scholarly journals Cardiomyocyte ageing and cardioprotection: consensus document from the ESC working groups cell biology of the heart and myocardial function

2020 ◽  
Vol 116 (11) ◽  
pp. 1835-1849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisol Ruiz-Meana ◽  
Diana Bou-Teen ◽  
Péter Ferdinandy ◽  
Mariann Gyongyosi ◽  
Maurizio Pesce ◽  
...  

Abstract Advanced age is a major predisposing risk factor for the incidence of coronary syndromes and comorbid conditions which impact the heart response to cardioprotective interventions. Advanced age also significantly increases the risk of developing post-ischaemic adverse remodelling and heart failure after ischaemia/reperfusion (IR) injury. Some of the signalling pathways become defective or attenuated during ageing, whereas others with well-known detrimental consequences, such as glycoxidation or proinflammatory pathways, are exacerbated. The causative mechanisms responsible for all these changes are yet to be elucidated and are a matter of active research. Here, we review the current knowledge about the pathophysiology of cardiac ageing that eventually impacts on the increased susceptibility of cells to IR injury and can affect the efficiency of cardioprotective strategies.

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 290-299
Author(s):  
Julie G. Arenberg ◽  
Ray H. Hull ◽  
Lisa Hunter

Purpose From the Audiology Education Summit held in 2017, several working groups were formed to explore ideas about improving the quality and consistency in graduate education in audiology and externship training. The results are described here from one of the working groups formed to examine postgraduate specialization fellowships. Method Over the course of a year, the committee designed and implemented two surveys: one directed toward faculty and one toward students. The rationale for the survey and the results are presented. Comparisons between faculty and student responses are made for similar questions. Results Overall, the results demonstrate that the majority of both students and faculty believe that postgraduation specialization fellowships are needed for either 1 year or a flexible length. There was a consensus of opinion that the fellowship should be paid, as these would be designed for licensed audiologists. Most believed that the fellowships should be “governed by a professional organization (e.g., American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, American Academy of Audiology, American Doctors of Audiology, etc.),” or less so, a “separate body for this specific purpose.” Potential topics for specialization identified were the following: tinnitus, vestibular, cochlear implants, pediatrics, and intraoperative monitoring. The highest priority attributes for a specialization site were “abundant access to patient populations,” “staff of clinical experts,” and “active research.” The weight put toward these attributes differed between faculty and students with faculty prioritizing “university/academic centers,” and “access to academic coursework in the fellowship area.” The faculty rated “caseload diversity,” “minimum hours,” “research,” and “academic affiliation” as requirements for a fellowship site, with less weight for “coursework” and “other.” Finally, the students valued “improved personal ability to provide exceptional patient care,” “the potential for increased job opportunities,” and the “potential for a higher salary” as benefits most important to them, with lower ratings for “recognition as a subject matter expert” or “potential pathway to Ph.D. program.” Conclusions As a result of the survey, further exploration of a postgraduate specialization fellowship is warranted, especially to determine funding opportunities to offset cost for the sites and to ensure that fellows are paid adequately.


2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (10) ◽  
pp. 650-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Kachlik ◽  
Vaclav Pechacek ◽  
Gabriela Hnatkova ◽  
Lukas Hnatek ◽  
Vladimir Musil ◽  
...  

Latin anatomical terminology of venous perforators (communications between superficial and deep venous systems of the lower limb) was adopted as late as 2001 as an appendix to the official nomenclature following the clinicians’ request. Terminologia Anatomica, last version of the Latin anatomical nomenclature, published in 1998, unfortunately contains no terms concerning these veins. During the 14th World Congress of the International Union of Phlebology, a consensus document was laid to expand the nomenclature of the lower limb veins, above all 36 new terms for perforators of the lower limb, both in Latin and English languages. This consensus document will be incorporated in the next version of the Terminologia Anatomica. But there are more constant and well-described ones, especially in the foot, and this article reviews in particular the current knowledge on the anatomy of the venous perforators of the whole lower limb.


2021 ◽  
Vol 217 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Genova ◽  
Hauke Hussmann ◽  
Tim Van Hoolst ◽  
Daniel Heyner ◽  
Luciano Iess ◽  
...  

