10. The Legal Professions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alisdair Gillespie ◽  
Siobhan Weare
Keyword(s):  
Vocational Education ◽  
Final Stage ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Legal Profession ◽  
Ethical Behaviour ◽  
Legal Practice ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Legal Professions ◽  
Law Degree

This chapter explains what the legal professions are, what they do, and how to qualify as a member of the professions. It examines the rules governing practice as a member of the professions and, in particular, the issue of ethical behaviour. There are two principal branches to the legal profession in England and Wales. The first consists of barristers and the second of solicitors. There are three stages to qualifying as a member of either profession. The first is the academic stage and involves passing either a qualifying law degree or the Graduate Diploma in Law. The second stage is vocational education, either the Bar Professional Training Course (for barristers) or Legal Practice Course (for solicitors). The final stage is work-based training consisting of either pupillage (for barristers) or a training contract (for solicitors). The chapter also discusses the emergence of CILEX as a third branch of the profession.

The Subject Matter of Intellectual Property

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justine Pila
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Final Stage ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Trade Mark ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Essential Properties ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
The Relationship

This book offers a study of the subject matter protected by each of the main intellectual property (IP) regimes. With a focus on European and UK law particularly, it considers the meaning of the terms used to denote the objects to which IP rights attach, such as ‘invention’, ‘authorial work’, ‘trade mark’, and ‘design’, with reference to the practice of legal officials and the nature of those objects specifically. To that end it proceeds in three stages. At the first stage, in Chapter 2, the nature, aims, and values of IP rights and systems are considered. As historically and currently conceived, IP rights are limited (and generally transferable) exclusionary rights that attach to certain intellectual creations, broadly conceived, and that serve a range of instrumentalist and deontological ends. At the second stage, in Chapter 3, a theoretical framework for thinking about IP subject matter is proposed with the assistance of certain devices from philosophy. That framework supports a paradigmatic conception of the objects protected by IP rights as artifact types distinguished by their properties and categorized accordingly. From this framework, four questions are derived concerning: the nature of the (categories of) subject matter denoted by the terms ‘invention’, ‘authorial work’, ‘trade mark’, ‘design’ etc, including their essential properties; the means by which each subject matter is individuated within the relevant IP regime; the relationship between each subject matter and its concrete instances; and the manner in which the existence of a subject matter and its concrete instances is known. That leaves the book’s final stage, in Chapters 3 to 7. Here legal officials’ use of the terms above, and understanding of the objects that they denote, are studied, and the results presented as answers to the four questions identified previously.

10. The Legal Professions

2019 ◽  
pp. 323-366
Author(s):  
Alisdair A. Gillespie ◽  
Siobhan Weare
Keyword(s):  
Legal Profession ◽  
Ethical Behaviour ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
The Third ◽  
Legal Professions ◽  
Qualifying Exam

This chapter explains what the legal professions are, what they do, and how to qualify as a member of the professions. It examines the rules governing practice as a member of the professions and, in particular, the issue of ethical behaviour. There are three principal branches to the legal profession in England and Wales. The first consists of barristers, the second of solicitors, and the third of chartered legal executives. The routes to qualification vary for each of the branches, but broadly speaking all involve an academic stage and work-based training. When considering the current routes to qualification for each of the branches of the profession, the chapter also explores potential qualification reforms, in particular those proposed by the Solicitors’ Regulation Authority with the introduction of the Solicitors’ Qualifying Exam (SQE). Diversity within each branch of the profession is also explored in relation to gender, ethnicity, and socio-economic backgrounds.

