scholarly journals Risk Factors for Infant Feeding Practices Along a Rural-Urban Gradient in Coastal Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 824-824
Author(s):  
Jessica Uruchima ◽  
Gwenyth Lee ◽  
Andrew Jones ◽  
Nancy Castro Morillo ◽  
Andrea Anchundia Ortega ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Rural Site ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
Urban Gradient ◽  
Lower Odds ◽  
Urban City

Abstract Objectives We describe infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices along a rural-urban gradient in the primarily Afro-Ecuadorian province of Esmeraldas, Ecuador, an often-overlooked population. Methods Mother-child dyads from 10 communities were enrolled in the ‘Gut microbiome, enteric infections, and child growth across a rural-urban gradient’ (EcoMID) birth cohort study. Surveys to assess IYCF practices, and potential risk factors for poorer IYCF practices such as problems breastfeeding and food insecurity, were completed 1 week after the child's birth and every 3 months thereafter until the child reached 9 months of age. Fisher exact tests were used to compare the prevalence of recommended IYCF practices between sites, and between risk factors Results We collected data between May 2019 and January 2021 from 115 children: 30 in the urban city of Esmeraldas (U), and 85 in intermediate and rural communities (R). Greater food insecurity was seen in the rural site (44.0% R vs 23.3% U, p = 0.05). Both sites had a similar prevalence of breastfeeding within an hour of birth (73.3% R vs 73.3% U, p = 1.00), and problems breastfeeding at 1 week (64.3% R vs 63.3% U, p = 1.00). Compared to food secure (FS) households, infants from food insecure (FIS) households tended to have a lower prevalence of breastfeeding within an hour of birth (79.7% FS vs 61.9% FIS, p = 0.05). Reported problems breastfeeding at 1 week were associated with lower odds of solid or semi-solid foods consumed in the past 24 hours (OR: 0.29, p = 0.03) and lower odds of meeting the recommended minimum meal frequency (OR:0.23, p < 0.01) at 9 months. Conclusions Food insecurity may negatively impact early initiation of breastfeeding among both rural and urban families in Esmeraldas, and problems breastfeeding may negatively impact IYCF practices. Addressing these factors may be useful in promote optimal infant feeding in the region. Funding Sources This work is supported by the National Institutes of Health.

scholarly journals Gut microbiome, enteric infections and child growth across a rural–urban gradient: protocol for the ECoMiD prospective cohort study

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. e046241
Author(s):  
Gwenyth O Lee ◽  
Joseph N S Eisenberg ◽  
Jessica Uruchima ◽  
Gabriela Vasco ◽  
Shanon M Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
Institutional Review Boards ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Urban Gradient ◽  
Enteric Infections

IntroductionThe functional consequences of the bacterial gut microbiome for child health are not well understood. Characteristics of the early child gut microbiome may influence the course of enteric infections, and enteric infections may change the composition of the gut microbiome, all of which may have long-term implications for child growth and development.Methods and analysisWe are conducting a community-based birth cohort study to examine interactions between gut microbiome conditions and enteric infections, and how environmental conditions affect the development of the gut microbiome. We will follow 360 newborns from 3 sites along a rural–urban gradient in northern coastal Ecuador, characterising enteric infections and gut microbial communities in the children every 3 to 6 months over their first 2 years of life. We will use longitudinal regression models to assess the correlation between environmental conditions and gut microbiome diversity and presence of specific taxa, controlling for factors that are known to be associated with the gut microbiome, such as diet. From 6 to 12 months of age, we will collect weekly stool samples to compare microbiome conditions in diarrhoea stools versus stools from healthy children prior to, during and after acute enteric infections, using principal-coordinate analysis and other multivariate statistical methods.Ethics and disseminationEthics approvals have been obtained from Emory University and the Universidad San Francisco de Quito institutional review boards. The findings will be disseminated through conference presentations and peer-reviewed journals.

scholarly journals Early childhood cognitive development is affected by interactions among illness, diet, enteropathogens and the home environment: findings from the MAL-ED birth cohort study

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. e000752 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Home Environment ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Enteric Infections

BackgroundMillions of children in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) are at risk of not reaching their full cognitive potential. Malnutrition and enteric infections in early life are implicated as risk factors; however, most studies on these risks and their associations with cognitive development have failed to adequately account for confounding factors or the accumulation of putative insults. Here, we examine the interaction between infections and illness on cognitive development in LMIC community settings.MethodsAs part of the Etiology, Risk Factors, and Interactions of Enteric Infections and Malnutrition and the Consequences for Child Health and Development (MAL-ED) longitudinal birth cohort study, children from eight LMICs were followed from birth to 24 months to understand the influence of repeated enteric infections on child growth and development. Here, data from six sites were employed to evaluate associations between infection, illness, the home environment, micronutrient intake and status, maternal reasoning, and cognitive development at 24 months.ResultsHigher rates of enteropathogen detection and days with illness were associated with lower haemoglobin concentrations, which in turn were associated with lower cognitive scores at 24 months. Children with lower environmental health/safety scores and lower intakes of vitamin B6 and folate had more enteropathogen detections and illness. Strength of associations varied by weight-for-age in the first 17 days of life; lower weight infants were more susceptible to the negative effects of enteropathogens and illness.ConclusionsEnteropathogens were negatively related to child cognitive development. However, other factors were more strongly associated with child cognition. Targeting of interventions to improve cognitive development should include a focus on reducing frequency of illness, improving the safety and healthfulness of the child’s environment, and improving dietary intake.