AbstractIn preparation for the ESA/JAXA BepiColombo mission to Mercury, thematic working groups had been established for coordinating the activities within the BepiColombo Science Working Team in specific fields. Here we describe the scientific goals of the Geodesy and Geophysics Working Group (GGWG) that aims at addressing fundamental questions regarding Mercury’s internal structure and evolution. This multidisciplinary investigation will also test the gravity laws by using the planet Mercury as a proof mass. The instruments on the Mercury Planetary Orbiter (MPO), which are devoted to accomplishing the GGWG science objectives, include the BepiColombo Laser Altimeter (BELA), the Mercury orbiter radio science experiment (MORE), and the MPO magnetometer (MPO-MAG). The onboard Italian spring accelerometer (ISA) will greatly aid the orbit reconstruction needed by the gravity investigation and laser altimetry. We report the current knowledge on the geophysics, geodesy, and evolution of Mercury after the successful NASA mission MESSENGER and set the prospects for the BepiColombo science investigations based on the latest findings on Mercury’s interior. The MPO spacecraft of the BepiColombo mission will provide extremely accurate measurements of Mercury’s topography, gravity, and magnetic field, extending and improving MESSENGER data coverage, in particular in the southern hemisphere. Furthermore, the dual-spacecraft configuration of the BepiColombo mission with the Mio spacecraft at higher altitudes than the MPO spacecraft will be fundamental for decoupling the internal and external contributions of Mercury’s magnetic field. Thanks to the synergy between the geophysical instrument suite and to the complementary instruments dedicated to the investigations on Mercury’s surface, composition, and environment, the BepiColombo mission is poised to advance our understanding of the interior and evolution of the innermost planet of the solar system.


2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Yokoo ◽  
Kei Matsumoto ◽  
Shinya Yokote

Significant advances have been made in stem cell research over the past decade. A number of nonhematopoietic sources of stem cells (or progenitor cells) have been identified, including endothelial stem cells and neural stem cells. These discoveries have been a major step toward the use of stem cells for potential clinical applications of organ regeneration. Accordingly, kidney regeneration is currently gaining considerable attention to replace kidney dialysis as the ultimate therapeutic strategy for renal failure. However, due to anatomic complications, the kidney is believed to be the hardest organ to regenerate; it is virtually impossible to imagine such a complicated organ being completely rebuilt from pluripotent stem cells by gene or chemical manipulation. Nevertheless, several groups are taking on this big challenge. In this manuscript, current advances in renal stem cell research are reviewed and their usefulness for kidney regeneration discussed. We also reviewed the current knowledge of the emerging field of renal stem cell biology.


Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 235
Author(s):  
Bin Gu ◽  
Maxwell C. Hakun

NUT carcinoma (NC) is a type of aggressive cancer driven by chromosome translocations. Fusion genes between a DNA-binding protein, such as bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) proteins, and the testis-specific protein NUTM1 generated by these translocations drive the formation of NC. NC can develop in very young children without significant accumulation of somatic mutations, presenting a relatively clean model to study the genetic etiology of oncogenesis. However, after 20 years of research, a few challenging questions still remain for understanding the mechanism and developing therapeutics for NC. In this short review, we first briefly summarize the current knowledge regarding the molecular mechanism and targeted therapy development of NC. We then raise three challenging questions: (1) What is the cell of origin of NC? (2) How does the germline analogous epigenetic reprogramming process driven by the BET-NUTM1 fusion proteins cause NC? and (3) How will BET-NUTM1 targeted therapies be developed? We propose that with the unprecedented technological advancements in genome editing, animal models, stem cell biology, organoids, and chemical biology, we have unique opportunities to address these challenges.


