scholarly journals Amygdala activation in maltreated children during pre-attentive emotional processing

2013 ◽  
Vol 202 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eamon J. McCrory ◽  
Stéphane A. De Brito ◽  
Philip A. Kelly ◽  
Geoffrey Bird ◽  
Catherine L. Sebastian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorder ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Age At Onset ◽  
Childhood Adversity ◽  
Neural Response ◽  
Maltreated Children ◽  
Amygdala Activation ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Right

BackgroundChildhood adversity is associated with significantly increased risk of psychiatric disorder. To date, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of children have mainly focused on institutionalisation and investigated conscious processing of affect.AimsTo investigate neural response to pre-attentively presented affect cues in a community sample of children with documented experiences of maltreatment in the home.MethodA masked dot-probe paradigm involving pre-attentive presentation of angry, happy and neutral facial expressions was employed. Eighteen maltreated children were compared with 23 carefully matched non-maltreated peers.ResultsIncreased neural response was observed in the right amygdala for pre-attentively presented angry and happy faces in maltreated v. non-maltreated children. Level of amygdala activation was negatively associated with age at onset for several abuse subtypes.ConclusionsMaltreatment is associated with heightened neural response to positive and negative facial affect, even to stimuli outside awareness. This may represent a latent neural risk factor for future psychiatric disorder.

scholarly journals Towards improved precision and a new classification of diabetes mellitus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Ahlqvist ◽  
Rashmi B Prasad ◽  
Leif Groop
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Personalized Medicine ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Age At Onset ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Insulin Resistant ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Patient Health ◽  
The Right

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the fastest increasing diseases worldwide. Although it is defined by a single metabolite, glucose, it is increasingly recognized as a highly heterogeneous disease with varying clinical manifestations. Identification of different subtypes at an early stage of disease when complications might still be prevented could hopefully allow for more personalized medicine. An important step towards precision medicine would be to target the right resources to the right patients, thereby improving patient health and reducing health costs for the society. More well-defined disease populations also offer increased power in experimental, genetic and clinical studies. In a recent study, we used six clinical variables (GAD autoantibodies, age at onset of diabetes, HbA1c, BMI, and simple measures of insulin resistance and insulin secretion (so called HOMA estimates) to cluster adult-onset diabetes patients into five subgroups. These subgroups have been robustly reproduced in several populations worldwide and are associated with different risks of diabetic complications and responses to treatment. Importantly, the group with severe insulin-deficient diabetes (SIDD) had increased risk of retinopathy and neuropathy, whereas the severe insulin-resistant diabetes (SIRD) group has the highest risk for diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and fatty liver. This emphasizes the key role of insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of DKD and fatty liver in T2D. In conclusion, this novel sub-classification, breaking down T2D in clinically meaningful subgroups, provides the prerequisite framework for expanded personalized medicine in diabetes beyond what is already available for monogenic and to some extent type 1 diabetes.

Socio-economic status, family disruption and residential stability in childhood: relation to onset, recurrence and remission of major depression

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 1341-1355 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. GILMAN ◽  
I. KAWACHI ◽  
G. M. FITZMAURICE ◽  
S. L. BUKA
Keyword(s):  
Rhode Island ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Age At Onset ◽  
Childhood Adversity ◽  
Residential Instability ◽  
Family Disruption ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
High Level ◽  
Depressive Episodes

Background. Childhood adversity significantly increases the risk of depression, but it is unclear whether this risk is most pronounced for depression occurring early in life. In the present study, we examine whether three aspects of childhood adversity – low socio-economic status (SES), family disruption, and residential instability – are related to increased risk of depression during specific stages of the life course. We also examine whether these aspects of childhood adversity are related to the severity of depression.Method. A sample of 1089 of the 4140 births enrolled in the Providence, Rhode Island cohort of the National Collaborative Perinatal Project was interviewed between the ages of 18 and 39. Measures of parental SES, childhood family disruption and residential instability were obtained upon mother's enrolment and at age 7. Age at onset of major depressive episode, lifetime number of depressive episodes, and age at last episode were ascertained via structured diagnostic interviews. Survival analysis was used to identify risk factors for depression onset and remission and Poisson regression was used to model the recurrence rate of depressive episodes.Results. Low parental SES, family disruption and a high level of residential instability, defined as three or more family moves, were related to elevated lifetime risks of depression; the effects of family disruption and residential instability were most pronounced on depression onset by age 14. Childhood adversity was also related to increased risk of recurrence and reduced likelihood of remission.Conclusions. Childhood social disadvantage significantly influences risk of depression onset both in childhood and in adulthood. Early childhood adversity is also related to poor prognosis.

