Why Collaborate? Issue-Linkage and International Regimes

1980 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernst B. Haas

Why do nations create institutionalized modes of multilateral collaboration? How can common interests develop in the face of inequalities in power and asymmetries in interdependence? The author explores the role of knowledge in the definition of political objectives and interests. The systematic interplay of changing knowledge and changing objectives results in the redefinition of “issues” and the practice of “issue linkage.” The dynamics of issue-linkage, in turn, tell us something about international regimes for the management of progressively more complex issue areas. An ideal-typical “regime” is described, theoretically applicable to all types of issues. Since the cognitive attributes of the actors who set up such a regime cannot be expected to remain stable, this concept of a “regime” can illuminate cliscussion and analysis, but cannot be expected to provide a clear model for desirable policy. However, it can illustrate the options open to policy makers wishing to choose a mode of collaboration. Regimes dealing with money, the oceans, and technology transfer are used for illustrative purposes.

2020 ◽  
pp. 002383091989888
Author(s):  
Luma Miranda ◽  
Marc Swerts ◽  
João Moraes ◽  
Albert Rilliard

This paper presents the results of three perceptual experiments investigating the role of auditory and visual channels for the identification of statements and echo questions in Brazilian Portuguese. Ten Brazilian speakers (five male) were video-recorded (frontal view of the face) while they produced a sentence (“ Como você sabe”), either as a statement (meaning “ As you know.”) or as an echo question (meaning “ As you know?”). Experiments were set up including the two different intonation contours. Stimuli were presented in conditions with clear and degraded audio as well as congruent and incongruent information from both channels. Results show that Brazilian listeners were able to distinguish statements and questions prosodically and visually, with auditory cues being dominant over visual ones. In noisy conditions, the visual channel improved the interpretation of prosodic cues robustly, while it degraded them in conditions where the visual information was incongruent with the auditory information. This study shows that auditory and visual information are integrated during speech perception, also when applied to prosodic patterns.


2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 769-779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Bosworth ◽  
Carolyn Hoyle ◽  
Michelle Madden Dempsey

This article exposes methodological barriers we encountered in a small research project on women trafficked for the purpose of sexual exploitation and our attempts, drawing on feminist and emergent methods, to resolve them. It critically assesses the role of institutional gatekeepers and the practical challenges faced in obtaining data directly from trafficking victims. Such difficulties, it suggests, spring at least in part from lingering disagreements within the feminist academic, legal, and advocacy communities regarding the nature, extent, and definition of trafficking. They also reveal concerns from policy makers and practitioners over the relevance and utility of academic research. Although feminist researchers have focused on building trust with vulnerable research participants, there has been far less discussion about how to persuade institutional elites to cooperate. Our experiences in this project, we suggest, reveal limitations in the emphasis on reflexivity in feminist methods, and point to the need for more strategic engagement with policy makers about the utility of academic research in general.


2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 378-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic J. Brewer ◽  
Kieran M. Killeen ◽  
Richard O. Welsh

This brief utilizes case study methodology to illustrate the role of governance in educational accountability systems. Most research on the effectiveness of such systems has focused on technical components, such as standards-setting, assessments, rewards and sanctions, and data collection and reporting. This brief seeks to demonstrate that this focus may miss the importance of the institutional set-up. We argue that effective accountability systems are largely dependent on associated government structures, rules, and procedures, and the individuals responsible for implementing them. We use an illustrative case from the state of Oklahoma, where a lack of independent oversight, few checks and balances, and little in-state technical capacity combine to call into question the effectiveness of this state's accountability system. We urge researchers and policy makers to focus more attention on the “messy” governance and politics of educational accountability, and conclude the brief with specific policy proposals to strengthen state education accountability systems.


