scholarly journals Design Considerations for Examining Trends in Avian Abundance Using Point Counts: Examples From Oak Woodlands

The Condor ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn L. Purcell ◽  
Sylvia R. Mori ◽  
Mary K. Chase

AbstractWe used data from two oak-woodland sites in California to develop guidelines for the design of bird monitoring programs using point counts. We used power analysis to determine sample size adequacy when varying the number of visits, count stations, and years for examining trends in abundance. We assumed an overdispersed Poisson distribution for count data, with overdispersion attributed to observer variability, and used Poisson regression for analysis of population trends. Overdispersion had a large, negative effect on power. The number of sampling years also had an especially large effect on power. In all cases, 10 years of sampling were insufficient to detect a decline in abundance of 30% over 10 years. Increasing the sampling period to 20 years provided adequate power for 56% of breeding species at one site. The number of count stations needed for detecting trends for a given species depended primarily on observer variability. If observer variability was high, increasing the number of years and visits was a better approach than increasing the number of stations. Increasing the number of stations was most beneficial for species with low abundance or low observer variability. When the number of stations is limited by the size of the area, we recommend multiple visits to stations. For most species, multiple visits per year (six or more) for 15–20 years were needed to detect a 30% decreasing trend in 10 years with adequate power. We suggest potentially useful focal species for monitoring, such as keystone species like the Acorn Woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus).Consideraciones de Diseño para Examinar las Tendencias en la Abundancia de Aves Usando Conteos Puntuales: Ejemplos con Datos de Bosques de Encino en CaliforniaResumen. Usamos datos de dos sitios ubicados en bosques de encino en California, con el fin de desarrollar una guía para diseñar programas de monitoreo usando conteos puntuales. Usamos un análisis del poder de la prueba para determinar el tamaño adecuado de la muestra al cambiar el número de visitas, el número de estaciones de conteo y los años de conteo con el fin de examinar las tendencias en la abundancia. Supusimos la distribución de Poisson para el conteo, con sobredispersión atribuida a la variabilidad del observador. La sobredispersión tuvo un efecto fuerte y negativo en el poder de la prueba. El efecto del número de años de muestreo fue especialmente grande sobre el poder. En cada caso, 10 años de muestreo fueron insuficientes para detectar una disminución de la abundancia del 30% en 10 años. Al aumentar el período de muestreo a 20 años, el análisis proporcionó un poder adecuado para 56% de las especies reproductivas en uno de los sitios. El número de estaciones de conteo requeridos para una especie dada dependió principalmente de la variabilidad del observador. Si la variabilidad del observador era alta, aumentar el número de años de observación y visitas fue una estrategia mejor que aumentar el número de estaciones. Aumentar el número de estaciones fue más benéfico para especies poco abundantes o con baja variabilidad del observador. Cuando el número de estaciones es limitado por el tamaño del área, recomendamos visitas múltiples a las estaciones. Para la mayoría de las especies se requieren visitas anuales múltiples (6 o más) durante 15–20 años para detectar una tendencia de decrecimiento a una razón del 30% en 10 años con un poder adecuado. Sugerimos especies focales potencialmente útiles para monitoreo tales como la especie clave Melanerpes formicivorus.

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1972 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Zielewska-Büttner ◽  
Marco Heurich ◽  
Jörg Müller ◽  
Veronika Braunisch

Forest biodiversity conservation requires precise, area-wide information on the abundance and distribution of key habitat structures at multiple spatial scales. We combined airborne laser scanning (ALS) data with color-infrared (CIR) aerial imagery for identifying individual tree characteristics and quantifying multi-scale habitat requirements using the example of the three-toed woodpecker (Picoides tridactylus) (TTW) in the Bavarian Forest National Park (Germany). This bird, a keystone species of boreal and mountainous forests, is highly reliant on bark beetles dwelling in dead or dying trees. While previous studies showed a positive relationship between the TTW presence and the amount of deadwood as a limiting resource, we hypothesized a unimodal response with a negative effect of very high deadwood amounts and tested for effects of substrate quality. Based on 104 woodpecker presence or absence locations, habitat selection was modelled at four spatial scales reflecting different woodpecker home range sizes. The abundance of standing dead trees was the most important predictor, with an increase in the probability of TTW occurrence up to a threshold of 44–50 dead trees per hectare, followed by a decrease in the probability of occurrence. A positive relationship with the deadwood crown size indicated the importance of fresh deadwood. Remote sensing data allowed both an area-wide prediction of species occurrence and the derivation of ecological threshold values for deadwood quality and quantity for more informed conservation management.