Sequential degeneration of mycoplasma-like bodies in plant tissue cultures infected with aster yellows

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. Jacoli
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Final Stage ◽  
Primary Cultures ◽  
Tissue Cultures ◽  
Phloem Tissue ◽  
Aster Yellows ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Plant Tissue Cultures ◽  
Three Stages

In carrot explants infected with aster yellows, mycoplasma-like bodies (MLBs) were seen only in the phloem of the primary cultures. During subsequent transfers of the cultures, MLBs underwent gradual degeneration and disappeared within 80 days. Electron microscopy showed three stages of degeneration. In the first stage, which started after about 30 days in culture, MLBs changed from a round to a filamentous shape and became electron opaque. During the second stage, the MLB membrane ruptured, and numerous unusual structures were observed. In the final stage, the MLB particles disrupted and the cells plasmolysed. Differentiation occurred earlier in infected than in healthy cultures, and the new phloem tissue contained no MLBs.

La alfabetización de la lengua nahuatl

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 189-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Díaz Rubio ◽  
Jesús Bustamante García
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Final Stage ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Writing System ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Third ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Three Stages

Summary The alphabetization of the Nahuatl language represents the first European experiment in the transformation of an American language into a literary language, an experiment realized in a fashion parallel to the first studies of the European vernaculars. This alphabetization was realized in a long process from the earliest contacts to the middle of the 17th century. It is possible to discern at least three stages. The first corresponds to the period which immediately folows the conquest (1523–1547). All efforts were concentrated at the time on the learning of the language, a learning without precedent, resulting in its being cast in the Procrustian bed of the orthographic conventions of Castillian. The goal was not proper alphabetization. The second stage (1547–1595) corresponds to a period in the deepening of the knowledge of Nahuatl, a process reflected in the first ‘artes’ or treatises and vocabularies. This improved knowledge of the language led to the realization that a more appropriate orthography was required. The third and final stage in the alphabetization of Nahuatl (1595–1673) is characterized by linguistic research which no doubt has its antecedents in the investigation of other ‘exotic’ languages and which is aimed at an improved analysis of this language of Mexico. The orthographic endeavours are now directed toward a reform of the writing system which includes the introduction of new characters in an attempt to capture the phonological particularities of Nahuatl. From this history of the long process of alphabetization, it is evident that a detailed analysis of the phonological descriptions and the orthographic principles conserved in the treatises until 1673 not only allows us to appreciate the achievements of these early linguists but also provides us with valuable information about the phonological system of classical Nahuatl as well as of Castillian of the period.

scholarly journals A escravidão nos romances do Segundo Reinado

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-130
Author(s):  
André Dutra Boucinhas
Keyword(s):  
Final Stage ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Main Topic ◽  
Second Empire ◽  
Brazilian Literature ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Brazilian History

Resumo: Este artigo propõe uma periodização da representação da escravidão nos romances brasileiros do Segundo Reinado em três etapas: entre 1840 e 1859, ela é naturalizada e não possui qualquer destaque nos enredos; de 1860 a 1879, o tema passa para o centro das atenções, gerando polarização entre textos marcadamente abolicionistas e outros que buscam defender a instituição, reforçando sua função na sociedade; e, por fim, entre 1880 e 1889, a escravidão sai de novo do foco e desaparece de uma parte dos romances, ao mesmo tempo em que criticá-la torna-se quase lugar comum, confirmando o declínio da instituição na última década do Império.Palavras-chave: literatura brasileira; romance; escravidão; História do Brasil; Segundo Reinado.Abstract: This article proposes a periodization of the representation of slavery in Brazilian novels published during the Second Empire in three stages. In the first stage, from 1840 to 1859, slavery is naturalized not having any prominence in the central plot. In the second stage, from 1860 to 1879, the subject becomes the main topic, generating polarization between markedly abolitionist texts and those defending slavery by reinforcing its role in society, As a final stage, between 1880 and 1889, it is possible to observe that slavery once again becomes secondary, even disappearing from part of the novels. It is simultaneous to a general critique to the institution, what confirms its decline in the last decade of the Empire.Keywords: Brazilian literature; novel; slavery; Brazilian history; Second Empire.