2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Burke Johnson

There has been much debate about the role of paradigms in mixed methods research. In the face of past calls for each researcher to operate within a single paradigm, it turns out that some researchers/practitioners find many positive features in more than one paradigm. This “multiparadigmatic perspective” used in mixed methods research needs a systematic framework for the practice of engaging in difference. Also, individuals committed to a single paradigm need a philosophical/theoretical framework for working in multiparadigmatic teams. This article provides such a framework. It is a metaparadigm, and it is labeled dialectical pluralism 2.0 or more simply dialectical pluralism. The word “pluralism” refers to the acceptance and expectancy of difference in virtually every realm of inquiry, including reality, and the age-old word “dialectical” refers to the operative process which is both dialectical and dialogical. Dialectical pluralism provides a way for researchers, practitioners, clients, policy makers, and other stakeholders to work together and produce new workable “wholes” while, concurrently, thriving on differences and intellectual tensions.


Author(s):  
Harold Wolman ◽  
Howard Wial ◽  
Travis St. Clair ◽  
Edward Hill

The concluding chapter focuses on the role of public policy in promoting regional economic resilience. To better understand the potential role of various types of policy actions, we develop a temporal framework that divides policy implementation and policy effects into three different time frames, with policies varying both in the time it takes to put in place and in the time frame over which effects, if the policy is effective, can be expected. Different kinds of policy actions are likely to be most appropriate and most effective in the different time periods and in the face of different types of shocks. We conclude by considering the implications of our findings, put into this framework, for economic development policy makers and practitioners


2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
TAHIR KAMRAN

AbstractThis article sets out to delineate the process that led to the establishment of Mayo School of Arts in Lahore in 1875. It lays down the context within which the plan to set up art institutions in India was conceived. Contrary to Krishnan Kumar's view whereby the coloniser and the colonised constituted an adult-child relationship the coloniser, in that particular relationship took the role of the adult whereas the native became the child which had been a salient feature of the educational and academic landscape of British India. By challenging Krishna Kumar, this article while drawing on the inferences of Partha Mitter and Hussain Ahmad Khan, argues that in the realm of art instruction the analysis of colonial strategies of adjustment and readjustment provide useful insights about the administrative constraints and cognitive failures of the colonial administrators in the nineteenth-Century Punjab. Challenges like space-selection for MSA campus, appropriate Curriculum for the students and their inadequate language skills stared its founder Principal Lockwood Kipling (1837–19011) in the face. This forms the major focus of the article.


2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (300) ◽  
pp. 776
Author(s):  
William Saad Hossne ◽  
Leo Pessini

Síntese: O prolongamento sofrido do processo do morrer, que mais acrescenta sofrimento e prorroga morte, é uma das questões bioéticas mais complexas e debatidas hoje, no contexto de cuidados de final de vida. A complexidade inicia-se na própria definição semântica desta problemática bioética. Nossa busca é marcada pela “angústia criativa” (não a patológica que nos paralisa frente à vida) que busca identificar vários termos e neologismos para nomear e definir a questão bioética: distanásia, medicina/e/ou tratamento fútil e inútil, e para definir aquela ação diagnóstica e terapêutica médica que já não mais beneficia o paciente em sua fase final de vida. Para o equacionamento da problemática bioética buscamos luzes na literatura científica médica e bioética internacional, bem como na tradição da ética médica brasileira, em sua versão codificada. Embora um determinado tratamento possa ser fútil e, portanto, inútil, o cuidado nunca será fútil e inútil. No coração de toda ação de cuidar deve estar presente a “philia” (amor, amizade). Podemos, sim, ser curados de uma doença mortal, mas não de nossa mortalidade e finitude. Nossa condição de existir não é uma patologia. Quando esquecemos isto, caímos na tecnolatria, e os instrumentos de cura e cuidado facilmente se transformam em ferramentas de tortura. O presente artigo procura apresentar uma metodologia de como lidar com estas situações eticamente conflitivas, ao aprofundar alguns conceitos éticos fundamentais, tais como: processo de deliberação, decisão e responsabilidade médica e o papel de comissões de bioética. A busca do adequado equacionamento ajuda-os na trajetória que vai da angústia à serenidade.Palavras-chave: Bioética. Distanásia. Tratamento fútil. Cuidado. Philia.Abstract: The painful extension of the dying process, which brings more suffering and delays death, is one of the most complex bioethical issues discussed today in the context of end of life care. The complexity begins in the very semantic definition of this bioethical problem. Our quest is marked by a “creative anguish” (not by the pathological one that paralyzes us in the face of life) that seeks to identify various terms and neologisms, in order to give a name to and define the bioethical issue: dysthanasia, futile and useless medicine and/or treatment; and also in order to define that diagnostic action and medical therapy that no longer benefits the patient in his/her final stage of life. For the equating of this bioethical problem, we look for some light in the medical scientific literature and in international bioethics, as well as in the tradition of the brazilian medical ethics in its codified version. Although a particular treatment can be futile and therefore useless, care will never be futile and useless. At the heart of every act of caring “philia” (love, friendship) must be present. Yes, we may be cured of a deadly disease, but not of our mortality and finitude. The condition of existing is not a pathology. When we forget this, we fall into the technolatry, and the instruments of healing and care easily turn into instruments of torture. This article attempts to present a methodology for dealing with these ethically conflictive situations, as it deals with some basic ethical concepts such as deliberation, decision and medical liability and the role of bioethical committees. The search for the appropriate equation helps us in the path that goes from anguish to serenity.Keywords: Bioethics. Dysthanasia. Futile treatment. Care. Philia.


