Identification of a Male-Produced Volatile Pheromone for Phymatodes dimidiatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and Seasonal Flight Phenology of Four Phymatodes Species Endemic to the North American Intermountain West

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 1077-1087
Author(s):  
Claudia D Lyons-Yerion ◽  
James D Barbour ◽  
Judith A Mongold-Diers ◽  
Christopher J Williams ◽  
Stephen P Cook
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Behavioral Ecology ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Host Volatiles ◽  
Headspace Volatiles ◽  
The North ◽  
Volatile Pheromones ◽  
Basic Understanding ◽  
Pheromone Parsimony ◽  
Flight Phenology

Abstract Research over the last 15 yr has shown widespread pheromone parsimony within the coleopteran family Cerambycidae, with a number of highly conserved pheromone motifs, often shared within and across subfamilies, tribes, and genera. Our goals were to increase our understanding of the evolution of volatile pheromones within the Cerambycidae, their role in reproductive isolation and to identify pheromones for use in the development of lures for monitoring cerambycids. Over 3 yr, we tested 12 compounds known to be cerambycid pheromones as possible attractants at sites across Idaho. This study focused on species within the cerambycine genus Phymatodes (Tribe: Callidiini). We also collected and analyzed headspace volatiles of captured Phymatodes dimidiatus (Kirby). Our results demonstrate that (R)-2-methylbutan-1-ol is a male-produced volatile pheromone for P. dimidiatus. These results are consistent with prior research suggesting that (R)-2-methylbutan-1-ol and (R)-3-hydroxyhexan-2-one, individually or in a blend of both compounds, commonly serve as pheromones for Phymatodes spp. We captured Phymatodes starting in mid-May, continuing through mid-August. Our data indicate that flight periods of Phymatodes spp. in Idaho overlap. These species may be utilizing various mechanisms to ensure reproductive isolation, such as the production of different volatile pheromones, minor components, and/or proportions of components, utilizing different host species and/or host volatiles, differing daily activity periods, and/or occupying different heights in the tree canopy. Our results contribute to the basic understanding of the chemical and behavioral ecology of the Cerambycidae and can be applied to the development of pheromone lures for monitoring of economically important or endangered species.

Spray Volume, Canopy Density, and Other Factors Involved in Thinner Efficacy

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 553d-553
Author(s):  
C.R. Unrath
Keyword(s):  
Tree Height ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Canopy Density ◽  
The North ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Tree Canopies ◽  
Average Water ◽  
Water Volumes

Historically, most airblast chemical applications to apple orchards used a single “average” water volume, resulting in variability of coverage with tree size and also the greatest variable in chemical thinning. This coverage variability can be eliminated by properly quantifying the tree canopy, as tree row volume (TRV), and relating that volume to airblast water rate for adequate coverge. Maximum typical tree height, cross-row limb spread, and between-row spacing are used to quantify the TRV. Further refinement is achieved by adjusting the water volume for tree canopy density. The North Carolina TRV model allows a density adjustment from 0.7 gal/1000 ft3 of TRV for young, very open tree canopies to 1.0 gal/1000 ft3 of TRV for large, thick tree canopies to deliver a full dilute application for maximum water application (to the point of run-off). Most dilute pesticide applications use 70% of full dilute to approach the point of drip (pesticide dilute) to not waste chemicals and reduce non-target environmental exposure. From the “chemical load” (i.e., lb/acre) calculated for the pesticide dilute application, the proper chemical load for lower (concentrate) water volumes can be accurately determined. Another significant source of variability is thinner application response is spray distribution to various areas of the tree. This variability is related to tree configuration, light, levels, fruit set, and natural thinning vs. the need for chemical thinning. Required water delivery patterns are a function of tree size, form, spacing, and density, as well as sprayer design (no. of nozzles and fan size). The TRV model, density adjustments, and nozzle patterns to effectively hit the target for uniform crop load will be addressed.

