Partial Vaginectomy, Complete Vaginectomy, Partial Vestibule-Vaginectomy, Vulvo-Vestibule-Vaginectomy and Vulvo-Vestibulectomy: Different Surgical Procedure in Order to Better Approach Vaginal Diseases

Total or partial vulvo-vaginectomy or vaginectomy are not routinely performed due to the complexity of the techniques and because they are considered radical treatments. Little information can be found in the literature, as the same technique is often named in a different way by different authors, confusing the reader. Therefore, the aim of this essay is to describe five different surgical techniques: partial vaginectomy, complete vaginectomy, partial vestibule-vaginectomy, vulvo-vestibule-vaginectomy and vulvo-vestibulectomy. All techniques are described on the basis of the correct identification of the anatomical nomenclature related to structures involved in surgery, in order to give a more precise and unambiguous description and execution of surgical techniques. Moreover, possible intraoperative and perioperative complications and the authors’ clinical experience in 33 dogs are described. All techniques are well tolerated and could be curative in case of benign or malignant tumours that have not yet metastasized and palliative in other cases. Moreover, they are also useful for therapeutic purposes for chronic vaginitis, severe vaginal cysts or congenital abnormalities. It is our opinion that having five different available techniques to approach vaginal disease is useful to perform the best surgery according to the clinical findings, patient’s characteristics, technique invasiveness and whether it is palliative or not.

Eponyms in the human heart anatomy

The present time is characterized by an increase in the pace of life, and medicine is no exception. Often, when analyzing the medical literature, specialists are faced with the fact that in different publications almost the same structure has a different name, which causes misunderstanding among specialists in various medical fields. This is especially true for clinicians who use the convenient anatomical names of fundamental scientists such as morphologists. As these names, terms from the International Anatomical Nomenclature are used, along with which, especially in clinical anatomy and medicine, eponymous names are accepted. The use of the latter can also be misunderstood, because eponyms are absent in modern anatomical terminology. However, additional knowledge of eponyms, along with common terms, gives the opportunity to look into the past and honor the memory of those who first described the structures. The paper attempts to systematize the names - eponyms of human heart structures. The need for such work exists because many structures have several eponymous names. In addition, if you arrange the terms in the chronological order of their occurrence, you can trace the main stages in the history of the human heart study. Despite the large number of eponymous names for the same structure and the doubtful attribution of some authors, the work lists only the most common eponyms in domestic and foreign literature, about the origin and authors of which reliable information was found. In 1955, at the IV International Congress of Anatomists in Paris (Paris Anatomical Nomenclature, PNA), eponymous names were excluded from the terminology. There are a number of objective reasons for this, but at the same time, the main function of eponyms is lost - the preservation and transmission to descendants the memory of major figures of medical science who made a significant contribution to its development. Therefore, despite the exclusion of eponyms from the official terminology, these terms are widely used today both at the departments of universities in the world, and in clinical literature and practice.

SYNONYMY IN ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY

The article addresses the issue of studying noun and adjective synonymy in the Latin anatomical terminology. Different views on the problem of noun and adjective synonymic relations in the anatomical terminology are considered. The complex of Latin nouns-synonyms, their signs and functional specifics are described. Latin terminological units are divided into three groups:1) absolute synonyms; 2) synonyms of varying compatibility; 3) quasi-synonyms. Group 1 includes absolute synonyms which have appeared due to the revision of anatomical nomenclature and are of the similar semantic meaning. Group 2 – nouns, often terminological pairs, having different compatibility in the anatomical terminology. The most numerous Group 3 includes the so-called quasi-synonyms – terms of similar meaning intended for differentiation of various anatomical notions. Meanwhile, it has been found that the signs of Latin quasi-synonyms differentiation in the anatomical terminology may vary greatly and contain an indication on the shape of an object, type of tissue, morphological similarity, object location, etc. Most often used synonymic adjectives are analysed. They have been found to belong to Group 2 of the classification above, since the choice of the term-adjective most commonly depends on the compatibility, that is on the noun it is related to.

