16. Enlargement

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana E. Juncos ◽  
Nieves Pérez-Solórzano Borragán
Keyword(s):  
Social Constructivism ◽  
Eu Enlargement ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Liberal Intergovernmentalism ◽  
Geographical Expansion ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Euro Area Enlargement

This chapter examines the implications of enlargement for the shape and definition of Europe in general and for the institutional set-up and the major policies of the European Union in particular. It first provides a historical background on EU enlargement before discussing the enlargement process itself, with a focus on the use of conditionality and the role of the main actors involved. It then considers the contributions of neo-functionalism, liberal intergovernmentalism, and social constructivism to explaining the EU's geographical expansion. It also evaluates the success and prospect of future enlargement in the context of wider EU developments, especially the effect of the financial crisis in the euro area, ‘enlargement fatigue’, the domestic context in the candidate countries, and evolving relations with Russia.

18. Enlargement

2019 ◽  
pp. 266-280
Author(s):  
Ana E. Juncos ◽  
Nieves Pérez-Solórzano Borragán
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Social Constructivism ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Third ◽  
Liberal Intergovernmentalism ◽  
Geographical Expansion ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Euro Area Enlargement

The process of enlargement has transformed the European Union. It has had far-reaching implications for the shape and definition of Europe, and for the institutional set-up and the major policies of the Union. This has been accomplished through a number of enlargement rounds, which the first section of the chapter analyses in detail. This is followed by a review of the enlargement process itself, with a focus on the use of conditionality and the role of the main actors involved. The contributions of neo-functionalism, liberal intergovernmentalism, and social constructivism to explaining the EU’s geographical expansion are evaluated in the third section of the chapter. The success and prospect of future enlargement are discussed in the context of wider EU developments, especially the effect of the economic crisis in the euro area, ‘enlargement fatigue’, the domestic context in the candidate countries, and Brexit.

8. Social Constructivism and European Integration

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Risse
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
Social Constructivism ◽  
Eu Enlargement ◽  
Subject Area ◽  
National Identities ◽  
European Identity ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Liberal Intergovernmentalism ◽  
Contested Meanings ◽  
Agency And Structure

This chapter examines social constructivism as an approach to the study of European integration and a challenge to more rationalist approaches such as liberal intergovernmentalism and versions of neofunctionalism. It first defines social constructivism before discussing the constructivist emphasis on the mutual constitutiveness of agency and structure, along with communicative and discursive practices, in the context of the study of European integration. It then considers the question of European identity as a particular subject area to which research inspired by social constructivism can contribute, paying attention to the contested nature of European identity, ‘Europeanness’ and national identities, and contested meanings of Europe and the European Union. The chapter also analyses constructivist contributions to the study of EU enlargement and concludes with reflections on the future of European integration research inspired by social constructivism.

Neither here, not there: Bulgaria and Romania in current European politics☆

2004 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 509-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor D. Bojkov
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Eu Enlargement ◽  
Political Transition ◽  
The Other ◽  
European Politics ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Southeast Europe ◽  
The Eu

The article analyses the process of EU enlargement with reference to the progress that Bulgaria and Romania have made within it. It is argued that leaving them out of the wave of accession finalised in May 2004 for ten of the candidate states, has placed them in a situation of double exclusion. Firstly, their geographical belonging to the region of Southeast Europe has been rendered non-essential by their advanced position within the EU enlargement process. Secondly, their achievement in economic and political transition has been removed from the progress of the ten states, which joined the EU in May 2004 by delaying the time of their accession. As a result, any efforts in regional cooperation and integration between Bulgaria and Romania on one hand, and other Southeast European states on the other, have been effectively cancelled. Moreover, in current European politics, the two countries have come to serve the unenviable role of exemplifying on the part of the European Union how progress is being awarded and hesitation punished.

