The multilayered film analyzer: glucose in serum, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine; and urea nitrogen in serum and plasma.

1980 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Warren ◽  
N P Kubasik ◽  
B B Brody ◽  
H E Sine ◽  
J P D'Souza
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Aqueous Samples ◽  
Multilayered Film ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Laboratory Performance ◽  
Film Analyzer ◽  
Glucose Analysis

Abstract Some basic laboratory performance criteria were studied for the Eastman Kodak glucose and urea nitrogen analyzer. Serum, plasma, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid were tested. Precision, both "within-day" and "between-day," for both analytes was less than 2.2% (CV). Both analytes demonstrated linearity, with about 100% recovery of added substrates. Comparisons with continuous-flow procedures demonstrated good correlation. A variety of sera and plasmas can be used for glucose analysis; oxalate--fluoride-treated plasma is unacceptable for use in analysis for urea nitrogen. We saw no effects on glucose or urea nitrogen analysis from hemolysis, lipemia, icterus, some common drugs, ammonia, or abnormally high protein concentrations. Minimum amounts detectable were: glucose (serum) 104 mg/L; glucose (cerebrospinal fluid) 100 mg/L; and urea nitrogen (serum) 21 mg/L. Calibration procedures are discussed for protein-based and aqueous samples.

The multilayered film analyzer: glucose in serum, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine; and urea nitrogen in serum and plasma.

1980 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-137
Author(s):  
K Warren ◽  
N P Kubasik ◽  
B B Brody ◽  
H E Sine ◽  
J P D'Souza
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Aqueous Samples ◽  
Multilayered Film ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Laboratory Performance ◽  
Film Analyzer ◽  
Glucose Analysis

Abstract Some basic laboratory performance criteria were studied for the Eastman Kodak glucose and urea nitrogen analyzer. Serum, plasma, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid were tested. Precision, both "within-day" and "between-day," for both analytes was less than 2.2% (CV). Both analytes demonstrated linearity, with about 100% recovery of added substrates. Comparisons with continuous-flow procedures demonstrated good correlation. A variety of sera and plasmas can be used for glucose analysis; oxalate--fluoride-treated plasma is unacceptable for use in analysis for urea nitrogen. We saw no effects on glucose or urea nitrogen analysis from hemolysis, lipemia, icterus, some common drugs, ammonia, or abnormally high protein concentrations. Minimum amounts detectable were: glucose (serum) 104 mg/L; glucose (cerebrospinal fluid) 100 mg/L; and urea nitrogen (serum) 21 mg/L. Calibration procedures are discussed for protein-based and aqueous samples.

Potentiometric analysis for sodium and potassium in biological fluids.

1982 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 170-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Langhoff ◽  
I Steiness
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Flame Photometry ◽  
Aqueous Samples ◽  
Physiological Range ◽  
Relative Decrease ◽  
Potentiometric Analysis ◽  
Sample Water ◽  
Uremic Patients ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

Abstract Results obtained with a potentiometric analyzer, NOVA 1, specific for sodium and potassium, were compared with those by flame photometry. Both instruments showed linearity within a physiological range of sodium and potassium concentrations and had similar precisions. Volume displacements from addition of albumin or Intralipid to aqueous samples yielded the predicted lower flame-photometric results because of the relative decrease in sample water. There may be a small interaction between sodium and albumin. Physiological measurements on plasma from uremic patients showed no change after dialysis that could be ascribed to a decrease in interaction of these ions with creatinine and urea. Potentiometric values for sodium and potassium did not differ significantly, whether measured in cerebrospinal fluid or in the corresponding plasma. Results for urine were the same potentiometrically and by flame photometry.

Automated Micro Measurement of Glucose by Means of o-Toluidine

1969 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 1162-1170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E Wenk ◽  
Ronald J Creno ◽  
Valerie Loock ◽  
John Bernard Henry
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Closed System ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Reduction Method ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Protein Precipitation ◽  
Ferricyanide Reduction ◽  
Continuous Flow Analysis

Abstract The method described is based on Dubowski’s o-toluidine procedure for the determination of glucose in plasma, serum, or cerebrospinal fluid. It utilizes the rapidity, precision, and closed system of continuous flow analysis of an unmodified AutoAnalyzer to substantially increase sensitivity and accuracy in the low range. The method is more specific than the ferricyanide reduction method. Protein precipitation or dialysis are unnecessary except for hemolyzed specimens and only 0.042 ml of sample are required. The method is inexpensive, easily performed, and compares favorably on a practical basis with enzymatic, reducing, and other aniline dye methods.