scholarly journals Isolation and re-connection: the formation of a ring-shaped speciation continuum in an odorous frog (Odorrana margaretae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guannan Wen ◽  
Jinzhong Fu
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Sichuan Basin ◽  
Western China ◽  
Hybrid Zones ◽  
Distributional Pattern ◽  
Contact Zones ◽  
The North ◽  
Population Structure Analysis ◽  
Speciation Continuum ◽  
Glacial Expansion

The Green Odorous Frog (Odorrana margaretae) around the Sichuan Basin of western China displays a ring-shaped distributional pattern and possesses multiple replicate contact zones between lineages at various levels of differentiation. To understand its unique speciation history and mechanisms, we obtained 1,540 SNPs from 29 populations and 227 individuals using ddRAD sequencing. Population structure analysis revealed three groups within the species: The West, the North & South, and the East groups. These groups were initially isolated at ~2.03 million years ago, and subsequent post-glacial expansion produced the current ring-shaped distribution around Sichuan Basin with three contact zones. Hybridization in those zones involved lineages with different levels of divergence and produced greatly different outcomes. Both the hybrid zones at southwest (S-W) and southeast (E-NS) of the Basin have extensive admixture and less barrier effect. Consequently, the southern region has the highest genetic diversity and becomes an ‘evolutionary melting pot’. In contrast, the hybrid zone at northwestern corner (N-W), which resembles the overlap zone between two expansion terminals of a ring species, has limited admixture with a narrow geographic cline, suggesting partial reproductive isolation between the northern and western populations. The three hybrid zones likely resemble three time points along a speciation continuum; while both E-NS and S-W hybrid zones are merging, the N-W zone may have passed the ‘tipping point’ and is destined for a complete reproductive isolation over time.

Classification of boreal forests in the North of European Russia. I. Oligotrophic coniferous forests

2007 ◽  
pp. 61-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. V. Morozova ◽  
L. B. Zaugolnova ◽  
L. G. Isaeva ◽  
V. A. Kostina
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
European Russia ◽  
Pine Forests ◽  
Middle Taiga ◽  
Taiga Zone ◽  
Northern Forest ◽  
North West ◽  
The North

Results of a syntaxonomical study of the oligotrophic forests of northern European Russia are presented. The main forest types have been classified into 2 orders of the class Vaccinio-Piceetea, 4 alliances, 6 associations and 1 community. The new alliance Empetro-Piceion all. nov., which includes zonal spruce and birch northern forest association Empetro-Piceetum, has been established. These communities are formed according to cold temperature and high (sometimes temporarily) soil moisture and are characterized by the lower tree canopy, mosaic herb and moss-lichen layers with boreal mosses, sphagnum and lichens. In the middle taiga subzone these communities are replaced by Eu-Piceetum myrtilletosum. The forests with lichens are referred to order Cladonio-Vaccinietalia and divided into 4 associations. Lichen pine forests of the north-west of boreal zone were described as ass. Flavocetrario nivalis—Pinetum ass. nov. This association with a great number of lichens is differentiated by Cladonia arbuscula subsp. mitis, Flavocetraria nivalis, Cetraria ericetorum, Stereocaulon grande, Dicranum fuscescens, D. drummondii, Nephroma arcticum and species of Cladonia. The ass. Cadonio arbusculae—Pinetum (Caj. 1921) K.-Lund 1967 contains lichen pine forests with lower number of lichens and is distributed mostly in middle part of the taiga zone. The spruce-pine forests with mixed moss-lichen cover correspond to ass. Vaccinio-Pinetum. Ass. Hedysaro-Laricetum represents rich and well differentiated larch forests in the east of European Russia.

scholarly journals 248 Sunlight Penetration within the Tree Canopy after Tree Removal in Crowded Pecan Orchards

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 485A-485
Author(s):  
Esteban A. Herrera ◽  
Jesus Arreola
Keyword(s):  
Tree Density ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
The North ◽  
North Side ◽  
Tree Removal ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Tree Thinning ◽  
Lower Light