The Auk ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 124 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duane R. Diefenbach ◽  
Matthew R. Marshall ◽  
Jennifer A. Mattice ◽  
Daniel W. Brauning

Abstract Several bird-survey methods have been proposed that provide an estimated detection probability so that bird-count statistics can be used to estimate bird abundance. However, some of these estimators adjust counts of birds observed by the probability that a bird is detected and assume that all birds are available to be detected at the time of the survey. We marked male Henslow's Sparrows (Ammodramus henslowii) and Grasshopper Sparrows (A. savannarum) and monitored their behavior during May-July 2002 and 2003 to estimate the proportion of time they were available for detection. We found that the availability of Henslow's Sparrows declined in late June to <10% for 5- or 10-min point counts when a male had to sing and be visible to the observer; but during 20 May-19 June, males were available for detection 39.1% (SD = 27.3) of the time for 5-min point counts and 43.9% (SD = 28.9) of the time for 10-min point counts (n = 54). We detected no temporal changes in availability for Grasshopper Sparrows, but estimated availability to be much lower for 5-min point counts (10.3%, SD = 12.2) than for 10-min point counts (19.2%, SD = 22.3) when males had to be visible and sing during the sampling period (n = 80). For distance sampling, we estimated the availability of Henslow's Sparrows to be 44.2% (SD = 29.0) and the availability of Grasshopper Sparrows to be 20.6% (SD = 23.5). We show how our estimates of availability can be incorporated in the abundance and variance estimators for distance sampling and modify the abundance and variance estimators for the double-observer method. Methods that directly estimate availability from bird counts but also incorporate detection probabilities need further development and will be important for obtaining unbiased estimates of abundance for these species. Incorporación de la Disponibilidad para la Detección en las Estimaciones de Abundancia de Aves


The Condor ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 756-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ethan F. Perry ◽  
David E. Andersen

AbstractLeast Flycatchers (Empidonax minimus) often aggregate their territories, even though advantages of clustering are not apparent. In north-central Minnesota we investigated four potential reasons for clustered nesting in Least Flycatchers: (1) predator deterrence, (2) preferred habitat features, (3) greater food availability, and (4) competitive exclusion. In 1995 and 1996 we compared arthropod abundance, forest structure, and plant species composition inside and outside nine Least Flycatcher clusters. We also compared the response of forest birds to the presentation of a predator (Broad-winged Hawk [Buteo platypterus]), and used point counts to detect any exclusion of potential predators or competitors from the clusters. The predator deterrence hypothesis received the strongest support. In response to hawk presentations inside the clusters, 2.8 times more birds (all species combined) gave 5.8 times more alarm calls than outside, with differences due entirely to the presence of Least Flycatchers. In addition, birds responded to the hawk more quickly inside clusters. Minor differences in habitat seemed insufficient to produce such tight clustering. Neither all arthropods combined nor any of the five orders most frequently caught in sticky traps indicated greater food availability inside the clusters. Black-throated Green Warblers (Dendroica virens) were detected 2.2 to 5.4 times less frequently inside the clusters than outside, but they probably do not compete to a large degree with Least Flycatchers. The dramatic response of Least Flycatchers to the hawk presentations provides the first evidence that antipredator behavior may contribute to the clustering of their territories.Ventajas de la Nidificación en Grupo en Empidonax minimus en el Centro Norte de MinnesotaResumen. Los individuos de la especie Empidonax minimus a menudo agrupan sus territorios, a pesar de que no son aparentes las ventajas del agrupamiento. Investigamos cuatro posibles razones que podrían explicar el agrupamiento de nidos en E. minimus en el centro norte de Minnesota: (1) disuasión de depredadores, (2) uso de parches con características de hábitat preferidas, (3) mayor disponibilidad de alimento o (4) exclusión competitiva. En 1995 y 1996 comparamos la abundancia de artrópodos, estructura de hábitat y composición de especies de plantas dentro y fuera de nueve grupos de nidos de E. minimus. También comparamos la respuesta de aves de bosque ante la presentación de un depredador (Buteo platypterus) y realizamos conteos de punto para determinar exclusiones de potenciales depredadores o competidores de los agrupamientos. La hipótesis mejor apoyada fue la de disuasión de depredadores. Como respuesta a la presentación de un depredador dentro de un agrupamiento, 2.8 veces más aves (todas las especies combinadas) emitieron 5.8 veces más llamadas de alarma que fuera del agrupamiento. Las diferencias estuvieron dadas enteramente por la presencia de individuos de la especie E. minimus. Además, las aves respondieron con mayor rapidez a la presencia de un halcón dentro que fuera de los agrupamientos. La escasa diferencia entre hábitats pareció insuficiente para producir el fuerte agrupamiento observado. Ni todos los artrópodos combinados ni ninguno de los cinco órdenes que usualmente son atrapados con trampas pegajosas indicaron una mayor disponibilidad de alimento dentro del área de agrupamiento. Individuos de la especie Dendroica virens fueron 2.2 a 5.4 veces menos frecuentes dentro de los agrupamientos que fuera de ellos, aunque éstos probablemente no compiten en gran medida con E. minimus. La dramática respuesta por parte de E. minimus ante la presentación de un halcón provee la primera evidencia experimental de que el comportamiento antidepredatorio puede contribuir a la agrupación de territorios.


