scholarly journals RACE AND GENDER DIFFERENCES IN PHYSICAL FUNCTIONING AMONG COMMUNITY-DWELLING OLDER ADULTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S780-S780
Author(s):  
Chanee D Fabius ◽  
Lauren J Parker ◽  
Roland J Thorpe Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Physical Functioning ◽  
Self Care ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Formal Caregivers ◽  
Representative Study ◽  
Household Activities ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Prior work has demonstrated that there are race and gender disparities in the prevalence of need for assistance with tasks such as self-care, mobility, and household activities. Research has historically shown that older black Americans and women experience greater prevalence of physical functioning declines. It is unclear whether these differences persist among those receiving assistance. Using data from the 2015 National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS), a nationally representative study of Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 and older, and after adjusting for covariates, black men received less assistance with self-care and mobility activities, and white and black women received more help with mobility and household activities, compared to white men. Findings are critical to advancing our understanding of the needs of vulnerable older adults receiving assistance. More research is needed to understand the implications of these differences on long-term services and supports provided by both informal and formal caregivers.

scholarly journals The Influence of Race and Gender on Receiving Assistance with Daily Activities among Older Americans

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chanee D Fabius ◽  
Lauren J Parker ◽  
Roland J Thorpe
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Black Men ◽  
Self Care ◽  
White Men ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Medicare Beneficiaries ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Background and Objectives Nearly 8.2 million of community-dwelling, older Medicare beneficiaries receive support from long-term services and supports (LTSS) with routine daily activities. Prior work demonstrates disability related disparities; however, it is unclear whether these patterns persist among LTSS recipients and across specific sets of activities. We examine race and gender differences in receiving help with self-care (e.g., eating), mobility (e.g., getting around the house), and household (e.g., shopping) activities in a nationally representative sample of community-dwelling Medicare Beneficiaries receiving LTSS. Research Design and Methods Cross-sectional analysis of 1,808 White and Black older adults receiving assistance with routine daily activities in the 2015 National Health and Aging Trends Study. Bivariate statistics were used to describe the sample and provide comparisons of characteristics by race and gender. Logistic regression models examined race and gender differences in receiving assistance with self-care, mobility, and household activities after adjusting for sociodemographic and health characteristics. Results Race and gender differences were observed across all sociodemographic and health characteristics, as well as for all forms of assistance. Relative to White men, Black men had lower odds of receiving help with self-care activities. White and black women had higher odds, and Black men had lower odds of getting help with mobility activities than White men. Black men, and White and Black women all had higher odds of receiving assistance with household tasks compared to White men. Discussion and Implications Our findings indicate that, despite prior evidence of disability related disparities, the receipt of help with self-care, mobility, and household activities varies by race and gender. Findings reveals several target areas for future research. Future work should examine the role of cultural and social preferences for care, as well as the appropriateness of help, as evidenced by health service use and changes in quality of life.

scholarly journals Health and Working Beyond Retirement Age: Exploring Racial and Gender Intersectionality

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 570-570
Author(s):  
Ronica Rooks ◽  
Allison Leanage
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Black Women ◽  
White Women ◽  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Program Costs ◽  
And Gender ◽  
White Adults

Abstract Little longitudinal research exists on health and working among older racial and ethnic minority adults. Following previous cross-sectional research, we examine the Health, Aging, and Body Composition (HABC) study comparing working vs. not working overtime among older adults. We hypothesize: 1) Black vs. White adults are more likely to work; 2) Black vs. White differences in working are greater among women than men; and 3) Working relates to fewer prevalent health problems than not working. We used gender-stratified descriptive statistics and generalized mixed-effects logistic regression with covariate adjustments to analyze the HABC cohort study, with community-dwelling, well-functioning Black (42%) and White older adults aged 70-79 in year 1 (n=3,069) to year 6 (n=2,091). We found support for all three hypotheses. Black vs. White adults were more likely to work overtime. Women were less likely to work overtime compared to men. White women were less likely to keep working compared to men and Black women. Lastly, older adults with fewer chronic conditions were more likely to continue working. Our study finds racial and gender differences among older adults working overtime. Intersectionality plays a role in older adults’ health and work disparities, leading us to explore the needs and/or benefits of working past retirement in specific groups. Our policy implication is for society to pro-actively invest in older adults’ health and productive activities, which may act as social determinants of health solutions to reduce disparities and growing social safety net program costs.