scholarly journals The effect of maternal depressive symptoms on infant feeding practices in rural Ethiopia: community based birth cohort study

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yitbarek Kidane Woldetensay ◽  
Tefera Belachew ◽  
Shibani Ghosh ◽  
Eva Johanna Kantelhardt ◽  
Hans Konrad Biesalski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Psychosocial Factors ◽  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
Household Food Insecurity ◽  
Maternal Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Infant Feeding Practices ◽  
Household Food

Abstract Background Maternal depression and other psychosocial factors have been shown to have adverse consequences on infant feeding practices. This study explored the longitudinal relationship of maternal depressive symptoms and other selected psychosocial factors with infant feeding practices (IFPs) in rural Ethiopia using summary IFP index. Methods This study uses existing data from the ENGINE birth cohort study, conducted from March 2014 to March 2016 in three districts in the southwest of Ethiopia. A total of 4680 pregnant women were recruited and data were collected once during pregnancy (twice for those in the first trimester), at birth, and then every 3 months until the child was 12 months old. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect data on IFPs, maternal depressive symptoms, household food insecurity, intimate partner violence (IPV), maternal social support, active social participation, and other sociodemographic variables. A composite measure of IFP index was computed using 14 WHO recommended infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practice indicators. High IFP index indicated best practice. Prenatal and postnatal maternal depressive symptoms were assessed using the patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9). Linear multilevel mixed effects model was fitted to assess longitudinal relationship of IFPs with maternal depression and other psychosocial factors. Results Reports of higher postnatal depressive symptoms (ß = − 1.03, P = 0.001) and IPV (ß = − 0.21, P = 0.001) were associated with lower scores on the IFP index. Whereas, reports of better maternal social support (ß = 0.11, P = 0.002) and active social participation (ß = 0.55, P < 0.001) were associated with higher scores on the IFP index. Contrary to expectations, moderate household food insecurity (ß = 0.84, P = 0.003), severe household food insecurity (ß = 1.03, P = 0.01) and infant morbidity episodes (ß = 0.63, P = 0.013) were associated with higher scores on the IFP index. Conclusions Overall, a multitude of factors are related to IFPs and hence coordinated, multi-sectoral and multi-stakeholder interventions including maternal depressive symptoms screening and management are needed to improve infant feeding practices.

Impact of the home food environment on disease risk factors in obese adults from rural communities

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacey Maurer ◽  
Kristen Medina ◽  
Danielle Lespinasse ◽  
Samantha Minski ◽  
Manal Alabduljabbar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Food Environment ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Obese Adults ◽  
Home Food Environment ◽  
Home Food

scholarly journals Rural–urban variation in insecticide-treated net utilization among pregnant women: evidence from 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Kwabena Ameyaw ◽  
Kenneth Setorwu Adde ◽  
Shadrach Dare ◽  
Sanni Yaya
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Demographic And Health Survey ◽  
Insecticide Treated Nets ◽  
Lower Odds ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Itn Use

Abstract Background In 2018, Nigeria accounted for the highest prevalence of malaria worldwide. Pregnant women and children under five years bear the highest risk of malaria. Geographical factors affect utilization of insecticide-treated nets (ITN), yet existing literature have paid little attention to the rural–urban dimension of ITN utilization in Nigeria. This study aimed at investigating the rural–urban variation in ITN utilization among pregnant women in Nigeria using data from the 2018 Demographic and Health Survey. Methods A total of 2909 pregnant women were included in the study. The prevalence of ITN utilization for rural and urban pregnant women of Nigeria were presented with descriptive statistics. Chi-square test was employed to assess the association between residence, socio-demographic characteristics and ITN utilization at 95% level of significance. Subsequently, binary logistic regression was used to assess the influence of residence on ITN utilization. Results Eight out of ten of the rural residents utilized ITN (86.1%) compared with 74.1% among urban residents. Relative to urban pregnant women, those in rural Nigeria had higher odds of utilizing ITNs both in the crude [cOR = 2.17, CI = 1.66–2.84] and adjusted models [aOR = 1.18, CI = 1.05–1.24]. Pregnant women aged 40–44 had lower odds of ITN utilization compared to those aged 15–19 [aOR = 0.63, CI = 0.44–0.92]. Poorer pregnant women had higher odds of ITN utilization compared with poorest pregnant women [aOR = 1.09, CI = 1.04–1.32]. Across regions, those in the south [aOR = 0.26, CI = 0.14–0.49] and south-west [aOR = 0.29, CI = 0.16–0.54] had lower odds of ITN use compared to their counterparts in the north-west region. Conclusion The high use of ITNs among pregnant women in Nigeria may be due to the prioritization of rural communities by previous interventions. This is a dimension worth considering to enhance the attainment of the national anti-malarial initiatives. Since possession of ITN is not a guarantee for utilization, women in urban locations need constant reminder of ITN use through messages delivered at ANC and radio advertisements. Moreover, subsequent mass ITN campaigns ought to take cognizance of variations ITN use across regions and pragmatic steps be taken to increase the availability of ITN in households since there is a moderately high use in households with at least one ITN in Nigeria.