The Condor ◽  
10.1650/7595 ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn L. Purcell ◽  
Sylvia R. Mori ◽  
Mary K. Chase

Economies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 127
Author(s):  
Jorge Mota ◽  
António Moreira ◽  
Alexandra Alves

This research examines the relationship of Export Promotion Programs (EPPs), sponsored by a Portuguese Regional Association for Development on Trade and Industry, with firms’ export performance. To investigate this, two models were applied using panel data analyses that relate export performance to variables such as participation in EPPs, age and size of firms. Data on 198 firms for the sampling period 2010 and 2018 was drawn from a Portuguese Regional Development Association and SABI (Iberian Balance sheet Analysis System) database. The results show that participation in EPPs does have a positive influence on the export performance of firms, especially for those firms with previous export experience, demonstrating the importance of using these programs. Findings also document that firm size relates positively export performance, whereas firms age show a negative effect on export performance, suggesting that larger firms with more resources positively influence exports and an increase in firms’ age may increase their cultural inertia, inability to change strategies, decreasing their export performance, respectively. Finally, the participation in EPPs seems not to influence export performance for firms without previous export experience. The research contributes to the literature providing evidence on the role of EPP on firms’ export performance behavior promoted by regional development associations.


The Condor ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Wang ◽  
Deborah M. Finch

