Functionally explicit partitioning of plant β-diversity reveal soil fungal assembly in the subarctic tundra

2021 ◽  
Vol 97 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shota Masumoto ◽  
Ryo Kitagawa ◽  
Keita Nishizawa ◽  
Ryo Kaneko ◽  
Takashi Osono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Species Turnover ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Vegetation Shifts ◽  
Β Diversity ◽  
Functional Components

ABSTRACT Metabarcoding technologies for soil fungal DNA pools have enabled to capture the diversity of fungal community and the agreement of their β-diversity with plant β-diversity. However, processes underlying the synchrony of the aboveground–belowground biodiversity is still unclear. By using partitioning methods for plant β-diversity, this study explored the process driving synchrony in tundra ecosystems, in which drastic vegetation shifts are observed with climate warming. Our methods based on Baselga's partitioning enabled the division of plant β-diversity into two phenomena and three functional components. Correlation of fungal β-diversity with the components of plant β-diversity showed that the spatial replacement of fungi was promoted by plant species turnover, in particular, plant species turnover with functional exchange. In addition, spatial variety of graminoid or forbs species, rather than shrubs, enhanced fungal β-diversity. These results suggest the importance of small-scale factors such as plant–fungal interactions or local environments modified by plants for the fungal community assemblage. The process-based understanding of community dynamics of plants and fungi allows us to predict the ongoing shrub encroachment in the Arctic region, which could weaken the aboveground–belowground synchrony.

scholarly journals Soil fungal β-diversity rather than α-diversity increases with increasing oceanic island area

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Zheng ◽  
Pulak Maitra ◽  
Hui-Yun Gan ◽  
Liang Chen ◽  
Shengchun Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Community ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Oceanic Islands ◽  
Spatial Distance ◽  
Xisha Islands ◽  
Island Area ◽  
Β Diversity ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
Soil Fungal Community

Fungi have huge biodiversity and play important roles in soil biogeochemical cycling and ecosystem services in island ecosystems. Although island biogeography has been widely studied in macroorganisms, the relationship between soil fungal diversity and area in islands is less documented. Here, we examine soil fungal communities of 18 oceanic islands belonged to two types of islands (8 general islands in Wanshan and 10 coral islands in Xisha) in South China Sea through Illumina Miseq sequencing techniques. Our results showed that soil fungal α-diversity (species richness) was significantly different among the oceanic islands, with a higher value in Wanshan than in Xisha islands. Soil fungal α-diversity was significantly affected by soil potassium and magnesium (Mg) and plant community in Wanshan islands but by soil Mg in Xisha islands. Soil fungal community composition was significantly different in Wanshan and Xisha islands and influenced by soil, plant community and spatial distance. Ecological stochasticity model showed that the fungal community assembly was mainly structured by deterministic process regardless of island types. The fungal β-diversity (community turnover), but not α-diversity was significantly increased with increasing island area. Our findings may have implications for better predicting soil fungal community dynamics in island systems and for enhancing insight into microbial biodiversity conservation.

Minerals and Fisheries in the Arctic

2019 ◽  
pp. 220-244
Author(s):  
Ishita Ghoshal ◽  
Ishita Ghosh ◽  
Sukalpa Chakrabarti
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Revealed Comparative Advantage ◽  
Iuu Fishing ◽  
Trade Model ◽  
India And China

The chapter focuses on the revealed comparative advantage (RCA) that India and China may have (or not) with the Arctic region vis-à-vis certain marine and mineral resources. The outcomes will indicate where and how India and China could look to maximize trading potential, other than natural gases. The study applies a multi-country and multi-commodity Ricardian trade model and utilizes the Balassa Index to examine the revealed comparative advantage of select fish and minerals available at the Arctic. The study finds that there is considerable comparative advantage that the Arctic enjoys in terms of export of salmon/trout/cod and palladium vis-à-vis India and China. India and China both have a lot to gain by positively contributing towards intensification of partnerships among the governments for sustainable management of the resources. The focus should be on effective cooperation among the states in addressing illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing and to promote human development by supporting and safeguarding the small-scale actors in both mining and fishing sectors.

scholarly journals A Review of Hydrological Models Applied in the Permafrost-Dominated Arctic Region

Geosciences ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 401
Author(s):  
Minh Tuan Bui ◽  
Jinmei Lu ◽  
Linmei Nie
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Data Acquisition ◽  
Hydrological Model ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Hydrological Process ◽  
Hydrological Models ◽  
Near Surface

