Cumulative childhood adversity, adolescent psychiatric disorder and violent offending in young adulthood

Abstract Background Childhood adversity (CA) is a risk indicator for psychiatric morbidity. Although CA has been linked to violent offending, limited research has considered adolescent psychiatric disorder as a mediating factor. The current study examined whether adolescent psychiatric disorder mediates the association between CA and violent offending. Methods We used a cohort of 476 103 individuals born in 1984–1988 in Sweden. Register-based CAs included parental death, substance abuse and psychiatric disorder, parental criminal offending, parental separation, public assistance, child welfare intervention and residential instability. Adolescent psychiatric disorder was defined as being treated with a psychiatric diagnosis prior to age 20. Estimates of risk of violent offending after age 20 were calculated as incidence rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Mediation was tested with the bootstrap method. Results Exposure to CA was positively associated with violent offending, especially when accumulated. Individuals exposed to 4+ CAs who were also treated for psychiatric disorder had a 12-fold elevated risk for violent offending (adjusted IRR 12.2, 95% CI 10.6–14.0). Corresponding IRR among 4+ CA youth with no psychiatric disorder was 5.1 (95% CI 4.5–5.6). Psychiatric disorder mediated the association between CA and violent offending. Conclusion CA is associated with elevated risk for violent offending in early adulthood, and the association is partly mediated by adolescent psychiatric disorder. Individuals exposed to cumulative CA who also develop adolescent psychopathology should be regarded as a high-risk group for violent offending, by professionals in social and health services that come into contact with this group.

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Sensitive periods for the effect of childhood interpersonal violence on psychiatric disorder onset among adolescents

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.bp.117.208397 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 211 (6) ◽

pp. 365-372 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Erin C. Dunn ◽

Yan Wang ◽

Jenny Tse ◽

Katie A. McLaughlin ◽

Garrett Fitzmaurice ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Substance Use ◽

Psychiatric Disorder ◽

Physical Abuse ◽

Middle Childhood ◽

Interpersonal Violence ◽

Childhood Adversity ◽

Elevated Risk ◽

First Episode ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Sensitive Periods

BackgroundAlthough childhood adversity is a strong determinant of psychopathology, it remains unclear whether there are ‘sensitive periods’ when a first episode of adversity is most harmful.AimsTo examine whether variation in the developmental timing of a first episode of interpersonal violence (up to age 18) associates with risk for psychopathology.MethodUsing cross-sectional data, we examined the association between age at first exposure to four types of interpersonal violence (physical abuse by parents, physical abuse by others, rape, and sexual assault/molestation) and onset of four classes of DSM-IV disorders (distress, fear, behaviour, substance use) (n=9984). Age at exposure was defined as: early childhood (ages 0–5), middle childhood (ages 6–10) and adolescence (ages 11–18).ResultsExposure to interpersonal violence at any age period about doubled the risk of a psychiatric disorder (odds ratios (ORs) = 1.51–2.52). However, few differences in risk were observed based on the timing of first exposure. After conducting 20 tests of association, only three significant differences in risk were observed based on the timing of exposure; these results suggested an elevated risk of behaviour disorder among youth first exposed to any type of interpersonal violence during adolescence (OR = 2.37, 95% CI 1.69–3.34), especially being beaten by another person (OR = 2.44; 95% CI 1.57–3.79), and an elevated risk of substance use disorder among youth beaten by someone during adolescence (OR=2.77, 95% CI 1.94–3.96).ConclusionsChildren exposed to interpersonal violence had an elevated risk of psychiatric disorder. However, age at first episode of exposure was largely unassociated with psychopathology risk.

