scholarly journals Sensitive periods for the effect of childhood interpersonal violence on psychiatric disorder onset among adolescents

2017 ◽  
Vol 211 (6) ◽  
pp. 365-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin C. Dunn ◽  
Yan Wang ◽  
Jenny Tse ◽  
Katie A. McLaughlin ◽  
Garrett Fitzmaurice ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Psychiatric Disorder ◽  
Physical Abuse ◽  
Middle Childhood ◽  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Childhood Adversity ◽  
Elevated Risk ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sensitive Periods

BackgroundAlthough childhood adversity is a strong determinant of psychopathology, it remains unclear whether there are ‘sensitive periods’ when a first episode of adversity is most harmful.AimsTo examine whether variation in the developmental timing of a first episode of interpersonal violence (up to age 18) associates with risk for psychopathology.MethodUsing cross-sectional data, we examined the association between age at first exposure to four types of interpersonal violence (physical abuse by parents, physical abuse by others, rape, and sexual assault/molestation) and onset of four classes of DSM-IV disorders (distress, fear, behaviour, substance use) (n=9984). Age at exposure was defined as: early childhood (ages 0–5), middle childhood (ages 6–10) and adolescence (ages 11–18).ResultsExposure to interpersonal violence at any age period about doubled the risk of a psychiatric disorder (odds ratios (ORs) = 1.51–2.52). However, few differences in risk were observed based on the timing of first exposure. After conducting 20 tests of association, only three significant differences in risk were observed based on the timing of exposure; these results suggested an elevated risk of behaviour disorder among youth first exposed to any type of interpersonal violence during adolescence (OR = 2.37, 95% CI 1.69–3.34), especially being beaten by another person (OR = 2.44; 95% CI 1.57–3.79), and an elevated risk of substance use disorder among youth beaten by someone during adolescence (OR=2.77, 95% CI 1.94–3.96).ConclusionsChildren exposed to interpersonal violence had an elevated risk of psychiatric disorder. However, age at first episode of exposure was largely unassociated with psychopathology risk.

Cumulative childhood adversity, adolescent psychiatric disorder and violent offending in young adulthood

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 855-861
Author(s):  
Emma Björkenstam ◽  
Bo Burström ◽  
Anders Hjern ◽  
Bo Vinnerljung ◽  
Kyriaki Kosidou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorder ◽  
Bootstrap Method ◽  
Adolescent Psychopathology ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Childhood Adversity ◽  
High Risk Group ◽  
Elevated Risk ◽  
Risk Indicator ◽  
Violent Offending

Abstract Background Childhood adversity (CA) is a risk indicator for psychiatric morbidity. Although CA has been linked to violent offending, limited research has considered adolescent psychiatric disorder as a mediating factor. The current study examined whether adolescent psychiatric disorder mediates the association between CA and violent offending. Methods We used a cohort of 476 103 individuals born in 1984–1988 in Sweden. Register-based CAs included parental death, substance abuse and psychiatric disorder, parental criminal offending, parental separation, public assistance, child welfare intervention and residential instability. Adolescent psychiatric disorder was defined as being treated with a psychiatric diagnosis prior to age 20. Estimates of risk of violent offending after age 20 were calculated as incidence rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Mediation was tested with the bootstrap method. Results Exposure to CA was positively associated with violent offending, especially when accumulated. Individuals exposed to 4+ CAs who were also treated for psychiatric disorder had a 12-fold elevated risk for violent offending (adjusted IRR 12.2, 95% CI 10.6–14.0). Corresponding IRR among 4+ CA youth with no psychiatric disorder was 5.1 (95% CI 4.5–5.6). Psychiatric disorder mediated the association between CA and violent offending. Conclusion CA is associated with elevated risk for violent offending in early adulthood, and the association is partly mediated by adolescent psychiatric disorder. Individuals exposed to cumulative CA who also develop adolescent psychopathology should be regarded as a high-risk group for violent offending, by professionals in social and health services that come into contact with this group.