Abstract We compared consistency of species richness and relative abundance data collected concurrently using mist netting and point counts during migration in riparian habitats along the middle Rio Grande of central New Mexico. Mist netting detected 74% and point counts detected 82% of the 197 species encountered during the study. Species that mist netting failed to capture were usually large, such as quails, raptors, owls, woodpeckers, jays, and crows, or those foraging on the wing, such as swallows and nighthawks; species that point counts failed to detect were usually small, such as sparrows, warblers, vireos, and wrens, or rare species. For the 110 species detected by both techniques, relative abundance was correlated (r = 0.75). However, point counts tended to provide lower estimates for species that were more likely to be captured by mist netting. The strength of the relationship of abundance estimates from the two methods varied by habitat type (cottonwood, agriculture, and willow). The discrepancy between the two techniques was similar in both magnitude and direction in willow and agriculture habitats but was less consistent between each of these two and cottonwood, probably because of canopy height and vegetation vertical structure. The discrepancy between the two techniques in estimating relative abundance was smaller in this study than in studies on breeding or wintering grounds. Less habitat specificity and more-active foraging by migrants during stopover might underlie the high consistency between mist netting and point counts in this study. Consistencia entre Redes y Puntos de Conteo para Determinar la Riqueza de Especies y la Abundancia Relativa de Aves en Migración Resumen. Comparamos la consistencia de datos de riqueza y abundancia relativa colectados utilizando redes y puntos de conteo en hábitats ribereños durante la migración por el sector central del Río Grande en Nuevo México. De las 197 especies registradas, detectamos 74% con redes y 82% con puntos de conteo. Por lo general, las especies no capturadas en las redes fueron las de mayor tamaño corporal, como perdices, rapaces, búhos, carpinteros, urracas, cuervos y las que se alimentan al vuelo, como golondrinas y añaperos. Las aves no detectadas en los puntos de conteo fueron por lo general las más pequeñas, como garriones, reinitas, vireos, reyezuelos, y las especies raras. Para las 110 especies que fueron registradas con ambos métodos, la abundancia relativa estuvo correlacionada (r = 0.75). Sin embargo, las estimaciones basadas en puntos de conteo generalmente fueron menores para aquellas especies detectadas con mayor frecuencia en las redes. El ajuste entre la relación de las estimaciones de abundancia obtenidas mediante ambos métodos varió en los diferentes tipos de hábitat (álamo, agrícola y sauce). En los hábitats de sauce y agrícola la diferencia entre los dos métodos fue similar tanto en magnitud como en dirección, pero fue menos consistente entre éstos y el hábitat de álamo. La variación en la abundancia estimada entre hábitats posiblemente se debió a la altura del dosel y la estructura vertical de la vegetación. La diferencia estimada de la abundancia relativa entre ambos métodos fue menor en este estudio que en otros estudios realizados en áreas de invernada y anidamiento. Esta mayor consistencia entre ambos métodos en estimar la abundancia relativa puede deberse a que las aves presentan mayor actividad de forrajeo con menor especificidad de hábitat durante las paradas de descanso en las rutas migratorias.


The Auk ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 986-999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore R. Simons ◽  
Mathew W. Alldredge ◽  
Kenneth H. Pollock ◽  
John M. Wettroth

AbstractWe have developed a system for simulating the conditions of avian surveys in which birds are identified by sound. The system uses a laptop computer to control a set of amplified MP3 players placed at known locations around a survey point. The system can realistically simulate a known population of songbirds under a range of factors that affect detection probabilities. The goals of our research are to describe the sources and range of variability affecting point-count estimates and to find applications of sampling theory and methodologies that produce practical improvements in the quality of bird-census data. Initial experiments in an open field showed that, on average, observers tend to undercount birds on unlimited-radius counts, though the proportion of birds counted by individual observers ranged from 81% to 132% of the actual total. In contrast to the unlimited-radius counts, when data were truncated at a 50-m radius around the point, observers overestimated the total population by 17% to 122%. Results also illustrate how detection distances decline and identification errors increase with increasing levels of ambient noise. Overall, the proportion of birds heard by observers decreased by 28 ± 4.7% under breezy conditions, 41 ± 5.2% with the presence of additional background birds, and 42 ± 3.4% with the addition of 10 dB of white noise. These findings illustrate some of the inherent difficulties in interpreting avian abundance estimates based on auditory detections, and why estimates that do not account for variations in detection probability will not withstand critical scrutiny.Análisis Experimentales del Proceso de Detección Auditiva en Puntos de Conteo de Aves


2017 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer R. Foote ◽  
Lauren P. Fitzsimmons ◽  
Lynnea M. Lobert ◽  
Laurene M. Ratcliffe ◽  
Daniel J. Mennill

