scholarly journals Reconstructing income inequality in a colonial cash crop economy: five social tables for Uganda, 1925–1965

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michiel de Haas
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Large Share ◽  
Cash Crop ◽  
Fault Lines ◽  
And Shifts ◽  
Export Crops ◽  
Over Time

Abstract This study contributes to an expanding literature on historical African inequality, presenting five social tables and income inequality estimates for Uganda between 1925 and 1965. I find that income inequality was mostly stable and overall low compared to other African colonies. Decomposition reveals important underlying fault lines and shifts. Income gaps between the African majority and a tiny Asian and European income elite accounted for a large share of overall inequality. Over time, inequality among Africans increased. Income from self-provisioning was a major equalizer in Uganda’s economy, which was characterized by land abundance and widespread smallholder cultivation of labor-intensive export crops.

Understanding Rising Income Inequality and Stagnating Ordinary Living Standards in Germany

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Bosch ◽  
Thorsten Kalina
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Wage Bargaining ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Social Model ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

This chapter describes how inequality and real incomes have evolved in Germany through the period from the 1980s, through reunification, up to the economic Crisis and its aftermath. It brings out how reunification was associated with a prolonged stagnation in real wages. It emphasizes how the distinctive German structures for wage bargaining were eroded over time, and the labour market and tax/transfer reforms of the late 1990s-early/mid-2000s led to increasing dualization in the labour market. The consequence was a marked increase in household income inequality, which went together with wage stagnation for much of the 1990s and subsequently. Coordination between government, employers, and unions still sufficed to avoid the impact the economic Crisis had on unemployment elsewhere, but the German social model has been altered fundamentally over the period

Income Inequality across Nations and over Time: Reply

1985 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 564
Author(s):  
Gir S. Gupta ◽  
Ram D. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Over Time

A Bird’s Eye View of 100 years of research on Hypertension: Machine Learning Classifications of Topics (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustapha Abba ◽  
Chidozie Nduka ◽  
Seun Anjorin ◽  
Shukri Mohamed ◽  
Emmanuel Agogo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Latent Dirichlet Allocation ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Research Articles ◽  
Major Cardiovascular Events ◽  
And Shifts ◽  
Negative Sentiment ◽  
Over Time

BACKGROUND Due to scientific and technical advancements in the field, published hypertension research has developed during the last decade. Given the huge amount of scientific material published in this field, identifying the relevant information is difficult. We employed topic modelling, which is a strong approach for extracting useful information from enormous amounts of unstructured text. OBJECTIVE To utilize a machine learning algorithm to uncover hidden topics and subtopics from 100 years of peer-reviewed hypertension publications and identify temporal trends. METHODS The titles and abstracts of hypertension papers indexed in PubMed were examined. We used the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) model to select 20 primary subjects and then ran a trend analysis to see how popular they were over time. RESULTS We gathered 581,750 hypertension-related research articles from 1900 to 2018 and divided them into 20 categories. Preclinical, risk factors, complications, and therapy studies were the categories used to categorise the publications. We discovered themes that were becoming increasingly ‘hot,' becoming less ‘cold,' and being published seldom. Risk variables and major cardiovascular events subjects displayed very dynamic patterns over time (how? – briefly detail here). The majority of the articles (71.2%) had a negative valency, followed by positive (20.6%) and neutral valencies (8.2 percent). Between 1980 and 2000, negative sentiment articles fell somewhat, while positive and neutral sentiment articles climbed significantly. CONCLUSIONS This unique machine learning methodology provided fascinating insights on current hypertension research trends. This method allows researchers to discover study subjects and shifts in study focus, and in the end, it captures the broader picture of the primary concepts in current hypertension research articles. CLINICALTRIAL Not applicable

The Solution of the Vaccine Court

Vaccine Court ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Kirkland
Keyword(s):  
Pertussis Vaccine ◽  
Federal Legislation ◽  
Science And Policy ◽  
The Face ◽  
And Shifts ◽  
Civil Courts ◽  
Over Time

The vaccine court was created by federal legislation in 1986. This chapter tells the story of the founding and shifts in the vaccine court over time, placing it in a rich context of parental protest against the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine in the 1980s and showing how the scientific and legal conflicts that have riven it over time have shaped its responses to vaccine injury claims. After the pertussis vaccine scare of the 1980s subsided, fears of autism cropped up in the late 1990s. Parents wanted to bring lawsuits in regular civil courts, not in the vaccine court. The chapter presents the challenge posed by the potentially massive lawsuits claiming that thimerosal in vaccines caused autism and notes the court’s flexibility over time and its shrewd balancing of science and policy in the face of panic and uncertainty. Claims that autism is a vaccine injury would have to be adjudicated in the vaccine court.

“Go Work Over There and Come Do Something Here”

On the Move ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filiz Garip
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
The United States ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Large Share ◽  
Household Heads ◽  
Migrant Stream ◽  
Over Time

This chapter discusses a particular group that dominated the migrant stream from Mexico to the United States in 1965. The group contained a large share of men—many of them household heads who were married with children—from rural central-western communities in Mexico. Migrants in the group typically had little education, worked in agriculture in both Mexico and the United States, and took multiple trips of short duration. This group is referred to as circular migrants. Circular migrants declined both in absolute numbers and in relative size over time, accounting for less than 10 percent of new migrants by 2010. Circular migrants declined in numbers as incomes in Mexico rose, real wages in the United States fell, and the budget dedicated to securing the border grew exponentially between 1965 and 2010.

Growing up in Hong Kong before and after 1980

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Chim Richard Wong
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Income Redistribution ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Inequality Measures ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Waves ◽  
Over Time

Individual income inequality has worsened because of underinvestment in education. A child born today with a good “birth lottery” is worth more than one born into the same family circumstances in the past, because their education will have a higher rate of return. Intergenerational upward mobility measured in schooling opportunities was largely unchanged for those born in the period 1956–1991. However, a subset born in the period 1961–1976 saw improved opportunities due to the waves of emigration Hong Kong experienced due to political unrest and uncertainty. Many policy advocates have used rising income inequality measures to push for income redistribution. But this merely tries to fix the measures of income inequality. Redistribution will not halt the underlying forces that are driving a more unequal distribution of incomes over time. Rising inequality can only be prevented by expanding education opportunities and encouraging couples to stay together.

scholarly journals Growth and Income Inequality: A Comparative Analysis

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayla Ogus Binatli
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Growth Changes ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Over Time

This paper investigates whether the relationship between income inequality and growth changes over time. Two time periods, covering 1970–1985 and 1985–1999, are analyzed and compared. A statistically significant relationship between inequality and growth in either time period fails to emerge. However, there are indications that effect of inequality on growth may be different in the nineties when compared to the seventies. In the literature, a consistent negative effect of inequality on growth is documented although the significance of the effect is open to debate. This paper also finds a negative effect of income inequality on growth in the seventies but, although statistically insignificant, a consistently positive effect in the nineties.

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