3. Governmental Structure

2021 ◽  
pp. 73-112
Author(s):  
Robert Schütze
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Us ◽  
Governmental Function ◽  
Us Constitution ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Council Of Ministers ◽  
Internal Procedures

This chapter examines the internal composition, internal powers, and internal procedures of the European Parliament, the European Council, and the Council of Ministers. It begins by looking at the role of the separation-of-powers principle in the European Union. Unlike the US Constitution, the EU Treaties do not discuss each institution within the context of one governmental function. Instead, each institution has ‘its’ article in the Treaty on European Union, whose first section then describes the combination of governmental functions in which it partakes. The European Treaties have thus ‘set up a system for distributing powers among different [Union] institutions’. And it is this conception of the separation-of-powers principle that informs Article 13(2) TEU. The provision is thus known as the principle of interinstitutional balance.

Irregular Migration, Human Smuggling, and the Eastern Enlargement of the European Union

2007 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Jandl
Keyword(s):  
Eu Enlargement ◽  
Human Smuggling ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eastern Enlargement ◽  
Irregular Migration ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Long Term Trends

This article examines the consequences of the latest round of EU-Enlargement in May 2004 on irregular migration across Central and Eastern Europe. Drawing on a unique collection of both quantitative and qualitative data related to irregular migration and human smuggling, the article first presents some long-term trends in irregular migration across the region before taking up more recent developments in 2003 and 2004. While border apprehensions have broadly declined since about 2000 there is ample evidence for an increasing role of human smugglers in facilitating irregular migration. In addition, there are noticeable changes in the modus operandi of human smugglers.

Why Collaborate? Issue-Linkage and International Regimes

1980 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernst B. Haas
Keyword(s):  
International Regimes ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Complex Issue ◽  
Issue Linkage ◽  
The Face ◽  
Common Interests ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Changing Knowledge

Why do nations create institutionalized modes of multilateral collaboration? How can common interests develop in the face of inequalities in power and asymmetries in interdependence? The author explores the role of knowledge in the definition of political objectives and interests. The systematic interplay of changing knowledge and changing objectives results in the redefinition of “issues” and the practice of “issue linkage.” The dynamics of issue-linkage, in turn, tell us something about international regimes for the management of progressively more complex issue areas. An ideal-typical “regime” is described, theoretically applicable to all types of issues. Since the cognitive attributes of the actors who set up such a regime cannot be expected to remain stable, this concept of a “regime” can illuminate cliscussion and analysis, but cannot be expected to provide a clear model for desirable policy. However, it can illustrate the options open to policy makers wishing to choose a mode of collaboration. Regimes dealing with money, the oceans, and technology transfer are used for illustrative purposes.

Problematic of ideological formation in Kazakhstan: three-dimensional practice of the Muftiate as an ideological state apparatus (an Althusserian analysis)

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yerkesh Kozhbankhan ◽  
Aidana Kaldybekova
Keyword(s):  
National Policy ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Social Engineering ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Louis Althusser ◽  
State Apparatus ◽  
Restructuring Process ◽  
Definition Of

Purpose In the Kazakhstani context, the instrumentalization of the Muftiate as a social engineering tool is particularly pertinent, as it stands out as a unique channel for the political, moral and cultural shaping of Muslims. This study aims to outline the role of the Muftiate, its historical background and recent restructuring process. It focuses on the ideological practices and religious discourses of the Muftiate. Design/methodology/approach In Kazakhstan, as a result of reforms in the religious sphere, which were started in 2011, the scope of activity of the Spiritual Administration of Muslims of Kazakhstan (the Muftiate) has entered a new phase and become an important ideological tool within national policy. It has emerged as a civil society institution that will centralize the process of Islamization and instrumentalize the importance of Islam to create a new fantasy of unity and solidarity. Findings Thus, it discusses how Muftiate fabricates the correct forms of action and the correct form of thought. The theory of “ideological state apparatuses” (ISA) of the French philosopher Louis Althusser should be considered as a theoretical framework of this study. This approach not only gives a theoretical definition of the Muftiate but also allows us to determine its position in society and outline three different dimensions of the practice that it performs. Originality/value The study demonstrates how the Muftiate as an ISA actualizes various concepts, ideas, beliefs or images in which Muslims live their imaginary relations to the real world and transforms Muslim individuals into ideological subjects, thus enabling them to become apparently free bearers of the ideology.