Anthropometric and Psychomotor Development Factors Linked to Foot Valgus in Children Aged 6 to 9 Years

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-35
Author(s):  
Jose Miguel Morales Asencio ◽  
Miguel F. Medina-Alcántara ◽  
Ana Belen Ortega-Avila ◽  
Ana María Jimenez-Cebrian ◽  
Joaquin Paez Moguer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Age At Onset ◽  
Valgus Deformity ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Psychomotor Development ◽  
Anthropometric Parameters ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Right

Background: Planovalgus foot prevalence estimates vary widely (0.6%–77.9%). Among the many factors that may influence planovalgus foot development, much attention has been given to body mass index, especially that of children's feet; factors related to psychomotor development have been less studied. We sought to determine the presence of planovalgus foot in children and its association with anthropometric parameters and psychomotor development. Methods: A case-control study was conducted in Málaga, Spain, 2012–2013, of 104 schoolchildren (mean ± SD age, 7.55 ± 0.89 years; 45.2% were boys). Age, sex, body mass index, presence of valgus (valgus index, by pedigraphy), and personal history related to psychomotor development of the lower limbs (presence/absence of crawling, age at onset of crawling, age at onset of walking, use of mobility aids) were evaluated. Results: Of the children with obesity, 53.7% had valgus deformity in the left hindfoot (odds ratio [OR], 6.94; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.72–17.70; P < .0001). In the right foot, the corresponding values were 54.5% (OR, 9.08; 95% CI, 3.38–24.36; P < .0001). Multivariate logistic regression showed an increased risk of left planovalgus foot in boys, in children with overweight or obesity, and in those who began walking later. For the right foot, the same risk factors applied except age at onset of walking. Conclusions: These results corroborate data from previous studies, which report an association between overweight and obesity and the onset of planovalgus foot in children. In addition, we identify a new risk factor: age at onset of walking.

scholarly journals Rapid-cycling bipolar disorder: cross-national community study

2010 ◽  
Vol 196 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sing Lee ◽  
Adley Tsang ◽  
Ronald C. Kessler ◽  
Robert Jin ◽  
Nancy Sampson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Age At Onset ◽  
Childhood Adversity ◽  
Composite International Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Rapid Cycling ◽  
National Community ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics ◽  
Cross National

BackgroundThe epidemiology of rapid-cycling bipolar disorder in the community is largely unknown.AimsTo investigate the epidemiological characteristics of rapid-cycling and non-rapid-cycling bipolar disorder in a large cross-national community sample.MethodThe Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI version 3.0) was used to examine the prevalence, severity, comorbidity, impairment, suicidality, sociodemographics, childhood adversity and treatment of rapid-cycling and non-rapid-cycling bipolar disorder in ten countries (n = 54 257).ResultsThe 12-month prevalence of rapid-cycling bipolar disorder was 0.3%. Roughly a third and two-fifths of participants with lifetime and 12-month bipolar disorder respectively met criteria for rapid cycling. Compared with the non-rapid-cycling, rapid-cycling bipolar disorder was associated with younger age at onset, higher persistence, more severe depressive symptoms, greater impairment from depressive symptoms, more out-of-role days from mania/hypomania, more anxiety disorders and an increased likelihood of using health services. Associations regarding childhood, family and other sociodemographic correlates were less clear cut.ConclusionsThe community epidemiological profile of rapid-cycling bipolar disorder confirms most but not all current clinically based knowledge about the illness.

The role of neurometabolites in emotional processing

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S87-S87
Author(s):  
D. Denzel ◽  
L.R. Demenescu ◽  
L. Colic ◽  
F. von Düring ◽  
H. Nießen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Facial Expression ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Neural Response ◽  
7 Tesla ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Excitatory Neurotransmitter ◽  
The Right

ObjectiveTo investigate how brain metabolites, especially glutamate and glutamate to glutamine ratio of pgACC modulate the neural response within these areas and how this affects their function during emotion facial expression matching task.MethodsSeventy healthy volunteers underwent magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and task functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in 7 Tesla scanner. PgACC MRS data were obtained using STEAM sequence and analyzed using LCModel.Angry, fearful, and happy facial expressions were presented in an affect-matching block where one of the two facial expressions presented matched the target facial expression. The control condition was form matching. Data were preprocessed and analyzed in SPM 8.ResultsGlutamate to Creatine ratio measured in pgACC positively correlated with BOLD response in the right DLPFC during negative emotional perception (FWE = 0.05) Glutamate to glutamine ratio indicating on-off mechanisms in pgACC positively correlated with BOLD responses in FFA extending to cerebellum cluster (FWE < 0.05).ConclusionThis study indicate that pgACC, baseline metabolism predicts neural response to emotional processing. We conclude that individuals with higher glutamate ratios, an excitatory neurotransmitter, in pgACC during rest might have a better coping mechanism to potential danger indicated by perception of angry or afraid faces.The higher glutamate to glutamine ratio in pgACC indicates a higher turnover of excitatory metabolite glutamate. This mechanism is associated with higher emotional response in fusiform area and cerebellum suggesting higher visual attention towards negative emotions.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals Depression-related weight change and incident diabetes in a community sample

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Graham ◽  
Tristan Watson ◽  
Sonya S. Deschênes ◽  
Kristian B. Filion ◽  
Mélanie Henderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Increased Risk

