Exploring protective factors through positive psychology and salutogenesis in Danish families with type 2 diabetes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Meldgaard ◽  
Louise Norman Jespersen ◽  
Tue Helms Andersen ◽  
Dan Grabowski
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Chronic Illness ◽  
Positive Psychology ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Sense Of Coherence ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Diabetes Management ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Analytical Framework

Summary People with type 2 diabetes (T2D) live with several challenges, which may enhance the risk of poor mental and physical health. However, despite living with a chronic illness, some individuals manage to achieve a life with positivity and well-being. The objective of this study is to explore the potential of Positive Psychology and Salutogenesis when analyzing how families with one or more members with T2D experience having resources leading to thriving. Data consist of 18 semi-structured family interviews with 38 participants. Data were analyzed using systematic text condensation with the concepts of sense of coherence and upward/downward spirals as the analytical framework. The analysis revealed three overall findings: (i) T2D is perceived as manageable due to general optimism despite living with a chronic illness; (ii) establishing supportive social relations means having the opportunity to share the burden of diabetes; and (iii) achieving an open dialogue and communicating the difficulties of diabetes without straining surroundings with negative illness communication. The three overall findings may reinforce each other in an upward spiral and enhance the sense of coherence. These findings have implications for diabetes management research and our understanding of psychological health in chronic illness. The overall goal is to help people with diabetes create meaning with their illness and make use of their social environment through dialogue and communication in order to increase positivity, optimism and mental health.

scholarly journals A positive psychology–motivational interviewing intervention for patients with type 2 diabetes: Proof-of-concept trial

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher M Celano ◽  
Taylor A Gianangelo ◽  
Rachel A Millstein ◽  
Wei-Jean Chung ◽  
Deborah J Wexler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Positive Psychology ◽  
Health Behaviors ◽  
Motivational Interviewing ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Medical Outcomes

Objective Eighteen million Americans with type 2 diabetes (T2D) do not follow recommended guidelines for physical activity. Motivational interviewing (MI) has had modest effects on activity and related behaviors in T2D. Positive psychological attributes (e.g., optimism) are associated with superior medical outcomes in T2D, and positive psychology (PP) interventions promote such attributes. There had been no study in T2D of a combined PP–MI intervention to promote well-being and health behavior adherence. We developed a novel, telephone-delivered, 16-week PP–MI intervention and explored its feasibility and impact in T2D patients in a single-arm, proof-of-concept trial. Method Participants completed PP-based exercises and MI-based physical activity goal-setting activities and reviewed these activities weekly with a study trainer for 16 weeks. Feasibility and acceptability were assessed via exercise completion rates and post-exercise ratings of ease/utility (0–10 scales). Impact was explored by examining changes in physical activity (via accelerometers and self-report), other health behaviors, psychological measures, and medical outcomes (e.g., hemoglobin A1c (A1C)) from baseline to 16 weeks, using paired t tests. Results Twelve participants enrolled, and 10 provided follow-up data. Seventy-eight percent of PP–MI activities were completed, and participants rated the PP–MI content and sessions as easy (mean = 8.2/10, standard deviation (SD) = 1.9) and useful (mean = 9.1/10, SD = 1.5). PP–MI was associated with improved adherence to health behaviors and overall self-care, variable effects on accelerometer-measured activity and psychological outcomes, and modest beneficial effects on body mass index and A1C. Conclusion Further testing of this intervention is warranted in a larger, controlled trial to assess its effects on important health outcomes.

scholarly journals Social Inequality and Type 2 Diabetes Management among Older Latinx Immigrants

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Jasmin Tahmaseb McConatha ◽  
Jasmin Tahmaseb McConatha ◽  
Frauke Schnell
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Diabetes Management ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Older Immigrants ◽  
Immigrant Populations ◽  
Health And Well Being ◽  
The U.S

Being an immigrant in the contemporary U.S. is stressful. During the pandemic of 2020, these stressors are amplified for all populations. At the same time, Latinx immigrants are also disproportionately affected by the pandemic. They are more vulnerable, face greater economic challenges, and are more likely to die from the virus. In addition to these difficult realities, regardless of status, Latinx immigrants are often perceived as illegal and subjected to discriminatory treatment [1]. Type 2 diabetes is also an illness that disproportionately affects minorities and immigrant populations. In 2018, there were almost 60 million Latinos-18% of the U.S. population (more than one in six)-living in the United States [2]. In addition to the myriad of stressors that immigrants, particularly older immigrants experience, the stigma and vulnerability associated with the pandemic of 2020 are likely to have serious negative consequences on their health and well-being. This paper addresses some of the challenges Latinx immigrants face as they struggle to manage Type 2 diabetes during a pandemic.