Point counts are widely used for conducting ecological surveys of wild birds. Vocal output of birds varies with time of day, and therefore the results of ecological surveys should also vary with time of day. We modeled how males’ singing rates change over the morning. We calculated song rates in 3 min sampling periods (the standard sampling period used by the North American Breeding Bird Survey) and compared how detection rates vary as sampling period increases. We recorded singing activity in 15 neighbourhoods of breeding Black-capped Chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) with 16-element microphone arrays that recorded every song from every male in every neighbourhood. We calculated the proportion of males that produced one or more songs during 3, 5, and 10 min count periods between nautical twilight and late morning. our results show a strong peak in singing activity just before sunrise followed by a steady decline in singing activity over the course of the morning. We found that longer sampling periods yielded significantly higher detection rates at all times after sunrise. After sunrise, detection rates never exceeded 60%, even with 10 min sampling periods. We found that unpaired males had significantly higher detection rates than paired males but we found no difference between paired males with fertile versus incubating mates. our results provide strong evidence that, for black-capped Chickadees, surveys during the dawn chorus provide the most comprehensive assessment of the number of birds present, and that longer sampling periods yield significantly better estimates of population sizes at all times after sunrise.


The Auk ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 393-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D. Nichols ◽  
James E. Hines ◽  
John R. Sauer ◽  
Frederick W. Fallon ◽  
Jane E. Fallon ◽  
...  

Abstract Although point counts are frequently used in ornithological studies, basic assumptions about detection probabilities often are untested. We apply a double-observer approach developed to estimate detection probabilities for aerial surveys (Cook and Jacobson 1979) to avian point counts. At each point count, a designated “primary” observer indicates to another (“secondary”) observer all birds detected. The secondary observer records all detections of the primary observer as well as any birds not detected by the primary observer. Observers alternate primary and secondary roles during the course of the survey. The approach permits estimation of observer-specific detection probabilities and bird abundance. We developed a set of models that incorporate different assumptions about sources of variation (e.g. observer, bird species) in detection probability. Seventeen field trials were conducted, and models were fit to the resulting data using program SURVIV. Single-observer point counts generally miss varying proportions of the birds actually present, and observer and bird species were found to be relevant sources of variation in detection probabilities. Overall detection probabilities (probability of being detected by at least one of the two observers) estimated using the double-observer approach were very high (>0.95), yielding precise estimates of avian abundance. We consider problems with the approach and recommend possible solutions, including restriction of the approach to fixed-radius counts to reduce the effect of variation in the effective radius of detection among various observers and to provide a basis for using spatial sampling to estimate bird abundance on large areas of interest. We believe that most questions meriting the effort required to carry out point counts also merit serious attempts to estimate detection probabilities associated with the counts. The double-observer approach is a method that can be used for this purpose.


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy Leuenberger ◽  
Jonathan B. Cohen ◽  
Lindsey Rustad ◽  
Kimberly F. Wallin ◽  
Dylan Parry

Large-scale disturbances such as ice storms may increase in frequency and intensity as climate changes. While disturbances are a natural component of forest ecosystems, climatically driven alteration to historical patterns may impart fundamental change to ecosystem function. At Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, NH, experimental ice storms of varying severity were applied to replicate plots of mature northern hardwoods to quantify their effects on forested ecosystems. We assessed ice storm treatment effects on insectivorous foliage-gleaning birds and evaluated insectivore predation on model caterpillars in the understory vegetation. These birds are charismatic, of conservation concern, and are major predators of caterpillars. In turn, lepidopterans are the dominant herbivores in temperate forests and are integral to ecosystem function. We predicted that avian abundance would increase due to additional structural heterogeneity caused by ice treatments, with a concomitant increase in caterpillar predation. Point counts were used to measure insectivorous bird activity in the ice storm experiment plots and additional control plots before and after treatments. We deployed and retrieved plasticine model caterpillars and estimated predation from characteristic marks to these surrogates. Abundance of foliage-gleaning birds was higher in the ice storm plots and birds responded to treatments as a single diffuse disturbance rather than on an individual plot level. All species except one were observed both before and after the ice treatments. Surprisingly, predation on caterpillar models was unaffected by ice storm treatments but rather was a function of caterpillar density. The increase in avian abundance in the ice storm treatment plots corroborates other studies of bird responses to relatively small-scale disturbances in forests and the limited change in species composition was expected given the plot size. We conclude that ice storms may provide beneficial changes for foliage-gleaning birds in the growing season following the disturbance.


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