AbstractThis cohort study aimed to compare the incidence of type 2 diabetes in adults with depression-related weight gain, depression-related weight loss, depression with no weight change, and no depression. The study sample included 59,315 community-dwelling adults in Ontario, Canada. Depression-related weight change in the past 12 months was measured using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview—Short Form. Participants were followed for up to 20 years using administrative health data. Cox proportional hazards models compared the incidence of type 2 diabetes in adults with depression-related weight change and in adults with no depression. Adults with depression-related weight gain had an increased risk of type 2 diabetes compared to adults no depression (HR 1.70, 95% CI 1.32–2.20), adults with depression-related weight loss (HR 1.62, 95% CI 1.09–2.42), and adults with depression with no weight change (HR 1.39, 95% CI 1.03–1.86). Adults with depression with no weight change also had an increased risk of type 2 diabetes compared to those with no depression (HR 1.23, 95% CI 1.04–1.45). Associations were stronger among women and persisted after adjusting for attained overweight and obesity. Identifying symptoms of weight change in depression may aid in identifying adults at higher risk of type 2 diabetes and in developing tailored prevention strategies.

Bilateral angle-closure during hospitalization for coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19): A case report

2021 ◽  
pp. 112067212110121
Author(s):  
Guido Barosco ◽  
Roberta Morbio ◽  
Francesca Chemello ◽  
Roberto Tosi ◽  
Giorgio Marchini
Keyword(s):  
Visual Impairment ◽  
Cataract Extraction ◽  
Ultrasound Biomicroscopy ◽  
Angle Closure ◽  
Blurred Vision ◽  
Primary Angle Closure ◽  
Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Right ◽  
End Stage

Purpose: This report describes a case of bilateral primary angle closure (PAC) progressing to unilateral end-stage primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) associated with treatment for coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) infection. Methods: A 64-year-old man came to our attention because of blurred vision after a 2-month hospital stay for treatment of COVID-19 infection. Examination findings revealed PACG, with severe visual impairment in the right eye and PAC in the left eye due to plateau iris syndrome. The patient’s severe clinical condition and prolonged systemic therapy masked the symptoms and delayed the diagnosis. Medical chart review disclosed the multifactorial causes of the visual impairment. Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) aided in diagnosis and subsequent therapy. Results: The cause behind the primary angle closure and the iridotrabecular contact was eliminated by bilateral cataract extraction, goniosynechialysis, and myotic therapy. Conclusions: COVID-19 treatment may pose an increased risk for PAC. Accurate recording of patient and family ophthalmic history is essential to prevent its onset. Recognition of early signs of PAC is key to averting its progression to PACG.

The gray matter volume of the right insula mediates the relationship between symptoms of depression/anxiety and sleep quality among college students

2019 ◽  
pp. 135910531986997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huazhan Yin ◽  
Li Zhang ◽  
Dan Li ◽  
Lu Xiao ◽  
Mei Cheng
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship

This study investigated the neuroanatomical basis of the association between depression/anxiety and sleep quality among 370 college students. The results showed that there was a significant correlation between sleep quality and depression/anxiety. Moreover, mediation results showed that the gray matter volume of the right insula mediated the relationship between depression/anxiety and sleep quality, which suggested that depression/anxiety may affect sleep quality through the right insula volume. These findings confirmed a strong link between sleep quality and depression/anxiety, while highlighting the volumetric variation in the right insula associated with emotional processing, which may play a critical role in improving sleep quality.

scholarly journals Sensitive periods for the effect of childhood interpersonal violence on psychiatric disorder onset among adolescents

2017 ◽  
Vol 211 (6) ◽  
pp. 365-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin C. Dunn ◽  
Yan Wang ◽  
Jenny Tse ◽  
Katie A. McLaughlin ◽  
Garrett Fitzmaurice ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Psychiatric Disorder ◽  
Physical Abuse ◽  
Middle Childhood ◽  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Childhood Adversity ◽  
Elevated Risk ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sensitive Periods

BackgroundAlthough childhood adversity is a strong determinant of psychopathology, it remains unclear whether there are ‘sensitive periods’ when a first episode of adversity is most harmful.AimsTo examine whether variation in the developmental timing of a first episode of interpersonal violence (up to age 18) associates with risk for psychopathology.MethodUsing cross-sectional data, we examined the association between age at first exposure to four types of interpersonal violence (physical abuse by parents, physical abuse by others, rape, and sexual assault/molestation) and onset of four classes of DSM-IV disorders (distress, fear, behaviour, substance use) (n=9984). Age at exposure was defined as: early childhood (ages 0–5), middle childhood (ages 6–10) and adolescence (ages 11–18).ResultsExposure to interpersonal violence at any age period about doubled the risk of a psychiatric disorder (odds ratios (ORs) = 1.51–2.52). However, few differences in risk were observed based on the timing of first exposure. After conducting 20 tests of association, only three significant differences in risk were observed based on the timing of exposure; these results suggested an elevated risk of behaviour disorder among youth first exposed to any type of interpersonal violence during adolescence (OR = 2.37, 95% CI 1.69–3.34), especially being beaten by another person (OR = 2.44; 95% CI 1.57–3.79), and an elevated risk of substance use disorder among youth beaten by someone during adolescence (OR=2.77, 95% CI 1.94–3.96).ConclusionsChildren exposed to interpersonal violence had an elevated risk of psychiatric disorder. However, age at first episode of exposure was largely unassociated with psychopathology risk.

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