scholarly journals A Food Insecurity Systematic Review: Experience from Malaysia

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 945
Author(s):  
Norhasmah Sulaiman ◽  
Heather Yeatman ◽  
Joanna Russell ◽  
Leh Shii Law
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Welfare Recipient ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Household Food Security ◽  
Household Food Insecurity ◽  
Household Food

Living free from hunger is a basic human right. However, some communities still experience household food insecurity. This systematic literature review explored different aspects of household food insecurity in Malaysia including vulnerable groups, prevalence, risk factors, coping strategies, and the consequences of food insecurity. The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Thirty-three relevant articles were selected from scientific databases such as CINAHL, Pubmed and Google Scholar, scrutiny of reference lists, and personal communication with experts in the field. The prevalence of household food insecurity in Malaysia was unexpectedly reported as high, with affected groups including Orang Asli, low-income household/welfare-recipient households, university students, and the elderly. Demographic risk factors and socioeconomic characteristics included larger household, living in poverty, and low education. Coping strategies were practices to increase the accessibility of food in their households. Consequences of household food insecurity included psychological, dietary (macro- and micronutrient intakes), nutritional status, and health impacts. In conclusion, this review confirmed that household food insecurity in Malaysia continues to exist. Nevertheless, extensive and active investigations are encouraged to obtain a more holistic and comprehensive picture pertaining to household food security in Malaysia.

scholarly journals Sex differences in the associations between adiposity distribution and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight or obese individuals: a cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yide Yang ◽  
Ming Xie ◽  
Shuqian Yuan ◽  
Yuan Zeng ◽  
Yanhui Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Anthropometric Measurement ◽  
Cardiometabolic Health ◽  
Lower Odds

Abstract Background We aimed to assess the associations between adiposity distribution and cardiometabolic risk factors among overweight and obese adults in China, and to demonstrate the sex differences in these associations. Methods A total of 1221 participants (455 males and 766 females) were included in this study. Percentage of body fat (PBF) of the whole body and regional areas, including arm, thigh, trunk, android, and gynoid, were measured by the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry method. Central adiposity was measured by waist circumference. Clustered cardiometabolic risk was defined as the presence of two or more of the six cardiometabolic risk factors, namely, high triglyceride, low high density lipoprotein, elevated glucose, elevated blood pressure, elevated high sensitivity C-reactive protein, and low adiponectin. Linear regression models and multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess the associations between whole body or regional PBF and cardiometabolic risk factors. Results In females, except arm adiposity, other regional fat (thigh, trunk, android, gynoid) and whole-body PBF are significantly associated with clustered cardiometabolic risk, adjusting for age, smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activity, and whole-body PBF. One-SD increase in Z scores of the thigh and gynoid PBF were significantly associated with 80 and 78% lower odds of clustered cardiometabolic risk (OR: 0.20, 95%CI: 0.12–0.35 and OR: 0.22, 95%CI: 0.12–0.41). Trunk, android and whole-body PBF were significantly associated with higher odds of clustered risk with OR of 1.90 (95%CI:1.02–3.55), 2.91 (95%CI: 1.75–4.85), and 2.01 (95%CI: 1.47–2.76), respectively. While in males, one-SD increase in the thigh and gynoid PBF are associated with 94% (OR: 0.06, 95%CI: 0.02–0.23) and 83% lower odds (OR: 0.17, 95%CI: 0.05–0.57) of clustered cardiometabolic risk, respectively. Android and whole-body PBF were associated with higher odds of clustered cardiometabolic risk (OR: 3.39, 95%CI: 1.42–8.09 and OR: 2.45, 95%CI: 1.53–3.92), but the association for trunk PBF was not statistically significant (OR: 1.16, 95%CI: 0.42–3.19). Conclusions Adiposity distribution plays an important role in the clustered cardiometabolic risk in participants with overweight and obese and sex differences were observed in these associations. In general, central obesity (measured by android PBF) could be the best anthropometric measurement for screening people at risk for CVD risk factors for both men and women. Upper body fat tends to be more detrimental to cardiometabolic health in women than in men, whereas lower body fat is relatively more protective in men than in women.

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