Author(s):  
Ali Arshad ◽  
Sharif Razia ◽  
Iqbal Mazhar M

It is an established fact that Pakistan is prone to disasters and damage caused by these disasters is immeasurable and varies with the geographical location, climate, and type of earth surface, geology and degree of vulnerability. The paper focus on underpinnings of flood response, however, emphasis  will be on role of Corps of Engineers (Army), Civil-Military coordination in 2010 Floods and prolonged employment of Army on such tasks. The main focus of this paper is on the existing role of military, their relationship with the civil set-up and the expectations of both the group from each other. Moreover, this paper also reviews about the existing frameworks and mechanisms of coordination between the two groups. The paper may help managers, policy makers and army engineers and government authorities to realistically evolve flood response, and decentralized mode of operation should be adapted from national to regional level in order to follow an integrated framework for bringing all stakeholders and victims together for developing an organized response system. However, the prolonged employment of Army on mitigation of disasters must be avoided.  


Author(s):  
Ana E. Juncos ◽  
Nieves Pérez-Solórzano Borragán

This chapter examines the implications of enlargement for the shape and definition of Europe in general and for the institutional set-up and the major policies of the European Union in particular. It first provides a historical background on EU enlargement before discussing the enlargement process itself, with a focus on the use of conditionality and the role of the main actors involved. It then considers the contributions of neo-functionalism, liberal intergovernmentalism, and social constructivism to explaining the EU's geographical expansion. It also evaluates the success and prospect of future enlargement in the context of wider EU developments, especially the effect of the financial crisis in the euro area, ‘enlargement fatigue’, the domestic context in the candidate countries, and evolving relations with Russia.


2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 654-690
Author(s):  
RADHA KAPURIA

AbstractThis article focuses on performing artists at the court of Maharaja Ranjit Singh (r. 1801–39), the last fully sovereign ruler of the Punjab and leader of what is termed the Sikh empire. After Ranjit's death, his successors ruled for a mere decade before British annexation in 1849. Ranjit Singh's kingdom has been studied for the extraordinary authority it exercised over warring Sikh factions and for the strong challenge it posed to political rivals like the British. Scholarly exploration of cultural efflorescence at the Lahore court has ignored the role of performing artistes, despite a preponderance of references to them in both Persian chronicles of the Lahore court and in European travelogues of the time. I demonstrate how Ranjit Singh was partial to musicians and dancers as a class, even marrying two Muslim courtesans in the face of stiff Sikh orthodoxy. A particular focus is on Ranjit's corps of ‘Amazons’—female dancers performing martial feats dressed as men—the cynosure of all eyes, especially male European, and their significance in representing the martial glory of the Sikh state. Finally, I evaluate the curious cultural misunderstandings that arose when English ‘dancing’ encountered Indian ‘nautching’, revealing how gender was the primary axis around which Indian and European male statesmen alike expressed their power. Ubiquitous in the daily routine of Ranjit and the lavish entertainments set up for visitors, musicians and female performers lay at the interstices of the Indo-European encounter, and Anglo-Sikh interactions in particular.


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