scholarly journals Fear of falling is as important as multiple previous falls in terms of limiting daily activities: a longitudinal study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Minhui Liu ◽  
Tianxue Hou ◽  
Yuxiao Li ◽  
Xiaocao Sun ◽  
Sarah L. Szanton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Incidence Rate Ratio ◽  
Fear Of Falling ◽  
Self Care ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
The Past ◽  
Generalized Estimation Equation ◽  
Household Activities ◽  
Hispanic White

Abstract Background Fear of falling and previous falls are both risk factors that affect daily activities of older adults. However, it remains unclear whether they independently limit daily activities accounting for each other. Methods We used the data from Round 1 (Year 1) to Round 5 (Year 5) of the National Health and Aging Trends Study. We included a total of 864 community-dwelling participants who provided data on previous falls, fear of falling and limited activities from Year 1 to Year 5 and had no limited daily activities at Year 1 in this study. Previous falls and fear of falling were ascertained by asking participants how many falls they had in the past year and whether they had worried about falling in the last month. Limited daily activities included any difficulties with mobility (e.g., going outside), self-care (e.g., eating), and household activities (e.g., laundering). Generalized estimation equation models were used to examine whether previous falls and fear of falling independently predicted development of limited daily activities adjusting covariates. Results Participants were mainly between 65 and 79 years old (83 %), male (57 %), and non-Hispanic White (79 %). Among participants who had multiple falls in Year 1, 19.1-31 %, 21.4-52.4 %, and 11.9-35.7 % developed limitations in mobility, self-care, and household activities during Year 2 to Year 5, respectively. Among those who had fear of falling in Year 1, 22.5-41.3 %, 30.0-55.0 %, and 18.8-36.3 % developed limitations in mobility, self-care, and household activities during Year 2 to Year 4, respectively. Fear of falling independently predicted limitations in mobility (Incidence rate ratio [IRR]: 1.79, 95 % CI: 1.44, 2.24), self-care (IRR: 1.25, 95 % CI: 1.08, 1.44) and household activities (IRR: 1.39, 95 % CI: 1.08, 1.78) after adjusting for previous falls and covariates. Multiple previous falls independently predicted limitations in mobility (IRR: 1.72, 1.30, 2.27), self-care (IRR: 1.40, 95 % CI: 1.19, 1.66) and household activities (IRR: 1.36, 95 % CI: 1.01, 1.83) after adjusting fear of falling and covariates. Conclusions Fear of falling seems to be as important as multiple previous falls in terms of limiting older adults’ daily activities.

scholarly journals Race and Gender Differences in Perceived Caregiver Availability for Community-Dwelling Middle-Aged and Older Adults

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 721-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Roth ◽  
William E. Haley ◽  
Virginia G. Wadley ◽  
Olivio J. Clay ◽  
George Howard
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
And Gender