2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (47) ◽  
pp. 27-31
Author(s):  
Lidia Chmielewska-Michalak ◽  
Ewelina Konstanty ◽  
Przemysław Mitkowski

The number of patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED), who require oncological management including radiotherapy (RT) is still increasing. According to current knowledge the most frequent device dysfunction related to exposition to ionizing radiation is reprogramming to emergency mode (soft reset). There are uncommon cases of complete, irreversible device damage. CIED dysfunction during RT can be observed in approximately 3% of patients. In majority of cases they are asymptomatic, although in literature there are descriptions of deterioration of clinical status due to bradycardia or exacerbation of heart failure. The most important factor of device malfunction is radiotherapy with photons of energy >10 MV or protons despite energy used. So far there were no cases published with inadequate ICD therapies due to the presence of electromagnetic field interference during RT. Because patients with CIED undergoing RT need complex care to achieve high level of safety, experts of Heart Rhythm Society establish document, published in 2017 which summarized current knowledge about this group of patients. The document contains guidelines on peri-radiotherapy care of patients with CIED.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Kiekens ◽  
Wouter Van Loocke ◽  
Sylvie Taveirne ◽  
Sigrid Wahlen ◽  
Eva Persyn ◽  
...  

T-bet and Eomes are transcription factors that are known to be important in maturation and function of murine natural killer (NK) cells. Reduced T-BET and EOMES expression results in dysfunctional NK cells and failure to control tumor growth. In contrast to mice, the current knowledge on the role of T-BET and EOMES in human NK cells is rudimentary. Here, we ectopically expressed either T-BET or EOMES in human hematopoietic progenitor cells. Combined transcriptome, chromatin accessibility and protein expression analyses revealed that T-BET or EOMES epigenetically represses hematopoietic stem cell quiescence and non-NK lineage differentiation genes, while activating an NK cell-specific transcriptome and thereby drastically accelerating NK cell differentiation. In this model, the effects of T-BET and EOMES are largely overlapping, yet EOMES shows a superior role in early NK cell maturation and induces faster NK receptor and enhanced CD16 expression. T-BET particularly controls transcription of terminal maturation markers and epigenetically controls strong induction of KIR expression. Finally, NK cells generated upon T-BET or EOMES overexpression display improved functionality, including increased IFN-γ production and killing, and especially EOMES overexpression NK cells have enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Our findings reveal novel insights on the regulatory role of T-BET and EOMES in human NK cell maturation and function, which is essential to further understand human NK cell biology and to optimize adoptive NK cell therapies.


2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-18
Author(s):  
Dan Păsăroiu ◽  
Zsolt Parajkó ◽  
Ionuţ Ferenţ ◽  
Diana Opincariu ◽  
Annabell Benedek

Abstract Bioresorbable scaffolds/stents offer new and exciting perspectives in the treatment of patients with acute coronary syndromes, especially after the recent development of invasive imaging techniques, such as optical coherence tomography, which allow complete assessment of vascu-lar segments. A particular advantage of bioresorbable scaffolds is that once the biosorption of the scaffold is complete, the vascular segment regains its normal physiological functions, thus eliminating the risk of late complications. New studies show the importance of shear stress in the progression of vascular atherosclerosis or in accelerating endothelial turnover. Based on the current knowledge in this field, a future standardized determination of shear stress may help in the long-term follow-up of patients that have suffered or are at risk of developing an acute coronary syndrome.


2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 513-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiejie Li ◽  
Christopher J. Staiger

The plant cytoskeleton is a dynamic framework of cytoplasmic filaments that rearranges as the needs of the cell change during growth and development. Incessant turnover mechanisms allow these networks to be rapidly redeployed in defense of host cytoplasm against microbial invaders. Both chemical and mechanical stimuli are recognized as danger signals to the plant, and these are perceived and transduced into cytoskeletal dynamics and architecture changes through a collection of well-recognized, previously characterized players. Recent advances in quantitative cell biology approaches, along with the powerful molecular genetics techniques associated with Arabidopsis, have uncovered two actin-binding proteins as key intermediaries in the immune response to phytopathogens and defense signaling. Certain bacterial phytopathogens have adapted to the cytoskeletal-based defense mechanism during the basal immune response and have evolved effector proteins that target actin filaments and microtubules to subvert transcriptional reprogramming, secretion of defense-related proteins, and cell wall–based defenses. In this review, we describe current knowledge about host cytoskeletal dynamics operating at the crossroads of the molecular and cellular arms race between microbes and plants.


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