The Role of Physiatrist in the Diabetes Healthcare Team

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 70-75
Author(s):  
Ramamoorthy Veyilmuthu
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Diabetes Management ◽  
Blood Glucose Control ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Healthcare Team ◽  
Regular Exercise ◽  
Primary Role

Abstract The physiatrist is an important member of the diabetes healthcare team. His/her primary role is to provide physical activity counselling for the diabetics after thorough evaluation. Exercise is a primary component of diabetes management together with diet plan and antidiabetic drugs. The physiatrist, with his/her background knowledge in exercise physiology, is the most appropriate person for this job. Regular exercise has been shown to improve blood glucose control, reduce cardiovascular risk factors, contribute to weight loss and improve well being. Furthermore, regular exercise may prevent type 2 diabetes in high risk individuals. Thus physical activity plays a pivotal role in health promotion and diabetes control. People with diabetes should be advised to perform at least 150 minutes per week of moderate intensity aerobic physical activity using ‘FITT Principle’. In the absence of contra-indications, people with type 2 diabetes should be encouraged to perform resistance training three times per week. DeLorme resistance exercise improves power, strength, endurance and burns more calories. Cross training is the term used to describe the use of a variety of activities during exercise. Interval training is the variation of intensity during one or more aerobic activities. Circuit training is the combination of aerobic exercise and weight training (anaerobic exercise). Before recommending a programme of physical activity, the physiatrist should assess diabetics for coronary artery disease and other complications of diabetes.

scholarly journals Psychological health of caregivers of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional comparative study

2015 ◽  
Vol 03 (02) ◽  
pp. 095-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pankaj Jorwal ◽  
Rohit Verma ◽  
Yatan Balhara
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Intergroup Comparison ◽  
Multiple Variables

Abstract Introduction: The quality-of-life in individuals with diabetes is also dependent upon the quality of family relationships and general well-being of caregivers because the patient depends on them to uphold in the community. Only limited studies have assessed the psychological health of caregivers to individuals with diabetes. Aims and Objective: The current study aims at comparison of depression and anxiety levels among patients with diabetes and their caregivers. Materials and Methods: Fifty consecutive patients-care giver dyads of subjects having type 2 diabetes were recruited at an out-patient clinic of medicine at a tertiary care center. The dyads were assessed using a semi-structured proforma for the socio-demographic details and for anxiety and depression levels using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). The data were analyzed using SPSS version 17.0. Correlation analysis was performed for multiple variables including blood glucose profile. Results: The mean duration of illness (4.93 ΁ 3.53 years) and blood glucose parameters were not found to be associated to depressive or anxiety symptoms. Depressive and anxiety disorder was observed in 24% and 44% of patients and 10% and 18% of caregivers, respectively. Patients had significantly more HADS anxiety (HADS-A) scale scores than caregivers but not for HADS depression (HADS-D) scale. Female patients were found to be having more HADS-D scores than male patients (P = 0.02), but were not significantly different from caregivers. HADS-A scores were comparable among male and female gender in intragroup as well as intergroup comparison for patient and caregiver groups. Conclusion: Diabetes mellitus affects the psychological health of not only the patients but as well as the family caregivers and patients tend to be more anxious than the caregivers. Furthermore, it was seen that women with diabetes had higher rates of depression than their male counterparts.

Review of Type 2 Diabetes Management Interventions for Addressing Emotional Well-Being in Latinos

2009 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 941-958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeannie Belinda Concha ◽  
Howard M. Kravitz ◽  
Marshall H. Chin ◽  
Michele A. Kelley ◽  
Noel Chavez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Diabetes Management ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Management Interventions

scholarly journals To Tell or Not to Tell: Disclosure and Self-Management among Adults with Early-Onset Type 2 Diabetes: A Qualitative Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-19
Author(s):  
Maja Hykkelbjerg Nielsen ◽  
Annesofie Lunde Jensen ◽  
Anne Bo ◽  
Helle Terkildsen Maindal
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Diabetes Management ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Close Relative ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
Onset Type