scholarly journals MAINTAINING HEALTHY LIFESTYLE: RACIAL AND GENDER DIFFERENCES IN PHYSICIANS’ ADVICE TO OLDER ADULTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S143-S143
Author(s):  
Asif Iqbal ◽  
Abolade Oladimeji ◽  
Eva Kahana ◽  
Boaz Kahana
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Health Promotion ◽  
African American ◽  
Primary Care Physicians ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Healthy Diet ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Patient Race ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Older adults are often excluded from physicians’ preventive health promotion recommendations. The influence of patient race and gender on the physician-patient relationship in maintaining good health has been extensively researched, but little is known about the influence of patient race and gender on physicians’ health promotion advice to the elderly. This study explored whether patient race and gender influence primary care physicians’ health promotion advice to older adults. The sample of 536 respondents (µage = 75.51, 75.2% female) was obtained from a NCI funded study of “Health Care Partnerships in Cancer Prevention and Care of Aged. Respondents were randomly selected community dwelling older adults who attend Senior Center programs, sponsored by Area Agencies on Aging (AAA) (Kahana, Lee, Kahana, Langendoerfer, & Marshall, 2015). Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to control for sociodemographic and health factors while accounting for a complex sampling design. African American patients had greater odds than whites for receiving recommendations to eat a healthy diet (OR = 1.62) and exercise more (OR = 1.83). Elderly women reported fewer recommendations to eat a healthy diet (OR = .81) & exercise more (OR = .45) than did men. Notably, respondents of both races and genders believed that maintaining a healthy lifestyle is very effective. These findings demonstrate that African American and female older adults receive differential health promotional advice from physician and suggest the need for raising physician awareness about the value of prevention advice for all patients.

scholarly journals Fear of Falling is More Important Than Previous Falls in Terms of Limiting Activities: A Longitudinal Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minhui Liu ◽  
Tianxue Hou ◽  
Yuxiao Li ◽  
Xiaocao Sun ◽  
Sarah L. Szanton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Fear Of Falling ◽  
Self Care ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
The Past ◽  
Generalized Estimation Equation ◽  
Household Activities ◽  
Hispanic White

Abstract Background: Fear of falling and previous falls are both risk factors that affect daily activities of older adults. However, it remains unclear whether they independently limit daily activities accounting for each other. This study aims to examine whether previous falls and fear of falling independently predict limited daily activities among older adults.Methods: We used the data from Round 1 to Round 5 of the National Health and Aging Trends Study. We included a total of 866 community-dwelling participants who provided data on previous falls, fear of falling and limited activities from Round 1 to Round 5 and had no limited daily activities at Round 1 in this study. Previous falls and fear of falling were ascertained by asking participants whether they had fallen in the past year and whether they had worried about falling in the last month. Limited daily activities included any difficulties with mobility (e.g., going outside), self-care (e.g., eating), and household activities (e.g., laundering). Generalized estimation equation models were used to examine whether previous falls and fear of falling independently predicted development of limited daily activities adjusting covariates.Results: Participants were mainly between 65 and 79 years old (83%), male (57%), and non-Hispanic White (79%). Among participants who fell in Round 1, 13.2%-27.6%, 29.0%-52.0%, and 18.4%-32.9% developed limitations in mobility, self-care, household activities during Round 2 to Round 4, respectively. Among those who had fear of falling in Round 1, 22.5%-41.3%, 30.0%-55.0%, and 18.8%-36.3% developed limitations in mobility, self-care, and household activities during Round 2 to Round 4, respectively. Fear of falling independently predicted limitations in mobility (Incidence rate ratio [IRR]: 1.86, 95% CI: 1.50, 2.31), self-care (IRR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.62) and household activities (IRR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.62) after adjusting for previous falls and covariates. Previous falls only independently predicted limitations in mobility (IRR: 1.30, 1.08, 1.56) and household activities (IRR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.54) after adjusting fear of falling and covariates. Conclusions: While recognizing the risk factor of previous falls, fear of falling can be a more critical factor to intervene to reduce limited daily activities.

THE SINS OF THE FATHER: GENDER- BASED VIOLENCE IN POST-APARTHEID SOUTH AFRICA

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyn Snodgrass
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Black Women ◽  
South African ◽  
African Women ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
South African Women

This article explores the complexities of gender-based violence in post-apartheid South Africa and interrogates the socio-political issues at the intersection of class, ‘race’ and gender, which impact South African women. Gender equality is up against a powerful enemy in societies with strong patriarchal traditions such as South Africa, where women of all ‘races’ and cultures have been oppressed, exploited and kept in positions of subservience for generations. In South Africa, where sexism and racism intersect, black women as a group have suffered the major brunt of this discrimination and are at the receiving end of extreme violence. South Africa’s gender-based violence is fuelled historically by the ideologies of apartheid (racism) and patriarchy (sexism), which are symbiotically premised on systemic humiliation that devalues and debases whole groups of people and renders them inferior. It is further argued that the current neo-patriarchal backlash in South Africa foments and sustains the subjugation of women and casts them as both victims and perpetuators of pervasive patriarchal values.