Gender-Based Violence and Factors Associated with Victimization among Female Entertainment Workers in Cambodia: A Cross-Sectional Study

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052094814
Author(s):  
Carlijn Willeke Wieten ◽  
Pheak Chhoun ◽  
Sovannary Tuot ◽  
Carinne Brody ◽  
Siyan Yi
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Physical Abuse ◽  
Emotional Abuse ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Forced Sex ◽  
Female Entertainment Workers ◽  
Gender Based

Women working in the entertainment industry are confronted with various forms of gender-based violence (GBV). However, their vulnerability remains understudied, particularly in resource-limited settings. This study aims to examine the prevalence of GBV among female entertainment workers (FEWs) in Cambodia and identify factors associated with victimization. We conducted a cross-sectional study in November 2018 for the impact evaluation of a randomized controlled trial. We used a stratified random sampling method to recruit 600 FEWs from different entertainment venues in the capital city and three other provinces. Female data collectors administered a structured questionnaire, and we performed multiple logistic regression analyses. Of the total, 60.5% had experienced a form of GBV during their lifetime; of whom, 37.5% experienced the GBV in the past 6 months. The prevalence of emotional abuse, forced substance use, physical abuse, and forced sex was 51.5%, 25.0%, 20.6%, and 2.9%, respectively. Forced substance use and forced sex were mainly perpetrated by clients, physical abuse by intimate partners, and emotional abuse by others such as entertainment establishment owners or managers. FEWs victimized by clients (relative risk ratio [RRR] = 0.19, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.07, 0.53]) and others (RRR = 0.11, 95% CI = [0.03, 0.44]) were less likely to be married compared with victims of intimate partner violence. Factors associated with sexual harassment were working in beer gardens (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.39, 95% CI = [1.20, 4.73]) and restaurants/cafés (aOR = 1.65, 95% CI = [1.01, 2.69]), and having higher acceptance of violence against women (aOR = 1.12, 95% CI = [1.01, 1.24]). FEWs in Cambodia experience high levels and unique forms of GBV as they are confronted with different types of perpetrators. Interventions need to be tailored to fit the specific needs of FEWs. Interventions aimed at reducing client-perpetrated violence should specifically focus on forced substance use and forced sex, while physical abuse by intimate partners should also be addressed.

Examining the Role of Substance Abuse in Elder Mistreatment: Results From Mistreatment Investigations

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 366-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kendon J. Conrad ◽  
Pi-Ju Liu ◽  
Madelyn Iris
Keyword(s):  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Physical Abuse ◽  
Emotional Abuse ◽  
Risk Identification ◽  
Elder Mistreatment ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Substance Use Problems ◽  
Financial Exploitation

Substance abuse has long been identified as a risk factor for elder mistreatment, yet research on the topic remains sparse. This study tested hypotheses whether perpetrator and victim substance use problems were associated with financial exploitation, physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect versus no abuse. Cross-sectional data were collected on 948 cases with yes/no substantiation decisions where 357 cases had no abuse in elder mistreatment investigations. Hypotheses were tested using odds ratios, bivariate, and multiple linear regression analyses including a control for victim vulnerability. Of 948 alleged victims, 42 (4.4%) exhibited signs of substance use problems. Among the 323 alleged perpetrators, 87 (26.9%) were reported to have substance use problems. Substance use problems by alleged perpetrators were associated ( p < .01) with financial exploitation, physical abuse, and emotional abuse but not neglect. Substance use problems by alleged victims were associated with neglect, but not the other types. Alleged perpetrators with substance use problems tended to commit multiple forms of abuse, were male and not caregivers. Except for the findings on neglect, the associations with elder mistreatment were stronger for alleged perpetrators with substance use problems, than for alleged victims. Clarification of the role of perpetrator risk factors such as substance abuse should improve risk identification and subsequent intervention.

scholarly journals Risk Factors for Criminal Recidivism Among Persons With Serious Psychiatric Diagnoses: Disentangling What Matters for Whom

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah A. Jacobs ◽  
Alex Fixler ◽  
Travis Labrum ◽  
Ashley Givens ◽  
Christina Newhill
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Psychiatric Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
System Involvement ◽  
Original Dataset

Reducing criminal legal system involvement requires an understanding of the factors that promote repeat offending (i. e., recidivism), and the dissemination of relevant interventions to those most likely to benefit. A growing body of research has established common recidivism risk factors for persons with serious psychiatric disorder diagnoses. However, research to date has not examined the degree to which these risks apply to those with serious psychiatric disorders with and without co-occurring substance use disorders. To clarify what risk and need factors are greatest and for whom, this cross-sectional study drew from an original dataset containing data on 14 social and economic, psychological, and criminal risk areas for a cohort of people on probation (n = 4,809). Linear regression models indicated that, compared to those without a serious psychiatric disorder, people on probation with a serious psychiatric disorder are at greater risk in a minority of areas and those areas are mostly social and economic in nature. Meanwhile, those withco-occurring disorders are at relatively high risk across almost all areas. The results from this study suggest that justice involved persons with serious psychiatric disorders will benefit from interventions that increase social support and economic well-being and that interventions that broadly reduce risk among people with co-occurring serious psychiatric and substance use disorders will likely yield meaningful reductions in system involvement. Ultimately, understanding and intervening upon risk for recidivism among persons with serious psychiatric disorders requires differentiating between those with and without co-occurring substance use disorders.

scholarly journals Childhood interpersonal violence and adult alcohol, cannabis, and tobacco use disorders: variation by race/ethnicity?