Morfometria da órbita óssea de corujinhas-do-mato (Megascops choliba)

As particularidades anatômicas cranianas das aves são fundamentais para entender os aspectos filogenéticos, contribuindo para a identificação das espécies e compreensão dos hábitos de vida do animal. Quando tais características são analisadas sob o ponto de vista médico veterinário, o conhecimento da anatomia craniana torna-se essencial para o exame físico, e principalmente, na análise e na interpretação fidedigna de exames de imagens, uma vez que a oftalmologia se tornou cada vez mais expressiva na medicina aviária. Apesar da grande diversidade de espécies aviárias descritas e de trabalhos referentes à osteologia craniana de alguns grupos, os estudos morfométricos do crânio nas corujas da fauna brasileira ainda são escassos. Dentre tais espécies destaca-se a corujinhado-mato (Megascops choliba), uma das únicas espécies de aves de rapina brasileiras com ampla distribuição territorial e de hábitos crepusculares e noturnos, predominantemente onívora, alimentando-se de insetos e pequenos vertebrados. Desta forma em relação aos descritos anteriores, objetivou-se descrever as medidas morfométricas referentes à altura máxima e comprimento máximo no eixo rostro-caudal de 13 espécimes adultas de corujinhas-do-mato de sexos indeterminados. Todos esses animais foram encaminhados para atendimento clínico no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal do Paraná - Setor Palotina e vieram à óbito por diferentes causas, nenhuma vinculada a traumatismos cranianos. Na sequência tais animais foram encaminhados ao Laboratório de Anatomia Animal da mesma instituição onde foram congelados. Para a coleta de dados, foram descongelados e os crânios passaram por um processo de descarne e maceração em água corrente em temperatura ambiente. Na sequencia tais peças foram analisadas a olho desarmado e, para o processo de mensuração craniométrica foi utilizado um paquímetro digital Starret®, precisão de 0,01mm, analisado por um único examinador. Realizou-se três repetições em momentos distintos em cada crânio, a fim de evitar qualquer manipulação dos resultados. Calculou-se as médias e desvios padrões de forma geral, bem como as médias e desvios padrões apenas do antímero direito e do antímero esquerdo nos animais analisados. A nomenclatura osteológica empregada teve como base o Handbook of Avian Anatomy: Nomina anatomica avium, editado pelo International Commitee on Avian Anatomical Nomenclature. Os dados coletados dos 13 espécimes resultaram em uma média da altura das órbitas de 17,837 mm (sd: ±0,673 mm) e média do comprimento das órbitas de 18,951 mm (sd: ±0,526 mm). Em relação aos antímeros, a média da altura da órbita direita foi de 18,014 mm (sd: ±0,633 mm) e da esquerda de 17,660 mm (sd: ±0,672 mm). O comprimento médio da órbita direita foi de 18,893 mm (sd: ±0,495 mm) e da esquerda 19,009 mm (sd: ±0,555 mm). A partir da análise dos dados expostos houve a obtenção de conhecimentos osteológicos descritivos e ampliação das informações anatômicas da espécie analisada. Tendo em vista que a investigação acerca das particularidades oftálmicas em aves é de extrema relevância, principalmente ao se considerar a ampla acuidade visual do espécime estudado – resultado de seus hábitos de vida – corroborada ao crescimento da rotina clínica e cirúrgica oftalmológica em aves. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Anatomia, mensuração, oftalmologia, strigiformes

Sketches of medical terminology

This article appeared on the several sciences border: clinical anatomy, clinical physiology and philology. Accordingly, its authors are a clinician, a teacher of higher education and a philologist. The authors critically analyze some of the Ukrainian (Greek and Latin derivative) terms based on special literature and writing sources, philology works and their own experience. At the same time, they substantiate every nation’s right to introduce terms into their special scientific nomenclature that are more common in this language, folk household, in accordance with their ideas. The authors call for the correction of some Ukrainian and Latin terms indicating inflammation, as well as - to distinguish adjectives in the clinical and anatomical nomenclature of ones that indicate quality from those indicating the relation, belonging to a particular subject, formation, phenomenon. The terms in the Ukrainian language was often formed under other languages influence and sound sometimes wrong, so it makes sense to replace some medical terms with new, correct ones. It seems like some, firmly rooted terms, require some correction. First of all, as already mentioned, those of them that are based on subject analogies (analog terminology). To develop the Ukrainian language in all spheres of science, including medical science language is our duty. And the work on Ukrainian medical terminology improving is a permanent process, as well as the society development in general.

A standardized terminology of spines in the order Siluriformes (Actinopterygii: Ostariophysi)

A standardized terminology for the anatomy of pectoral- and dorsal-fin spines in the order Siluriformes is proposed based on an extensive literature review and direct examination of representatives of the order. The adult anatomy of the spines is described in detail. Terminology of various spine parts are reviewed and standardized, each term provided with a synonymic list organizing previous usage. Most of the structures treated have been recorded and named in the literature, but some are herein named for the first time. A quantitative approach is proposed for orienting decisions on name usage, aiming at minimizing differences between the terminology proposed and the vast amount of pre-existing literature, herein called the cost function. It is expected that this system will aid efforts in organizing the chaotic anatomical nomenclature of the appendicular skeleton in Siluriformes, and provide a solid basis for advances in comparative anatomy and nomenclature. The proposed terminology system has potential application on a number of fields that utilize information from catfish spines, ranging from taxonomy to phylogenetic systematics to paleontology and archaeology.