Race, Gender, and Perceived Employment Discrimination

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 509-527
Author(s):  
Philip Q. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
White Women ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Employment Discrimination ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Independent Effect ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Job Discrimination ◽  
And Gender

This study investigates the effects of race and gender on perceived employment discrimination using the 2016 General Social Survey that provides new data on perceived employment discrimination that aligns more closely with the legal definition of employment discrimination. It is found that 19% of the American adults self-reported the experience of employment discrimination in job application, pay increase, or promotion in the past 5 years. The results of logistic regression analysis show that either controlling or not controlling for other factors, Blacks were much more likely to perceive being discriminated in employment than Whites, but other races were not significantly different from Whites in perceived employment discrimination after holding other variables constant. While gender did not have a significant independent effect on perceived job discrimination, it did interact with race to influence perceived job discrimination. Regardless of race, women were somewhat less likely than men to perceive job discrimination, but Black women were significantly even less likely than White women to self-report job discrimination, and Black men were much more likely to self-report employment discrimination than White men. These findings have implications for combating employment discrimination and addressing social inequalities.

scholarly journals I’m Every Woman: Advancing the Intersectional Leadership of Black Women School Leaders as Anti-Racist Praxis

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 7-28
Author(s):  
April L. Peters ◽  
Angel Miles Nash
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
The United States ◽  
Women's Leadership ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Leadership Framework ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Resisting Oppression ◽  
Epistemological Basis

The rallying, clarion call to #SayHerName has prompted the United States to intentionally include the lives, voices, struggles, and contributions of Black women and countless others of her ilk who have suffered and strived in the midst of anti-Black racism. To advance a leadership framework that is rooted in the historicity of brilliance embodied in Black women’s educational leadership, and their proclivity for resisting oppression, we expand on intersectional leadership. We develop this expansion along three dimensions of research centering Black women’s leadership: the historical foundation of Black women’s leadership in schools and communities, the epistemological basis of Black women’s racialized and gendered experiences, and the ontological characterization of Black women’s expertise in resisting anti-Black racism in educational settings. We conclude with a four tenet articulation detailing how intersectional leadership: (a) is explicitly anti-racist; (b) is explicitly anti-sexist; (c) explicitly acknowledges the multiplicative influences of marginalization centering race and gender, and across planes of identity; and (d) explicitly leverages authority to serve and protect historically underserved communities.

scholarly journals Balancing race, gender, and responsibility: Conversations with four black women in educational leadership in the United States of America

2021 ◽  
pp. 174114322199183
Author(s):  
Natasha N Johnson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Educational Leadership ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Hermeneutic Phenomenology ◽  
The United States ◽  
Women's Leadership ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
And Gender

This article focuses on equitable leadership and its intersection with related yet distinct concepts salient to social justice pertinent to women and minorities in educational leadership. This piece is rooted and framed within the context of the United States of America, and the major concepts include identity, equity, and intersectionality—specific to the race-gender dyad—manifested within the realm of educational leadership. The objective is to examine theory and research in this area and to discuss the role they played in this study of the cultures of four Black women, all senior-level leaders within the realm of K-20 education in the United States. This work employed the tenets of hermeneutic phenomenology, focusing on the intersecting factors—race and gender, specifically—that impact these women’s ability and capability to perform within the educational sector. The utilization of in-depth, timed, semi-structured interviews allowed participants to reflect upon their experiences and perceptions as Black women who have navigated and continue to successfully navigate the highest levels of the educational leadership sphere. Contributors’ recounted stories of navigation within spaces in which they are underrepresented revealed the need for more research specific to the intricacies of Black women’s leadership journeys in the context of the United States.

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