Frontex ed il rispetto dei diritti umani nelle operazioni congiunte alle frontiere esterne dell'Unione europea

2012 ◽  
pp. 539-567
Author(s):  
Anna Liguori ◽  
Novella Ricciuti
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Legal Remedies ◽  
Joint Operations ◽  
National Border ◽  
Set Up ◽  
European Agency

Frontex, the European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of the Member States of the European Union, was set up in 2004 to reinforce cooperation between national border authorities. The present research intends to analyze the role of the Agency after the adoption of the new Regulation 1168/2011, which considerably extends the Frontex mandate (inter alia, providing for the creation of European Border Guards and strengthening the role of the Agency in joint operations) and introduces several references for the full respect of fundamental rights in all Frontex activities . The aim is to investigate if the mechanisms introduced to promote and monitor human rights are consistent with the Agency's obligations to respect human rights, in the light of the recent inquiry promoted by the European Ombudsman. A particular focus will concern the question of the allocation of responsibility among Members States and Frontex in case of violations of human rights during joint operations at sea, and the legal remedies available for individuals.

DEVELOPMENT OF 222RN IN AIR SECONDARY STANDARD IN THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC

2020 ◽  
Vol 191 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-165
Author(s):  
Pavol Blahušiak ◽  
Matej Krivošík ◽  
Jarmila Slučiak ◽  
Andrej Javorník ◽  
Michaela Zálešáková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Secondary Standard ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Technical Parameters ◽  
Council Directive ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract Slovak Institute of Metrology received in 2016 funding for realisation of a set up of a radon chamber with AlphaGUARD as a secondary standard of 222Rn in air as one part of the project. This secondary standard will serve to provide the traceability for laboratories that deal with 222Rn measurements in environmental samples. This project is a response to the European Union legislation and provides metrological support for the development and implementation of the national radon action plan, which the member states of the European Union are committed to fulfil in accordance with Council Directive 2013/59/Euratom. During development of the radon chamber, the determination of its basic technical parameters, such as the exact determination of the container volume and the area of the inner walls of the radon chamber, many tightness tests of the chamber, the definition of homogeneous radon atmosphere parameters and bilateral comparisons, were realised.

scholarly journals Pravne posljedice provjere putnikovih putnih isprava u zračnim lukama

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 1131-1148
Author(s):  
Željka Primorac
Keyword(s):  
Legal Protection ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Illegal Migration ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
European Regulations ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Air Carriers ◽  
Legal Consequences ◽  
Theoretical Standpoint

In this paper the author is making an elaborated analysis on the topic of countering illegal migration of air passengers (with the emphasis on third-country nationals) from a legal and theoretical standpoint, pointing out to the methods and legal consequences of verifying the validity and authenticity of passengers’ travel documents according to the latest provisions of Schengen acquis and assessing the role of the air carrier in the protection of the EU's external borders. The author is drawing attention to an insufficient legal definition of the terms “inadequate travel documents” and “necessary travel documents” by examining the legal effects of possession and presentation of inadequate travel documents as a justified reason for denying boarding to passengers pursuant to the provisions of Regulation (EU) 261/2004 and the interpretations of the provisions in question in accordance with the Guidelines of 2016. In this context, the aim of this paper is to point out to the current changes regarding the private legal protection of passengers in conformity with the European legal provisions in force, as well as to the latest proceeding before the Court of Justice of the European Union (Case C-584/18) concerning the interpretation of certain provisions of the European regulations relevant to this issue (Regulation (EU) 261/2004 and Regulation (EU) 2016/399). The author concludes with the analysis of the air carriers' obligations to pay financial sanctions (fines) in the case of carriage of passengers without the necessary travel documents and puts forward solutions de lege ferenda.

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