This study was conducted during 1996 and 1997 in a mature pecan orchard gradually thinned over 3 years. Twenty-five percent of the trees were first removed in 1993, 1994, or 1995. The orchard thinned in 1994 was further thinned to 50% in 1995. Diffuse photon flux density of photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) was measured within the tree canopy before and after tree thinning. Sunlight penetration measurements were taken on eight tree sides as follows (N, S, E, W, NE, SE, NW, NE), 24 readings were taken on each tree side three times a day. As expected, penetration of PAR inside the tree canopy increased as thinning reduced tree density. PAR levels recorded at 9, 12 or 15 daytime hours within the tree canopy increased as the solar time increased. Lower light values were found in the north side of the tree canopy compared to other tree sections.

scholarly journals Spread of Endosepsis in Calimyrna Fig Orchards

1998 ◽  
Vol 88 (7) ◽  
pp. 637-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Themis J. Michailides ◽  
David P. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Fig Wasp ◽  
Fig Wasps ◽  
Contamination Source ◽  
The North ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Fig Trees ◽  
North And South

Pollination of the edible fig (Ficus carica cv. Calimyrna) is mediated by a small symbiotic wasp, Blastophaga psenes, that inhabits the syconium cavity of the spring crop of fig pollinator trees (caprifigs). These fig wasps also carry propagules, mainly of Fusarium verticillioides (formerly F. moniliforme) and other Fusarium spp., which cause endosepsis, from pollinator figs to the edible Calimyrna figs in California. Spread of endosepsis was studied in one experimental and up to four commercial Calimyrna fig orchards from 1989 through 1995. The incidence of endosepsis in fruit collected from the tree canopy at either <2.0 m (low) or >2.0 m (high) height, from the north and south of the tree canopy, and from the outer (direct sunlight) and inner (shaded) canopy were similar. More wasps were captured in fig trees located 3.5 to 10 m east or west of the source than in trees 48 to 63 m from the source. In addition, significantly more wasps entered the syconia of trees closest (9 to 12.7 m) to the source than the syconia of the second or third trees (18 to 38.2 m) from the source. Endosepsis decreased with distance from the source, decreasing faster to the south than in other directions from the source. In addition, the disease-vectoring wasps decreased with increased distance from the source, which also described the disease spread from the contamination source for most directions, with a sharper decline south of the source. A 3-year study in three commercial Calimyrna orchards showed there is no secondary spread of fig endosepsis in the field. Although endosepsis can complete as many cycles (three to four) as its vector in fig pollinator trees, in Calimyrna figs it is considered a monocyclic disease. Because fig wasp pollinators prefer to stay close to the contamination source when receptive Calimyrna figs are available in close proximity, only disease sources (caprifigs trees) found among Calimyrna trees or at a distance less than 50 m from the borders of Calimyrna orchards affect endosepsis incidence in commercial orchards.

A Time to Rend, A Time to Sew: New Perspectives on Northern Anasazi Sociopolitical Development in Late Prehistory

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Van West ◽  
Timothy A. Kohler
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Ecology ◽  
Food Sharing ◽  
American Southwest ◽  
Best Interest ◽  
Sociopolitical Organization ◽  
Resource Pooling ◽  
The North ◽  
Four Corners ◽  
Mexico Border ◽  
The Impact

Slightly before A.D. 1300, the Four Corners area of the North American Southwest was abandoned by prehistoric agriculturists. By that time, populations had undergone three major cycles of aggregation into large settlements, first constructing relatively large “public” facilities and then redispersing. The reasons for the final abandonment of this area, as well as for the earlier collapse of the Chacoan-related system of the mid-1100s, are classic areas of archaeological inquiry. Recently, the earliest cycle of village formation and dispersal, in the A.D. 800s, has come under increased scrutiny as well (Orcutt et al. 1990; Wilshusen 1991). In this paper we reexamine these phenomena by posing a simple but fundamental question: Under what conditions will farmers find it in their own best interest to share the food they produce? Whatever the particular features of these cycles of aggregation and dispersion, we suggest that periods of increasing complexity in the fabric of sociopolitical organization—which involve the growth of settlements, elaboration of social roles and networks, and heightened cooperation in building, hunting, and exchange—are constructed on top of reliable systems of food sharing beyond that expected among close kin. Such resource pooling has the effect of reducing the impact of variability in agricultural production in an area where great unpredictability surrounds the growing of food. Our thinking about how to approach these systems of food sharing has been influenced by recent analyses of sharing among hunter-foragers (e.g., Kaplan and Hill 1985; Smith 1988) and by current discussions of risk and uncertainty in behavioral ecology and microeconomics (Clark 1990; Stephens 1990). This study focuses on an area in southwestern Colorado about 3 5 km north of the New Mexico border and immediately east of the Utah state line. Notable landmarks include the northward bend of the Dolores River on the northeast, the escarpment of the Mesa Verde in the southeast, and the commanding presence of a volcanic laccolith—Sleeping Ute Mountain—on the south.

