2. Theories and models of police and policing

2019 ◽  
pp. 20-38
Author(s):  
Benjamin Bowling ◽  
Robert Reiner ◽  
James Sheptycki
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Organizational Structure ◽  
Due Process ◽  
Crime Control ◽  
Knowledge Work ◽  
Police Force ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Form Complex ◽  
Police Service ◽  
Level Analysis

The chapter outlines seven ideal-typical models for thinking about the politics of police. The models are not mutually exclusive and can be combined to form complex descriptions of theoretical relations. They rest on a variety of conceptual distinctions. Crime control and due process; high and low policing; police force and police service; organizational structure and officer discretion; state, market, and civil society; police knowledge work, investigation and intelligence; and the democratic, authoritarian, and totalitarian politics of policing are all discussed. The police métier is discussed a set of habits and assumptions that envisions only the need to control, deter, and punish. It has evolved around the practices of tracking, surveillance, keeping watch and unending vigilance, and the application of force, up to and including fatal force. The chapter concludes that these seven models for thinking about police and policing facilitate micro-, meso-, and macro-level analysis.

scholarly journals Eco-efficiency and agricultural innovation systems in developing countries: Evidence from macro-level analysis

PLoS ONE ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. e0214115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Grovermann ◽  
Tesfamicheal Wossen ◽  
Adrian Muller ◽  
Karin Nichterlein
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Innovation Systems ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Agricultural Innovation ◽  
Level Analysis ◽  
Agricultural Innovation Systems

scholarly journals An Overview of the Impact of Special Anti-Robbery Squad (SARS) In Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 180
Author(s):  
Ogbette, Afamefuna Samuel ◽  
Idam, Macben Otu ◽  
Kareem, Akeem Olumide
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Police Force ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
Human Relations ◽  
Police Service ◽  
Service Commission ◽  
Hard Drugs ◽  
The Impact

This study examined the impact of Special Anti-Robbery Squad (SARS) in Nigeria. It solely depended on the secondary source for information. SARS is one of the Nigeria Police Force units that is saddled with the responsibility of fighting crime in the society; specifically, robbery and kidnapping. The impact was examined in two ways: Positive and Negative impact. From the positive point of view, SARS has been able to reduce robbery and kidnapping to an extent but unfortunately, people now use them as bodyguards to intimidate, suppress, and harass other people. From our findings, SARS tortures people mercilessly, extort, beat, kill and jail people who are not forthcoming with their demands. It was also discovered that, most of them lacks orientation on human relation which is a big gap the Nigeria Police Force need to cover by re-orienting them. Again, it was discovered that some of the personnel smoke and drink. They are often intoxicated while on duty, wielding sophisticated guns. From the study, the following recommendations were made: control measures should be put in place for SARS to be stopped from torturing people. They should equally be stopped from extorting, beating, killing (except in a battle ground) and framing people up just to be jailed. Investigative jobs as that of SARS should be exclusively for graduates in the Police Service. Again, the Nigeria Police Force and Nigeria Police Service Commission need to often re-orient these officers on human relations. Finally, officers caught drinking or smoking (especially hard drugs) on duty should be properly dealt with to serve as a deterrent to others.

Organizing the Division

2019 ◽  
pp. 85-119
Author(s):  
Luis Daniel Gascón ◽  
Aaron Roussell
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Organizational Structure ◽  
Crime Prevention ◽  
Crime Control ◽  
Symbolic Boundaries ◽  
Community Meeting

The chapter examines the captaincy of Albert Himura and his academy trainer, Rick Patton. Together, these Captains defined the organizational structure of the two groups the authors observed—the CPAB and the HO—throughout their fieldwork. The authors explore the community meeting structure under Captain Himura, whose main goal is to cultivate the capacity for community crime control. This begins with recruiting pro-law-enforcement thinkers. They also discuss how Captain Patton controlled the symbolic boundaries of meetings—who could participate, the agenda, and what messages should be circulated within and outside meetings—and show how police shape and restrict the role of the citizen in crime prevention. Regular meetings demonstrate that LAPD wishes to collaborate, but at the same time the Captain and SLOs favor LAPD’s traditional crime-fighting project.

Crime Witnesses' Non-Cooperation in Police Investigations

2019 ◽  
pp. 150-157
Author(s):  
Usman Adekunle Ojedokun
Keyword(s):  
Rational Choice Theory ◽  
Choice Theory ◽  
Crime Control ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Police Force ◽  
Public Confidence ◽  
Road Map ◽  
Police Investigations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Crime Investigation

The importance of crime witnesses in policing and crime control cannot be overemphasized. In Nigeria, a constant impediment in the effective operation of the criminal justice system machineries is the non-cooperation of crime witnesses with personnel of the Nigeria Police Force. Against this background, this paper examines the causes and consequences of crime witnesses' non-cooperation in police investigations in Nigeria. Rational choice theory was employed for its theoretical anchorage. A wide range of socio-cultural factors were identified as sustaining the traditional communication gap between the Police and crime witnesses that possess vital information which can aid their crime investigation. The Nigeria Police Force is urged to develop a holistic road-map through which the level of public confidence in its operation can be boosted.

Stop and Search as a Respectful Encounter

2020 ◽  
pp. 68-94
Author(s):  
Gabrielle Watson
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Due Process ◽  
Crime Control ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Bodily Integrity ◽  
The Public ◽  
Minority Ethnic Groups ◽  
Statutory Power ◽  
Stop And Search ◽  
Minority Ethnic

In this chapter, there is a shift in focus to the statutory power of the police to stop and search, the controversial status of which is not new. Less well documented, however, is that stop and search is highly relevant to the study of respect, since the practice tends to undermine the value, if not render it conspicuously absent. The chapter is organised as follows. The opening section explores how we might sharpen our critique of stop and search by framing it in terms of respect. Stop and search—a common form of adversarial contact between the police and the public—taps into deep and ingrained tensions between preventive policing, the exercise of coercive state authority, due process, and crime control. Among the most incisive criticisms of the power are its disproportionate and discriminatory exercise in relation to minority ethnic groups, its role in eroding police legitimacy, and the invasion of privacy and violation of bodily integrity necessitated by the search itself. The next section assesses three prominent proposals for the reform of stop and search—procedural justice training for police officers, tighter legal regulation of the power, and abolition—in terms of respect.

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