10. The Legal Professions

2021 ◽  
pp. 327-370
Author(s):  
Alisdair A. Gillespie ◽  
Siobhan Weare
Keyword(s):  
Legal Profession ◽  
Ethical Behaviour ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
The Third ◽  
Legal Professions ◽  
Qualifying Exam

This chapter explains what the legal professions are, what they do, and how to qualify as a member of the professions. It examines the rules governing practice as a member of the professions and, in particular, the issue of ethical behaviour. There are three principal branches to the legal profession in England and Wales. The first consists of barristers, the second of solicitors, and the third of chartered legal executives. The routes to qualification vary for each of the branches, but broadly speaking all involve an academic stage and work-based training. When considering the current routes to qualification for each of the branches of the profession, the chapter also explores potential qualification reforms, in particular those proposed by the Solicitors’ Regulation Authority with the introduction of the Solicitors’ Qualifying Exam (SQE). Diversity within each branch of the profession is also explored in relation to gender, ethnicity, and socio-economic backgrounds.

The Coherence of Mary Barton: Romance, Realism, and Utopia

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-200
Author(s):  
Robert Z. Birdwell
Keyword(s):  
Thomas Carlyle ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Mode Of Production

Critics have argued that Elizabeth Gaskell's first novel, Mary Barton (1848), is split by a conflict between the modes of realism and romance. But the conflict does not render the novel incoherent, because Gaskell surpasses both modes through a utopian narrative that breaks with the conflict of form and gives coherence to the whole novel. Gaskell not only depicts what Thomas Carlyle called the ‘Condition of England’ in her work but also develops, through three stages, the utopia that will redeem this condition. The first stage is romantic nostalgia, a backward glance at Eden from the countryside surrounding Manchester. The second stage occurs in Manchester, as Gaskell mixes romance with a realistic mode, tracing a utopian drive toward death. The third stage is the utopian break with romantic and realistic accounts of the Condition of England and with the inadequate preceding conceptions of utopia. This third stage transforms narrative modes and figures a new mode of production.

TRAINING USE IN PREPARING FUTURE TEACHERS TO BUILD A PROFESSIONAL CAREER

2019 ◽  
pp. 46-54
Author(s):  
Taras Olefirenko
Keyword(s):  
Capacity Building ◽  
Final Stage ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Role Play ◽  
Future Teachers ◽  
Professional Career ◽  
Training Organization

The article presents the experience of using training teaching technologies in the process of future teachers’ professional training. There is considered the specificity of the training organization, which includes all types of training that affect the qualities, skills and abilities that are manifested in the process of communication with students. The main stages of the training are highlighted, which include: the stage of capacity building; the orientation phase, in the form of role play or group discussion; the stage of study and the final stage.

scholarly journals Effect of Sago Starch Modifications on Polystyrene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 2867
Author(s):  
Mohamad Kahar Ab Wahab ◽  
Halimatul Syahirah Mohamad ◽  
Elammaran Jayamani ◽  
Hanafi Ismail ◽  
Izabela Wnuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Succinic Anhydride ◽  
Void Formation ◽  
Thermoplastic Starch ◽  
Sago Starch ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Starch Blends ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Blending Process ◽  
Starch Modifications

The preparation of polystyrene/thermoplastic starch (PS/TPS) blends was divided into three stages. The first stage involved the preparation of TPS from sago starch. Then, for the second stage, PS was blended with TPS to produce a TPS/PS blend. The ratios of the TPS/PS blend were 20:80, 40:60, 60:40, and 80:20. The final stage was a modification of the composition of TPS/PS blends with succinic anhydride and ascorbic acid treatment. Both untreated and treated blends were characterized by their physical, thermal, and surface morphology properties. The obtained results indicate that modified blends have better tensile strength as the adhesion between TPS and PS was improved. This can be observed from SEM micrographs, as modified blends with succinic anhydride and ascorbic acid had smaller TPS dispersion in PS/TPS blends. The micrograph showed that there was no agglomeration and void formation in the TPS/PS blending process. Furthermore, modified blends show better thermal stability, as proved by thermogravimetric analysis. Water uptake into the TPS/PS blends also decreased after the modifications, and the structural analysis showed the formation of a new peak after the modification process.

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