scholarly journals Diversity, Host Ranges, and Potential Drivers of Speciation Among the Inquiline Enemies of Oak Gall Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna K G Ward ◽  
Sofia I Sheikh ◽  
Andrew A Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Gall Wasp ◽  
Wasp Species ◽  
Host Shifts ◽  
The North ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Gall Wasps ◽  
Oak Tree ◽  
New Hosts

Abstract Animals that exploit living spaces of other animals (inquilines) may have specialized traits that adapt them to extended phenotypes of their ‘hosts’. These adaptations to host traits may incur fitness trade-offs that restrict the host range of an inquiline such that shifts to new hosts might trigger inquiline diversification. Speciation via host shifting has been studied in many animal parasites, but we know less about the role of host shifts in inquiline speciation. Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) is a speciose but taxonomically challenging genus of inquilines that feed inside galls induced by oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini). Here, we report on a large collection of Synergus reared from galls of 33 oak gall wasp species in the upper Midwestern United States. We integrated DNA barcodes, morphology, ecology, and phenology to delimit putative species of Synergus and describe their host ranges. We find evidence of at least 23 Synergus species associated with the 33 gall wasp hosts. At least five previously described Synergus species are each complexes of two to five species, while three species fit no prior description. We find evidence that oak tree phylogeny and host gall morphology define axes of specialization for Synergus. The North American Synergus have experienced several transitions among gall hosts and tree habitats and their host use is correlated with reproductive isolation. It remains too early to tell whether shifts to new hosts initiate speciation events in Synergus inquilines of oak gall wasps, or if host shifts occur after reproductive isolation has already evolved.

scholarly journals Kernel Necrosis of ‘Pawnee’ Pecan: Expanded Distribution and Relation to Yield, Tree Size, and Canopy Location

HortScience ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-467
Author(s):  
Michael W. Smith
Keyword(s):  
El Paso ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
North Texas ◽  
The North ◽  
Red River Basin ◽  
Southern Oklahoma ◽  
Southern Central ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Kernel Necrosis ◽  
The Relationship

Pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch.] kernel necrosis is a malady characterized by development of a dark necrotic area at the basal end of the kernel. This problem is particularly severe on ‘Pawnee’ at some locations during certain years. Currently, the cause of kernel necrosis is not known. Initially, this problem appeared confined to certain cultivars in a north Texas orchard in the Red River Basin and ‘Oklahoma’ in a central Oklahoma orchard adjacent to the Deep Fork River. After El Paso, TX, producer reports of an unknown problem on ‘Pawnee’, mature nuts from orchards near El Paso, north Texas, and southern, central and northeastern Oklahoma were evaluated for kernel necrosis. Kernel necrosis was abundant on ‘Pawnee’ nuts from El Paso and southern Oklahoma, moderate at the north Texas site, and at low levels in one northeastern Oklahoma orchard. None was found in two ‘Pawnee’ orchards, one in central Oklahoma and the other in northeastern Oklahoma. In another study, yield was monitored on hedge-pruned ‘Pawnee’ pecan trees over a 5-year period to determine the relationship with kernel necrosis. The incidence of kernel necrosis was greater when yield was less. A third study sampled nuts from the lower and upper one-third of canopies from randomly selected trees varying in trunk size. Kernel necrosis frequency was similar in the upper canopy among different trunk sizes, but the incidence in the lower tree canopy decreased as trunk size increased.

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