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Association of Cumulative Childhood Adversity and Adolescent Violent Offending With Suicide in Early Adulthood

JAMA Psychiatry ◽

10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.3788 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 75 (2) ◽

pp. 185 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Emma Björkenstam ◽

Anders Hjern ◽

Charlotte Björkenstam ◽

Kyriaki Kosidou

Keyword(s):

Early Adulthood ◽

Childhood Adversity ◽

Violent Offending

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The mental health of ex-prisoners: analysis of the 2014 English National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity

Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology ◽

10.1007/s00127-021-02066-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Paul E. Bebbington ◽

Sally McManus ◽

Jeremy W. Coid ◽

Richard Garside ◽

Terry Brugha

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Substance Dependence ◽

Suicide Attempts ◽

Common Mental Disorders ◽

Psychiatric Morbidity ◽

Childhood Adversity ◽

Autistic Traits ◽

Target Population ◽

Psychiatric Disturbance ◽

Cross Sectional

Abstract Purpose Prisoners experience extremely high rates of psychiatric disturbance. However, ex-prisoners have never previously been identified in representative population surveys to establish how far this excess persists after release. Our purpose was to provide the first community-based estimate of ex-prisoners’ mental health in England using the data from the 2014 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey (APMS). Methods APMS 2014 provides cross-sectional data from a random sample (N = 7546) of England’s household population aged 16 or above. Standardised instruments categorised psychiatric disorders and social circumstances. Participants who had been in prison were compared with the rest of the sample. Results One participant in seventy had been in prison (1.4%; 95% CI 1.1–1.7; n = 103). Ex-prisoners suffered an excess of current psychiatric problems, including common mental disorders (CMDs), psychosis, post-traumatic disorder, substance dependence, and suicide attempts. They were more likely to screen positive for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autistic traits, to have low verbal IQ, and to lack qualifications. They disclosed higher rates of childhood adversity, including physical and sexual abuse and local authority care. The odds (1.88; 95% CI 1.02–3.47) of CMDs were nearly doubled in ex-prisoners, even after adjusting for trauma and current socioeconomic adversity. Conclusions Prison experience is a marker of enduring psychiatric vulnerability, identifying an important target population for intervention and support. Moreover, the psychiatric attributes of ex-prisoners provide the context for recidivism. Without effective liaison between the criminal justice system and mental health services, the vulnerability of ex-prisoners to relapse and to reoffending will continue, with consequent personal and societal costs.

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Kidney Disease and Youth Onset Type 2 Diabetes: Considerations for the General Practitioner

International Journal of Pediatrics ◽

10.1155/2012/237360 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Allison B. Dart ◽

Elizabeth A. Sellers ◽

Heather J. Dean

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

High Risk ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Complex Disease ◽

Early Adulthood ◽

Primary Care Providers ◽

High Risk Group ◽

Care Providers ◽

Onset Type

Youth onset type 2 diabetes (T2DM) continues to increase worldwide, concomitant with the rising obesity epidemic. There is evidence to suggest that youth with T2DM are affected by the same comorbidities and complications as adults diagnosed with T2DM. This review highlights specifically the kidney disease associated with youth onset T2DM, which is highly prevalent and associated with a high risk of end-stage kidney disease in early adulthood. A general understanding of this complex disease by primary care providers is critical, so that at-risk individuals are identified and managed early in the course of their disease, such that progression can be modified in this high-risk group of children and adolescents. A review of the pediatric literature will include a focus on the epidemiology, risk factors, pathology, screening, and treatment of kidney disease in youth onset T2DM.

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Amygdala activation in maltreated children during pre-attentive emotional processing

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.bp.112.116624 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 202 (4) ◽

pp. 269-276 ◽

Cited By ~ 112

Author(s):

Eamon J. McCrory ◽

Stéphane A. De Brito ◽

Philip A. Kelly ◽

Geoffrey Bird ◽

Catherine L. Sebastian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Psychiatric Disorder ◽