REVIEW ON THE TEXTBOOK OF THE AUTHOR GAIVORONSKY I.V. "NORMAL ANATOMY OF HUMAN", IN 2 VOLUMES, OF THE "SPEC-LIT" PUBLISHER, 2020, 10TH EDITION, REVISED AND SUPPLEMENTED

In general, the reviewed work is one of the best textbooks on the discipline of (human) anatomy, not only in the Russian Federation, but also in some CIS countries, in which it is actively used in the educational process and received of positive responses. It is in demand not only by students, but also by medical practitioners. It should be emphasized once again that this is a thoroughly revised, supplemented reissue. It retains the traditional form and method of presenting the material, familiar to many generations of former students, and now doctors, focuses on the heading of sections, supplemented the illustrative series, created summarizing tables on blood supply and innervation, highlighted the most important information necessary for the subsequent study of clinical disciplines. All changes and additions made by the author will facilitate preparation for the exam and are very important for subsequent practice. The main advantage of the reviewed textbook is the originality of the presentation of the material. The author managed to comply with the modern requirements of state educational standards of the third generation and in an accessible form to present the material, which is the basis for the subsequent study of a number of theoretical and all clinical disciplines. The information presented is accurate, reliable and scientifically proven, anatomical terms are given in accordance with the international anatomical nomenclature TA-1 (1999). In such a large work, some inaccuracies and typos cannot be avoided; some classifications proposed in the textbook are controversial. The point of view presented by the author is traditional for the morphological school of the Military Medical Academy, it is supported by a number of prominent anatomists and has a right to exist.

AGE-RELATED CHARACTERISTICS OF ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE AND PANCREAS GROWTH IN THE RACCOON DOG INHABITING THE RADIONUCLIDE CONTAMINATED TERRITORY OF THE BELARUSIAN SECTOR OF THE EXCLUSION ZONE

The objective of the study was to determine the age-related anatomical features and patterns of growth of the pancreas of the raccoon dogs in the zone of removal of the anthropogenic load of the exclusion zone. For the research 4 age groups were used. The terminology of the described structures of the pancreas was brought into compliance with the International Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature. For the first time it was found that for the raccoon dog, living in a radiation zone, the linear and weight parameters of the pancreas growth depend on age.

Anatomical nomenclature of the frontal ethmoidal region: state-of-the-art

Endoscopic operations on the frontal sinus and anterior ethmoid labyrinth are among the most technically difficult in rhinosurgery. This results from the wide variability of the anatomical relationships of the elements involved in the formation of the ventilation pathway and sinus outflow. In addition, problems arise regarding the definition of suprastructural components that play a key role in the pathogenesis of diseases of the frontal sinuses: frontal recess, ostium, and drainage pathway of the frontal sinus. The article aims to review the nomenclature of the anatomical elements of the anterior ethmoid labyrinth and suprastructural components that are presented as contradictory in various literature sources. The authors pay special attention to the process of rhinological nomenclature developing in the historical aspect, determine its place in general anatomical terminology, call attention to the applied aspects of its use and development prospects. In the author’s opinion, a clear and orderly nomenclature allows to some extent simplifying the understanding of rather confusing anatomy of the anterior ethmoid labyrinth, which is critically important both in practice and in scientific research.

Guttural pouch equine: topography and vascularization

The guttural pouch is a diverticulum of the auditory tube, the function of which hasn’t been fully understood yet. The work reveals the anatomy and topography of the guttural pouch. This knowledge is necessary for the treatment of mycosis of the guttural pouch, disease leading to toxic hepatitis. The examination includes postmortem dissection, sagittal head section, and cerebral bilateral angioradiography. The auditory tube diverticulum is a complex anatomical structure, consisting of a volumetric cavity, divided by the stylohyoid into rostral and caudal sections. Large maxillary, external and internal carotid arteries, some cranial nerves pass along the lateral wall of the diverticulum. The tissues of the wall of the diverticulum are affected by the angiotropic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. The main role of the studied arteries in mycosis of the guttural pouch wall is to provide the pathogenic fungus with nutrients, which leads to destruction of vascular wall and lethal epistaxis. The placement of arteries near the most important cranial nerves causes the damage of them and the development of severe neurological disorders. The diameter of the arteries determines the choice of occlusive material for the surgical treatment of mycosis. Latin anatomical terminology corresponds to the 6th edition of the International Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature.