11. Enterprise Act 2002: market studies and market investigations

2021 ◽  
pp. 473-510
Author(s):  
Richard Whish ◽  
David Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Public Interest ◽  
Final Section ◽  
General Function ◽  
Fair Trading ◽  
Purpose Procedure ◽  
The Uk

This chapter describes the UK system of market studies and market investigation references. It begins by describing the CMA’s ‘general function’ of gathering information about markets, followed by an explanation of what is meant by a ‘super-complaint’. It then examines the purpose, procedure and outcomes of market studies, including the various outcomes that are possible. Market studies sometimes lead to market investigation references, though, as explained later, there are several other possible outcomes of a market study. The chapter describes the making and determination of analyses the market investigation provisions references under Part 4 in of the Enterprise Act 2002. Having briefly considered public interest cases, enforcement and other supplementary matters, the chapter discusses how the market investigation provisions have been working work in practice. The final section of the chapter briefly refers to the enforcement and review of undertakings and orders still in force under the monopoly provisions in the former Fair Trading Act 1973.

11. Enterprise Act 2002: market studies and market investigations

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Whish ◽  
David Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Public Interest ◽  
Final Section ◽  
General Function ◽  
Fair Trading ◽  
Purpose Procedure ◽  
The Uk

This chapter describes the UK system of market studies and market investigation references. It begins by describing the CMA’s ‘general function’ of gathering information about markets, followed by an explanation of what is meant by a ‘super-complaint’. It examines the purpose, procedure and outcomes of market studies, including possible outcomes. Market studies sometimes lead to market investigation references, although there are several other possible outcomes of a market study. The chapter describes the making and determination of analyses and the market investigation provisions under Part 4 of the Enterprise Act 2002. Having briefly considered public interest cases, enforcement and other supplementary matters, the chapter discusses how the market investigation provisions have been working in practice. The final section of the chapter briefly refers to the enforcement and review of undertakings and orders still in force under the monopoly provisions in the former Fair Trading Act 1973.

Thromboplastin Related Differences in the Determination of International Normalised Ratio: A Cause for Concern?

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (03) ◽  
pp. 426-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Kitchen ◽  
I D Walker ◽  
T A L Woods ◽  
F E Preston
Keyword(s):  
Patient Management ◽  
External Quality Assessment ◽  
Oral Anticoagulant Therapy ◽  
Warfarin Dosage ◽  
External Quality ◽  
External Quality Assessment Scheme ◽  
International Normalised Ratio ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Relationship

SummaryWhen the International Normalised Ratio (INR) is used for control of oral anticoagulant therapy the same result should be obtained irrespective of the laboratory reagent used. However, in the UK National External Quality Assessment Scheme (NEQAS) for Blood Coagulation INRs determined using different reagents have been significantly different.For 18 NEQAS samples Manchester Reagent (MR) was associated with significantly lower INRs than those obtained using Diagen Activated (DA, p = 0.0004) or Instrumentation Laboratory PT-Fib HS (IL, p = 0.0001). Mean INRs for this group were 3.15, 3.61, and 3.65 for MR, DA, and IL respectively. For 61 fresh samples from warfarin-ised patients with INRs of greater than 3.0 the relationship between thromboplastins in respect of INR was similar to that observed for NEQAS data. Thus INRs obtained with MR were significantly lower than with DA or IL (p <0.0001). Mean INRs for this group were 4.01, 4.40, and 4.59 for MR, DA, and IL respectively.We conclude that the differences between INRs measured with the thromboplastins studied here are sufficiently great to influence patient management through warfarin dosage schedules, particularly in the upper therapeutic range of INR. There is clearly a need to address the issues responsible for the observed discrepancies.

GA: Armani’s Giorgio Armani

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Brooker ◽  
Margaret Hayward
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Shop ◽  
The Third ◽  
Haute Couture ◽  
Fashion Designer ◽  
The Body Shop ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Career Woman

The Armani high-fashion example illustrates the importance of adaptive rational methods in his founding and developing of an iconic high-fashion firm. Armani adapted stylistically to fashion’s new times in the 1970–80s by creating a new style catering for the career woman. His stylistic adaptation is compared with that of another famous Italian fashion designer, Versace, who instead modernized haute couture fashion and created a succession of glamourous styles. Both leaders exploited the same opportunity but in different ways. The third section compares these leaders’ legacies in the 1990s–2000s and assesses from a long-term perspective how capably they had used adaptive rational methods. The final section shifts the focus from fashion to the cosmetics industry and from Italy to the UK. Anita Roddick used adaptive rational methods to establish The Body Shop corporation in the 1970s–80s. However, she then abandoned rational methods with dire results for her corporation in the 1990s.

scholarly journals Public Interest in Knee Pain and Knee Replacement during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic in Western Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1067
Author(s):  
Arne Kienzle ◽  
Lara Biedermann ◽  
Evgeniya Babeyko ◽  
Stephanie Kirschbaum ◽  
Georg Duda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Knee Osteoarthritis ◽  
Knee Pain ◽  
Knee Replacement ◽  
Knee Arthroplasty ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Surgical Care ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Primary Knee Arthroplasty ◽  
The Uk

Due to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, a large number of elective knee replacement procedures had to be postponed in both early and late 2020 in most western countries including Germany and the UK. It is unknown how public interest and demand for total knee arthroplasties was affected. Public interest in knee pain, knee osteoarthritis and knee arthroplasty in Germany and the UK was investigated using Google Trend Analysis. In addition, we monitored for changes in patient composition in our outpatient department. As of early March in Germany and of late March in the UK, until the lockdown measures, a 50 to 60% decrease in relative search frequency was observed in all categories investigated compared to the beginning of the year. While public interest for knee pain rapidly recovered, decreased interest for knee osteoarthritis and replacement lasted until the easing of measures. Shortly prior to and during the first lockdown mean search frequency for knee replacement was significantly decreased from 39.7% and 36.6 to 26.9% in Germany and from 47.7% and 50.9 to 23.7% in the UK (Germany: p = 0.022 prior to lockdown, p < 0.001 during lockdown; UK: p < 0.0001 prior to and during lockdown). In contrast, mean search frequencies did not differ significantly from each other for any of the investigated time frames during the second half of 2020 in both countries. Similarly, during the first lockdown, the proportion of patients presenting themselves to receive primary knee arthroplasty compared to patients that had already undergone knee replacement declined markedly from 64.7% to 46.9%. In contrast, patient composition changed only marginally during the lockdown measures in late 2020 in both Germany and the UK. We observed a high level of public interest in knee arthroplasty despite the ongoing pandemic. The absence of a lasting decline in interest in primary knee arthroplasty suggests that sufficient symptom reduction cannot be achieved without surgical care for a substantial number of patients.

scholarly journals Effect of data quality on estimates of farm infectiousness trends in the UK 2001 foot-and-mouth disease epidemic

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (13) ◽  
pp. 235-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J Savill ◽  
Darren J Shaw ◽  
Rob Deardon ◽  
Michael J Tildesley ◽  
Matthew J Keeling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Data Quality ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Inaccurate Data ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Parameter Values

Most of the mathematical models that were developed to study the UK 2001 foot-and-mouth disease epidemic assumed that the infectiousness of infected premises was constant over their infectious periods. However, there is some controversy over whether this assumption is appropriate. Uncertainty about which farm infected which in 2001 means that the only method to determine if there were trends in farm infectiousness is the fitting of mechanistic mathematical models to the epidemic data. The parameter values that are estimated using this technique, however, may be influenced by missing and inaccurate data. In particular to the UK 2001 epidemic, this includes unreported infectives, inaccurate farm infection dates and unknown farm latent periods. Here, we show that such data degradation prevents successful determination of trends in farm infectiousness.

scholarly journals An Experimental Demonstration of a Multi-element Flame Photometer: Determination of Salt Concentration in Soy Sauce

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiu Tung Chu ◽  
Spencer E. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Salt Content ◽  
Direct Analysis ◽  
Atomic Emission ◽  
Soy Sauce ◽  
Flame Photometry ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
The Uk

<p>The routine determination of some group 1 and group 2 metals is important because of their biological, physiological and industrial relevance. Flame atomic emission spectrometry, or flame photometry (FP), is well-suited to the determination of several alkali and alkaline earth metals which are easily ionized in a gas flame. Here, we consider the application of flame photometry as a simple but sensitive analytical method which is normally restricted to the determination of one element at a time. We have demonstrated the use of a new multi-element instrument for the simultaneous determination of four cations, namely Li<sup>+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup> and Ca<sup>2+</sup> in six different brands of soy sauce currently available in the UK. The Na<sup>+</sup> concentrations are compared with quoted nutrition values given on the product labels, and found to be in very good agreement for “low-salt” soy sauce, but some departures were noted in the higher salt products, the present results indicating higher salt content than the supplied data. Li<sup>+</sup> concentrations were below the detection limit (i.e., &lt;1 mg/L under the conditions used in this study). This demonstration study has shown multi-element flame photometry to be a straightforward means of analysing water-based products that could be more widely adopted for many different applications. Typical maximum concentrations for the direct analysis of aqueous solutions were found to be 50 mg/L (Li<sup>+</sup>), 200 mg/L (Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>) and 1000 mg/L (Ca<sup>2+)</sup>. Although not the primary goal of this study, we noted some variance between the present results and values quoted on some of the products. This may relate to the use of indirect methods for estimating salt (sodium) concentrations. The use of flame photometry, however, would provide a rapid measurement of important cations in a wide range of applications.</p>

Determination of Cellular Mechanical Properties by Cell Poking, With an Application to Leukocytes

1990 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. I. Zahalak ◽  
W. B. McConnaughey ◽  
E. L. Elson
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Micropipette Aspiration ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Technical Description ◽  
Analytical Results ◽  
Simple Models

In this paper we review the cell-poking technique as an approach for investigating the mechanical properties of living cells. We first summarize the rationale for the technique and the mainly qualitative results obtained so far. Then we provide a technical description of the instrument as it is configured at present. This is followed by a discussion of the current status of analytical results available for interpreting cell-poking measurements. In the final section we apply these results to an analysis of unmodulated and modulated lymphocytes and neutrophils, and conclude that the mechanical response of these leukocytes to indentation is not consistent with simple models developed by previous investigators on the basis of micropipette-aspiration experiments.

scholarly journals Efficient Bayesian inference of fully stochastic epidemiological models with applications to COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 211065
Author(s):  
Yuting I. Li ◽  
Günther Turk ◽  
Paul B. Rohrbach ◽  
Patrick Pietzonka ◽  
Julian Kappler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Inference ◽  
Information Matrix ◽  
Monte Carlo Sampling ◽  
Epidemiological Models ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Model Evidence ◽  
Age Structured ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Functional Central Limit

Epidemiological forecasts are beset by uncertainties about the underlying epidemiological processes, and the surveillance process through which data are acquired. We present a Bayesian inference methodology that quantifies these uncertainties, for epidemics that are modelled by (possibly) non-stationary, continuous-time, Markov population processes. The efficiency of the method derives from a functional central limit theorem approximation of the likelihood, valid for large populations. We demonstrate the methodology by analysing the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK, based on age-structured data for the number of deaths. This includes maximum a posteriori estimates, Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling of the posterior, computation of the model evidence, and the determination of parameter sensitivities via the Fisher information matrix. Our methodology is implemented in PyRoss, an open-source platform for analysis of epidemiological compartment models.

scholarly journals Forecasts, ethics and financial behaviour: Another reading of economic crises

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-13
Author(s):  
Miia Parnaudeau ◽  
Elisabeth Paulet
Keyword(s):  
Business Cycles ◽  
Financial Markets ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Subprime Crisis ◽  
Real Economy ◽  
Ethical Practices ◽  
Economic Agents ◽  
Financial Behaviour ◽  
The Uk ◽  
European Economies

The forecasts of economic agents are not without influence on financial markets‟ fluctuations. The recent subprime crisis has shown that incorrect use of information available on the markets added to the creation of complex financial instruments can have major consequences, not only in financial terms, but also on the real economy. Based on a study of three European countries, France, Germany and the UK, the goal of this paper is to assess how more ethical practices among economic agents can reduce the volatility of financial markets and stabilise the business cycles. This should lead to greater stability for European economies. After discussing the various possible forms that the forecasts of economic agents can take, we will study their correlation with business cycles. The final section will be dedicated to formulating various hypotheses and scenarios for explaining speculative cycles and how to control them with more ethical practices.

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