The Arctic region is the most sensitive region to climate change. Hydrological models are fundamental tools for climate change impact assessment. However, due to the extreme weather conditions, specific hydrological process, and data acquisition challenges in the Arctic, it is crucial to select suitable hydrological model(s) for this region. In this paper, a comprehensive review and comparison of different models is conducted based on recently available studies. The functionality, limitations, and suitability of the potential hydrological models for the Arctic hydrological process are analyzed, including: (1) The surface hydrological models Topoflow, DMHS (deterministic modeling hydrological system), HBV (Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning), SWAT (soil and water assessment tool), WaSiM (water balance simulation model), ECOMAG (ecological model for applied geophysics), and CRHM (cold regions hydrological model); and (2) the cryo-hydrogeological models ATS (arctic terrestrial simulator), CryoGrid 3, GEOtop, SUTRA-ICE (ice variant of the existing saturated/unsaturated transport model), and PFLOTRAN-ICE (ice variant of the existing massively parallel subsurface flow and reactive transport model). The review finds that Topoflow, HBV, SWAT, ECOMAG, and CRHM are suitable for studying surface hydrology rather than other processes in permafrost environments, whereas DMHS, WaSiM, and the cryo-hydrogeological models have higher capacities for subsurface hydrology, since they take into account the three phase changes of water in the near-surface soil. Of the cryo-hydrogeological models reviewed here, GEOtop, SUTRA-ICE, and PFLOTRAN-ICE are found to be suitable for small-scale catchments, whereas ATS and CryoGrid 3 are potentially suitable for large-scale catchments. Especially, ATS and GEOtop are the first tools that couple surface/subsurface permafrost thermal hydrology. If the accuracy of simulating the active layer dynamics is targeted, DMHS, ATS, GEOtop, and PFLOTRAN-ICE are potential tools compared to the other models. Further, data acquisition is a challenging task for cryo-hydrogeological models due to the complex boundary conditions when compared to the surface hydrological models HBV, SWAT, and CRHM, and the cryo-hydrogeological models are more difficult for non-expert users and more expensive to run compared to other models.

scholarly journals Two-years of investigation revealed the inconsistency of seasonal dynamics of an ectomycorrhizal fungal community in Japanese cool-temperate forest across years

2020 ◽  
Vol 96 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoriko Sugiyama ◽  
Shunsuke Matsuoka ◽  
Takashi Osono
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Seasonal Dynamics ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Tropical Region ◽  
Fungal Community Composition ◽  
Cool Temperate

ABSTRACT Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal communities show temporal dynamics. Such dynamics have been mainly assessed with 1 year of investigations and have been related to the seasonal changes in environment. Recent study in sub-tropical region has revealed that stochastic temporal-based process can affect ECM fungal community, making the community of the same season different between years. The different community structures across years have also been observed in the Arctic region with a grass host. Nevertheless, in temperate zones, the effect of temporal-based processes and the consistency of seasonal dynamics have never been investigated. We conducted a 2-year root sampling in a cool temperate Fagus crenata forest to test whether the temporal variation of ECM fungal community composition could be explained by season. The explanation powers of temporal distance and environmental factors for the temporal dynamics of ECM fungal community were simultaneously evaluated. The variation in community structure was significantly explained by year but not by season, indicating that seasonal community structure differed between years. This difference in the community structure across years was partly explained by temporal factors. Our study implies that the temporal dynamics of ECM fungal communities in temperate forests are affected by temporal-based factors and can vary across years.

scholarly journals Does full protection count for the maintenance of β‐diversity patterns in marine communities? Evidence from Mediterranean fish assemblages

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Appolloni
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Heterogeneity ◽  
Fish Assemblages ◽  
Marine Protected Area ◽  
Species Turnover ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Diversity Patterns ◽  
Marine Communities ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
Β Diversity ◽  
Full Protection

1. Although it is widely recognized that protection may enhance size, abundance, and diversity offish, its effect on spatial heterogeneity of fish assemblages and species turnover is still poorlyunderstood.2. Here the effect of full protection within a Mediterranean marine protected area on β‐diversity patterns of fish assemblages along a depth gradient comparing a no‐take zone with multiple unprotected areas is explored. The no‐take zone showed significantly higher synecological parameters, higher β‐diversity among depths, and lower small‐scale heterogeneity of fish assemblages relative to unprotected areas.3. Such patterns might likely depend on the high level of fishing pressure outside the no‐takezone, as also abundance‐biomass curves seemed to indicate. Results suggested that full protection could play a role in maintaining high β‐diversity, thus reducing the fragility of marine communities and ecosystems, and spatial heterogeneity may represent a reliable predictor of how management actions could provide insurance against undesirable phase shifts.