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 1540-1550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacquelyn L. Meyers ◽  
Carolyn E. Sartor ◽  
Kimberly B. Werner ◽  
Karestan C. Koenen ◽  
Bridget F. Grant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Physical Abuse ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Parental Violence ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender

AbstractBackgroundExposure to child maltreatment has been shown to increase lifetime risk for substance use disorders (SUD). However, this has not been systematically examined among race/ethnic groups, for whom rates of exposure to assaultive violence and SUD differ. This study examined variation by race/ethnicity and gender in associations of alcohol (AUD), cannabis (CUD), and tobacco (TUD) use disorders with three types of childhood interpersonal violence (cIPV): physical abuse, sexual abuse, and witnessing parental violence.MethodData from the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol-Related Conditions-III (N: 36 309), a US nationally representative sample, was utilized to examine associations of DSM-5 AUD, CUD and TUD with cIPV among men and women of five racial/ethnic groups. Models were adjusted for additional risk factors (e.g. parental substance use problems, participant's co-occurring SUD).ResultsIndependent contributions of childhood physical and sexual abuse to AUD, CUD, and TUD, and of witnessing parental violence to AUD and TUD were observed. Associations of cIPV and SUD were relatively similar across race/ethnicity and gender [Odds Ratios (ORs) ranged from 1.1 to 1.9], although associations of physical abuse with AUD and TUD were greater among males, associations of parental violence and AUD were greater among females, and associations of parental violence with AUD were greater among Hispanic women and American Indian men.ConclusionsGiven the paucity of research in this area, and the potential identification of modifiable risk factors to reduce the impact of childhood interpersonal violence on SUDs, further research and consideration of tailoring prevention and intervention efforts to different populations are warranted.

scholarly journals Disparities for LGBTQ and Gender Nonconforming Adolescents

2021 ◽  
pp. 4-13
Author(s):  
Laura Baams
Keyword(s):  
Physical Abuse ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Childhood Adversity ◽  
Gender Nonconformity ◽  
Student Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gender Nonconforming ◽  
Minority Adolescents ◽  
And Gender

OBJECTIVES To identify patterns of childhood adversity in a sample of adolescents and assess disparities in these experiences for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning adolescents and by level of gender nonconformity. METHOD By using the cross-sectional, statewide, anonymous 2016 Minnesota Student Survey, 81 885 students were included in the current study (50.59% male; mean age = 15.51). Participants were enrolled in grades 9 and 11 in a total of 348 schools. RESULTS Four patterns of childhood adversity were identified with sex-stratified latent class analyses (entropy = 0.833 males; 0.833 females), ranging from relatively low levels of abuse (85.3% males; 80.1% females) to polyvictimization (0.84% males; 1.98% females). A regression analysis showed that compared with heterosexual adolescents, gay, lesbian, bisexual, and questioning adolescents were more likely to be classified into profiles characterized by polyvictimization (odds ratio [OR] 1.81–7.53) and psychological and/ or physical abuse (OR 1.29–3.12), than no or low adversity. Similarly, compared with nontransgender adolescents, transgender adolescents were more likely to be classified into profiles characterized by patterns of polyvictimization (OR 1.49–2.91) and psychological and/or physical abuse (OR 1.23–1.96). A higher level of gender nonconformity predicted a higher likelihood of being classified into each adversity profile compared with the no or low adversity profile (OR 1.14–1.45). CONCLUSIONS Sexual minority adolescents and adolescents with high levels of gender nonconformity are vulnerable to experience adversity. The disparities for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning adolescents and adolescents with high gender nonconformity highlight the variation in patterns of childhood adversity that these youth are at risk of experiencing. The findings reveal the need for further research on the benefits and harm of screening for childhood adversity by physicians and pediatricians.

scholarly journals Substance Use Is Common in Elder Abuse Cases: Qualitative Findings From a Multi-Disciplinary Team

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 446-446
Author(s):  
Seyed Parham Khalili ◽  
Alyssa Elman ◽  
Sunday Clark ◽  
Yuhua Bao ◽  
Yiye Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Focus Group ◽  
Physical Abuse ◽  
Older Adult ◽  
Elder Abuse ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Multi Disciplinary Team