Background: Adults with early-onset Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) are an emerging high-risk population who may experience social challenges related to diabetes management. Objective: To explore the disclosure of T2DM and how disclosure affects diabetes self-management and the psychosocial adjustment to life with diabetes among adults with early-onset T2DM. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted using Systematic Text Condensation (STC). Data was derived from semi-structured interviews with 15 individuals with T2DM ≤ 46 years (10 women and 5 men) recruited from diverse settings using purposeful sampling. Results: Most informants disclosed their diabetes to a close relative shortly after receiving the diagnosis. This led to immediate emotional support and overall positive disclosure experiences. However, informants often hesitated to disclose their condition to others due to shame, fear of negative judgement or social exclusion. Over time, the majority of informants became more open about their condition, which often resulted in emotional and practical self-management support. Those most reluctant to disclosing their diabetes struggled with shame and negative diabetes-related emotions, which had negative effects on their diabetes self-management. Conclusion: Disclosure of T2DM seemed important for the social, emotional and practical management of diabetes among adults with early-onset T2DM. The disclosure was most often accompanied by feelings of shame and fear of condemnation. Professional guidance to support disclosure and interventions to address stigma may improve well-being and diabetes self-management in this population.

scholarly journals A secondary qualitative analysis exploring the emotional and physical challenges of living with type 2 diabetes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Hadjiconstantinou ◽  
Helen Eborall ◽  
Jacqui Troughton ◽  
Noelle Robertson ◽  
Kamlesh Khunti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Diabetes Management ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Biographical Disruption ◽  
Emotional Challenges ◽  
The Impact

Background: Many feel that their new identity as ‘someone living with diabetes’ does not fit with their biography. Some individuals may be able to re-assess life goals, adapt their identity and adjust to living with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). For others, the biographical disruption experienced with their condition may negatively affect their emotional well-being and identity. Aim: To conceptualise and explore the emotional challenges experienced living with T2DM, using biographical disruption as analytical references. Design and setting: Secondary qualitative analysis of data collected from 31 semi-structured interviews. Method: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with people with T2DM in England. Data analysis was informed by constant comparative techniques. Results: People with T2DM undergo a cognitive process when their biography suddenly becomes interrupted. Suboptimal T2DM can bring a feeling of loss of control over one’s future, and loss of independence. What used to be perceived as ‘normal’ is now perceived as something that requires regular management, negatively impacting their daily routine and ability to carry out activities that once used to be effortless. Conclusions: Living with T2DM that is socially stigmatised can lead to poor well-being and may disturb one’s life biography. Strategies must take place to bring awareness to healthcare professionals of the impact and disruption that T2DM can have on an individual’s biography, identity and diabetes management.

Understanding Type 2 Diabetes

2009 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 810-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia White ◽  
Susan M. Smith ◽  
David Hevey ◽  
Thomas O'Dowd
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Illness Perceptions ◽  
Diabetes Management ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Diabetes Family ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between psychological and social factors and diabetes outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes and their family members. Methods A total of 153 patients with type 2 diabetes were assessed at a diabetes outpatient clinic and postal questionnaires were sent to nominated family members. The measures examined were diabetes knowledge, social support, well-being, and illness perceptions. Results When compared with those with diabetes, family members reported lower positive well-being and lower levels of satisfaction with support. They also perceived diabetes as a more cyclical illness, which was controlled more by treatment than by the individual. Family members also reported that the person with diabetes was more emotionally distressed and knew more about diabetes than the patient had actually reported himself or herself. There were no differences between the family members of those in good or poor glycaemic control. Conclusions This study reinforces the importance of understanding social context and illness beliefs in diabetes management. It also highlights the potential for including family members in discussions and education about diabetes management.

scholarly journals Wholegrains in the Management of Diabetes

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 354-358
Author(s):  
Anjali Mukerjee
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Diabetes Management ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Glucose Absorption ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Health And Well Being

Dietary fibre is responsible for the decrease in the rate of glucose absorption along with aiding decrease in postprandial rise in blood glucose. Substantial research establishes the connection between consumption of wholegrains and type 2 diabetes management. Wholegrains are widely recognized for contributing significantly to our health and well-being as they contain essential nutrients and bioactive compounds, along with being rich in dietary fibre. This review article attempts to discuss the effect of the fibre in wholegrains on blood glucose, type 2 diabetes and HbA1c.

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