STORM ICE OIL WIND WAVE WATCH SYSTEM (SIOWS): WEB GIS APPLICATION FOR MONITORING THE ARCTIC

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Myasoedov ◽  
Alexander Myasoedov ◽  
Sergey Azarov ◽  
Sergey Azarov ◽  
Ekaterina Balashova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Data ◽  
Wind Wave ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Web Gis ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Flexible Tool ◽  
In Situ Data ◽  
Current State ◽  
Watch System

Working with satellite data, has long been an issue for users which has often prevented from a wider use of these data because of Volume, Access, Format and Data Combination. The purpose of the Storm Ice Oil Wind Wave Watch System (SIOWS) developed at Satellite Oceanography Laboratory (SOLab) is to solve the main issues encountered with satellite data and to provide users with a fast and flexible tool to select and extract data within massive archives that match exactly its needs or interest improving the efficiency of the monitoring system of geophysical conditions in the Arctic. SIOWS - is a Web GIS, designed to display various satellite, model and in situ data, it uses developed at SOLab storing, processing and visualization technologies for operational and archived data. It allows synergistic analysis of both historical data and monitoring of the current state and dynamics of the "ocean-atmosphere-cryosphere" system in the Arctic region, as well as Arctic system forecasting based on thermodynamic models with satellite data assimilation.

Prévoir les variations saisonnières de la glace de mer arctique et leurs impacts sur le climat

2020 ◽  
pp. 024
Author(s):  
Rym Msadek ◽  
Gilles Garric ◽  
Sara Fleury ◽  
Florent Garnier ◽  
Lauriane Batté ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Arctic Sea Ice ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Recent Effort ◽  
Sea Ice Thickness ◽  
Arctic Sea ◽  
Ice Conditions ◽  
Upper Level

L'Arctique est la région du globe qui s'est réchauffée le plus vite au cours des trente dernières années, avec une augmentation de la température de surface environ deux fois plus rapide que pour la moyenne globale. Le déclin de la banquise arctique observé depuis le début de l'ère satellitaire et attribué principalement à l'augmentation de la concentration des gaz à effet de serre aurait joué un rôle important dans cette amplification des températures au pôle. Cette fonte importante des glaces arctiques, qui devrait s'accélérer dans les décennies à venir, pourrait modifier les vents en haute altitude et potentiellement avoir un impact sur le climat des moyennes latitudes. L'étendue de la banquise arctique varie considérablement d'une saison à l'autre, d'une année à l'autre, d'une décennie à l'autre. Améliorer notre capacité à prévoir ces variations nécessite de comprendre, observer et modéliser les interactions entre la banquise et les autres composantes du système Terre, telles que l'océan, l'atmosphère ou la biosphère, à différentes échelles de temps. La réalisation de prévisions saisonnières de la banquise arctique est très récente comparée aux prévisions du temps ou aux prévisions saisonnières de paramètres météorologiques (température, précipitation). Les résultats ayant émergé au cours des dix dernières années mettent en évidence l'importance des observations de l'épaisseur de la glace de mer pour prévoir l'évolution de la banquise estivale plusieurs mois à l'avance. Surface temperatures over the Arctic region have been increasing twice as fast as global mean temperatures, a phenomenon known as arctic amplification. One main contributor to this polar warming is the large decline of Arctic sea ice observed since the beginning of satellite observations, which has been attributed to the increase of greenhouse gases. The acceleration of Arctic sea ice loss that is projected for the coming decades could modify the upper level atmospheric circulation yielding climate impacts up to the mid-latitudes. There is considerable variability in the spatial extent of ice cover on seasonal, interannual and decadal time scales. Better understanding, observing and modelling the interactions between sea ice and the other components of the climate system is key for improved predictions of Arctic sea ice in the future. Running operational-like seasonal predictions of Arctic sea ice is a quite recent effort compared to weather predictions or seasonal predictions of atmospheric fields like temperature or precipitation. Recent results stress the importance of sea ice thickness observations to improve seasonal predictions of Arctic sea ice conditions during summer.

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