Emotional Processing ◽

Community Sample ◽

Age At Onset ◽

Childhood Adversity ◽

Neural Response ◽

Maltreated Children ◽

Amygdala Activation ◽

Increased Risk ◽

The Right

BackgroundChildhood adversity is associated with significantly increased risk of psychiatric disorder. To date, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of children have mainly focused on institutionalisation and investigated conscious processing of affect.AimsTo investigate neural response to pre-attentively presented affect cues in a community sample of children with documented experiences of maltreatment in the home.MethodA masked dot-probe paradigm involving pre-attentive presentation of angry, happy and neutral facial expressions was employed. Eighteen maltreated children were compared with 23 carefully matched non-maltreated peers.ResultsIncreased neural response was observed in the right amygdala for pre-attentively presented angry and happy faces in maltreated v. non-maltreated children. Level of amygdala activation was negatively associated with age at onset for several abuse subtypes.ConclusionsMaltreatment is associated with heightened neural response to positive and negative facial affect, even to stimuli outside awareness. This may represent a latent neural risk factor for future psychiatric disorder.

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Religiosity and Depression at Midlife: A Prospective Study

Religions ◽

10.3390/rel12010028 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 28

Author(s):

Micheline R. Anderson ◽

Priya Wickramaratne ◽

Connie Svob ◽

Lisa Miller

Keyword(s):

Major Depression ◽

Adult Development ◽

Developmental Process ◽

Risk Group ◽

Early Adulthood ◽

High Risk Group ◽

Middle Adulthood ◽

Religious Service Attendance ◽

A Prospective Study ◽

Personal Importance

Objectives: Previously, authors found high personal importance of religion/spirituality (R/S) in early adulthood to predict a 75% decreased risk of recurrence of major depression in middle adulthood. Here, the authors follow up the original study sample to examine the association between R/S and major depression from middle adulthood into midlife. Method: Participants were 79 of 114 original adult offspring of depressed and non-depressed parents. Using logistic regression analysis, three measures of R/S from middle adulthood (personal importance, frequency of religious service attendance, and denomination) were used to predict Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in midlife. Results: High R/S importance in middle adulthood was prospectively associated with risk for an initial onset of depression during the period of midlife. Frequency of attendance in middle adulthood was associated with recurrence of depression at midlife in the high-risk group for depression, as compared to the low-risk group. Conclusion: Findings suggest that the relation between R/S and depression may vary across adult development, with risk for depression associated with R/S at midlife potentially revealing a developmental process.

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Morbidity following Sudden and Unexpected Bereavement

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.144.1.84 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 144 (1) ◽

pp. 84-88 ◽

Cited By ~ 106

Author(s):

Tom Lundin

Keyword(s):

High Risk ◽

Risk Group ◽

Psychiatric Morbidity ◽

High Risk Group ◽

Close Relative ◽

Control Group

SummaryWith the help of data on the registered days of sickness per year, a study was made of a group of relatives (n = 32) who had suffered sudden and unexpected bereavement to determine whether this resulted in an increase in morbidity in the two-year period following the loss, compared with the previous two years. A comparison was made with a control group of relatives who had also suffered bereavement but where the deaths were not unexpected. Increased morbidity, especially psychiatric morbidity, was found following sudden and unexpected bereavement but not in the control group. It is concluded that persons exposed to sudden and unexpected loss of a close relative are subject to increased psychiatric morbidity and should be regarded as a high-risk group.

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Psychiatric Disorder in the General Hospital

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.149.2.172 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 149 (2) ◽

pp. 172-190 ◽

Cited By ~ 260

Author(s):

Richard Mayou ◽

Keith Hawton

Keyword(s):

Psychiatric Disorder ◽

General Hospital ◽

Psychiatric Morbidity ◽

Routine Clinical Practice ◽

Standard Methods ◽

Different Types ◽

Patient Groups ◽

Hospital Doctors ◽

The Many

There have been many reports of psychiatric disorder in medical populations, but few have used standard methods on representative patient groups. Even so, there is consistent evidence for considerable psychiatric morbidity in in-patient, out-patient and casualty department populations, much of which is unrecognised by hospital doctors. We require a better classification of psychiatric disorder in the general hospital, improved research measures, and more evidence about the nature and course of the many different types of problem so that we can provide precise advice for their management of routine clinical practice.

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