Abstract Elder abuse is mistreatment of an older adult by a caregiver or another person in a position with an expectation of trust. Adversely affecting as many as 10% of community-dwelling older adults in the US, it may include physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological abuse, financial exploitation and neglect. Mental illness and substance use by caregivers, family members and victims themselves have been described as risk factors for multiple forms of elder abuse in prior cross-sectional analyses but the impact on these cases is poorly understood. To explore this association we conducted a focus group using a semi-structured format involving an inter-disciplinary group of elder abuse professionals that are part of the New York City Elder Abuse Center enhanced multi-disciplinary team (EMDT) in Staten Island, New York. Focus group participants reported that opioid, cocaine, cannabis and alcohol use is common among perpetrators of elder abuse, especially in cases of financial mistreatment, verbal and physical abuse. Other potential consequences included eviction of the older adult victim, co-dependency and involvement of the older adult in the procurement of illicit substances, and substance use by the older adult. Respondents specifically expressed concerns that the opioid epidemic, including rising heroin use, may be changing the frequency and nature of elder abuse, and that case investigations offer an opportunity to facilitate referrals for formal substance use disorder assessment and treatment. Future work includes additional focus groups and quantitative analysis to clarify the intersection between substance use and elder abuse and inform intervention and prevention strategies.

scholarly journals Influence of childhood trauma on diagnosis and substance use in first-episode psychosis

2017 ◽  
Vol 211 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Tomassi ◽  
S. Tosato ◽  
V. Mondelli ◽  
C. Faravelli ◽  
A. Lasalvia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Physical Abuse ◽  
Childhood Trauma ◽  
First Episode Psychosis ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Affective Psychosis ◽  
Episode Psychosis

BackgroundChildhood trauma has been significantly associated with first-episode psychosis, affective dysfunction and substance use.AimsTo test whether people with first-episode psychosis who had experienced childhood trauma, when compared with those who had not, showed a higher rate of affective psychosis and an increased lifetime rate of substance use.MethodThe sample comprised 345 participants with first-episode psychosis (58% male, mean age 29.8 years, s.d.=9.7).ResultsSevere sexual abuse was significantly associated with a diagnosis of affective psychosis (χ2=4.9, P=0.04) and with higher rates of lifetime use of cannabis (68% v. 41%; P = 0.02) and heroin (20% v. 5%; P=0.02). Severe physical abuse was associated with increased lifetime use of heroin (15% v. 5%; P = 0.03) and cocaine (32% v. 17%; P = 0.05).ConclusionsPatients with first-episode psychosis exposed to childhood trauma appear to constitute a distinctive subgroup in terms of diagnosis and lifetime substance use.

scholarly journals Examining the epigenetic mechanisms of childhood adversity and sensitive periods: a gene set-based approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiwen Zhu ◽  
Alexandre A Lussier ◽  
Andrew D.A.C. Smith ◽  
Andrew J. Simpkin ◽  
Matthew J. Suderman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Childhood ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Childhood Adversity ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Sensitive Period ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Early Life Adversity ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Gene Set ◽  
Sensitive Periods

Background: Sensitive periods are developmental stages of heightened plasticity when exposure to childhood adversity may exert lasting impacts. A few biological pathways are known to play key roles in regulating sensitive period plasticity across brain development. Epigenetic mechanisms including DNA methylation (DNAm) may provide a means through which life experiences during sensitive periods induce long-term biological changes. In the current study, we investigated the possibility that adversity during sensitive periods led to DNAm changes in genes that regulate the timing and duration of sensitive periods in development. Methods: Using childhood adversity data and genome-wide DNAm profiles from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (n=785), we summarized DNAm variation of CpG sites in the promoters of genes regulating sensitive periods with the first two principal components (PCs). DNAm summaries were calculated for genes regulating sensitive period opening (ngenes=15), closing (ngenes=36), and expression/duration (ngenes=8). We then performed linear discriminant analysis to test associations between these DNAm summaries and the timing of exposure to seven types of adversity. Results: Sexual or physical abuse and financial hardship during middle childhood (6-7 years) were associated with DNAm of genes regulating the onset and duration of sensitive periods. Sensitivity analyses assessing the presence of any exposure before age 7 and a composite measure of adversity yielded fewer signals, highlighting the importance of accounting for timing and adversity type. Conclusions: With our novel gene set-based approach, we have uncovered suggestive evidence that epigenetic regulation of developmental plasticity may be affected by early life adversity. The complementarity of our gene-level view of the epigenome to the more common and granular epigenome-wide association study may yield novel mechanistic insights not only for adversity but also for other exposures and outcomes.

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