Multilayer film analysis: evaluation of ion-selective electrolyte slides.

1983 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Costello ◽  
N P Kubasik ◽  
B B Brody ◽  
H E Sine ◽  
J A Bertsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Multilayer Film ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Film Analysis ◽  
Control Material ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Analytical Recovery

Abstract We evaluated the Kodak Ektachem multilayer ion-selective electrolyte slides. For various types and concentrations of control material the precision (CV) within- and between-day ranged from 0.5 to 1.3% (1.7-2.1%) for sodium, 1.2 to 2.2% (2.7-2.9%) for potassium, 2.9 to 4.6% (5.9-6.7%) for carbon dioxide, and 0.7 to 1.6% (1.3-1.4%) for chloride. For all these analytes, analytical recovery was about 100%, except in the supra-physiological ranges, for which carbon dioxide recovery was about 110-120%. Either serum or heparin-treated plasma can be used, interchangeably, for analysis; use of serum treated with lithium iodoacetate is unacceptable. Comparisons with results by continuous-flow procedures demonstrated good correlation for sodium, potassium, and chloride; carbon dioxide comparisons indicate an Ektachem calibrator change may be required. Abnormally low protein concentrations or lipemia had no observed effects on results for electrolytes. Abnormally high protein concentrations affect sodium results slightly (approximately 5 mmol/L).

Is antiglycolysis required for routine glucose analysis?

1979 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 2038-2039 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Sazama ◽  
E A Robertson ◽  
R A Chesler
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Serum Glucose ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Specimen Handling ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Glucose Analysis

Abstract We obtained -68 pairs of simultaneously drawn serum and fluoride-oxalate plasma samples from patients and analyzed them by a continuous-flow (AutoAnalyzer II) glucose oxidase method. Glucose concentrations ranged from 370 to 3530 mg/L. Glucose concentrations for samples obtained in the fluoride-oxalate preservative averaged 42 +/- 35 mg/L (mean +/- SD) higher than serum. The magnitude of this difference was independent of glucose concentration. Linear-regression analysis of 270 pairs for which the time from collection to separation was recorded indicated that the difference between serum and plasma increased by 0.32 mg/L per minute of delay over a time span of 15 to 295 min. These differences are smaller than those described in standard textbooks. We conclude that, with the specimen-handling process used in our hospital, serum glucose determinations are clinically acceptable.

A Patent Review on Nanotechnology-Based Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 174-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruchita Singh ◽  
Charles Brumlik ◽  
Mandar Vaidya ◽  
Abhishek Choudhury
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Drug Bioavailability ◽  
Intranasal Drug Delivery ◽  
Surface Modifiers ◽  
Brain Drug Delivery ◽  
The Brain

Background: Current cerebral drug delivery to the brain and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) is limited by the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) or the blood-blood Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) barrier. The popular, non-invasive, intranasal delivery provides an exciting route for topical and systemic applications. For example, intranasal drug delivery of Central Nervous System (CNS) drugs can be designed to pass the BBB barrier via the nose-to-brain pathways. Recent nanotechnology research and patenting focus mainly on overcoming typical limitations including bioavailability, transport, BBB penetration, targeted delivery, controlled release rate and controlled degradation. Objective: The aim of the present study was to assess the state-of-the-art of nose-to-brain drug delivery systems and the role of nanotechnology in targeted delivery for the treatment of CNS and related therapeutic conditions. Methods: Patent and related searches were made with analytics to explore and organize nanotech work in intranasal drug delivery to the brain. Technical advancements were mapped by API, formulation and performance criteria. Patents and published patent applications were searched with concept tables of keywords, metadata (e.g., assignee) and patent classes (e.g., International Patent Classes and Cooperative Patent Classes). Results: The reviewed patents and published applications show a focus on formulations and therapeutic indications related to the nano-based nose-to-brain drug delivery. The main patented materials were surface modifiers, delivery systems and excipients. Conclusion: Surface modified nanoparticles can greatly improve drug transport and bioavailability of drugs, particularly higher molecular weight drugs. The most commonly used surface modifiers were chitosan, lectin and cyclodextrin-cross-linker complex. Nanoformulations of herbal drugs could increase drug bioavailability and reduce toxicity. Biotechnology-related drug delivery approaches such as monoclonal antibodies and genetically engineered proteins (molecular Trojan horses) deliver large molecule therapeutics.

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