knowledge was associated with the C-HEI only in participants who were not living with children (B = 0.261 [95% CI: 0.167 to 0.355], P < .0001). Conclusion: This study suggests that the association between nutrition knowledge and adherence to healthy eating guidelines is not the same in different subgroups of the population. Interventions aiming at increasing nutrition knowledge may be a promising approach to improve diet quality, especially among individuals with a lower education.

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The accelerator, the brake, and the terrain: associations of reward-related eating, self-control, and the home food environment with diet quality assessed by 24-hour recalls during pregnancy and postpartum in the Pregnancy Eating Attributes Study (PEAS) cohort

10.21203/rs.3.rs-22914/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Tonja R. Nansel ◽

Leah M. Lipsky ◽

Myles Faith ◽

Aiyi Liu ◽

Anna Maria Siega-Riz

Keyword(s):

Diet Quality ◽

Food Environment ◽

Eating Behaviors ◽

Food Reinforcement ◽

Delay Of Gratification ◽

Healthy Eating Index ◽

Self Control ◽

Home Food Environment ◽

Pregnancy And Postpartum ◽

Home Food

Abstract Background. Neurobehavioral factors, including reward-related eating and self-control, in conjunction with the food environment, may influence dietary behaviors. However, these constructs have not been examined in pregnancy and postpartum, a time of changing appetite and eating behaviors, and when dietary intake has implications for maternal and child health. This study examined associations of reward-related eating, self-control, and the home food environment with pregnancy and postpartum diet quality. Methods. Participants in the Pregnancy Eating Attributes Study observational cohort were enrolled at ≤12 weeks gestation and followed through one-year postpartum. Pregnancy and postpartum Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI) was calculated by pooling 24-hour diet recalls during each trimester and during 2, 6, and 12 months postpartum. Participants completed four measures of reward-related eating – Modified Yale Food Addiction Scale (mYFAS), Power of Food Scale (PFS), Multiple Choice Procedure (MCP), and Food Reinforcement Questionnaire (FRQ); two measures of self-control – Barratt Impulsiveness Scale and Delay of Gratification Inventory; and a Home Food Inventory (HFI), yielding obesogenic (OBES) and fruit/vegetables (FV) scores. Linear regression analyses estimated associations of reward-related eating, self-control, and home food environment with diet quality during pregnancy and postpartum, adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics. Results. Pregnancy, HEI was inversely associated with PFS, mYFAS, MCP, and 2 of the 5 FRQ indices, but most associations of postpartum HEI with reward-related eating measures were not statistically significant. Associations of HEI with general self-control measures were not statistically significant. Pregnancy and postpartum HEI were associated inversely with HFI-OBES and positively with HFI-FV. Conclusions. Associations of diet quality with greater reward-related eating during pregnancy but not postpartum suggests the need to better understand differences in the determinants of eating behaviors and approaches to circumvent or moderate reward-related eating to facilitate more optimal diet quality across this critical period.

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Meal and snack frequency in relation to diet quality in Japanese adults: a cross-sectional study using different definitions of meals and snacks

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114520002317 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 124 (11) ◽

pp. 1219-1228 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kentaro Murakami ◽

Nana Shinozaki ◽

M. Barbara E. Livingstone ◽

Aya Fujiwara ◽

Keiko Asakura ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diet Quality ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Time Of Day ◽

Healthy Eating Index ◽

Meal Frequency ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Japanese Adults ◽

Dietary Record ◽

Component Scores

AbstractEpidemiological evidence on the association between eating frequency and overall diet quality does not represent a consistent picture. This cross-sectional study examined the associations of meal frequency and snack frequency with diet quality, using different definitions of meals and snacks. Based on 4-d weighed dietary record data obtained from 639 Japanese adults aged 20–81 years, all eating occasions were divided into meals or snacks based on either the participant-identified or time-of-day definitions. Diet quality was assessed by the Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015) and Nutrient-Rich Food Index 9.3 (NRF9.3). One additional meal per d increased the HEI-2015 total score by 3·6 and 1·3 points based on the participant-identified and time-of-day definitions, respectively. A higher meal frequency was also associated with higher values of some of the HEI-2015 component scores (total vegetables, greens and beans, and total protein foods), irrespective of how meals were defined. Additionally, one additional participant-identified snack per d increased the HEI-2015 total score by 0·7 points. The frequency of participant-identified snacks also showed positive associations with some of the HEI-2015 component scores (total fruits, whole fruits, total vegetables, greens and beans, dairy products, and Na). However, the frequency of time-of-day defined snacks was not associated with the total scores of HEI-2015, although there were some associations for its components. Similar findings were obtained when the NRF9.3 was used. In conclusion, higher meal frequency was consistently associated with higher diet quality, while associations between snack frequency and diet quality varied depending on the definition of snacks.

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