P-054 Pre-selected for an award: Apoptosis related-microRNAs in Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia and Azoospermia men may reveal novel study of freezing damage

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Ezzati ◽  
M Pashaiasl
Keyword(s):  
Cyclin D1 ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Testicular Tissue ◽  
Testicular Sperm Extraction ◽  
Freezing Damage ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Stress Markers ◽  
Before And After ◽  
High Level

Abstract Study question Could choosing of non-apoptotic spermatozoa by biological biomarkers such as microRNAs promote post-thaw fertilization ability? Summary answer Biological alterations in correlation with apoptosis and oxidative stress markers such as microRNAs may preserve the function and fertility of spermatozoa during cryopreservation. What is known already Biological changes of cryopreserved spermatozoa such as microRNAs against cryo-injury were investigated. It was presented that several sperm parameters such as motility and abstinence period can impact the percentage of post-thaw sperm survival. Recent study, reported that microRNAs related to process of motility, sperm structure and apoptosis were associated with different expression after cryopreservation. More comprehensive study needed to fully mention the effect of microRNAs and their correlations with other biomarkers in cryopreservation. Study design, size, duration Our study was performed on 58 men who were 24-40 years old. Their ejaculated samples were classified as sever (concentrations less than 5 million sperm/mL) Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia (SOAT), mild (concentrations 5 million – 10 million sperm/ mL) Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia (MOAT), obstructive azoospermai (OA), Non obstructive azoospermai (NOA) (absence of spermatozoa in the semen) and normal group (concentrations more than 15 million sperm/ mL). Then each sample was grouped into fresh and cryopreserved one. Participants/materials, setting, methods Density Gradient centrifugation (DGC) was performed to obtain high quality sperm without round cells after freeze-thawing. Biopsy of testicular tissue was prepared after Testicular Sperm Extraction (TESE) surgery. Then biological biomarkers were examined before and after cryopreservation including microRNA-122 (miR-122), miR-383, miR-15b, miR-184, miR-34c and target genes such as P53, Caspase9 and CYCLIN D1, using Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) using imaging multi-mode reader. Main results and the role of chance There was a significant reduction in sperm total motility and morphology in Cryopreserved-infertile groups (MOAT and SOAT) compared with the Fresh-infertile groups. Decreased level of GPx activity was associated with increased concentration of MDA during freeze-thawing procedure in oligoasthenoteratozoospermia. Also increasing levels of SOD, and DNA fragmentation were showed. Our data demonstrated that reduction of CYCLIN D1 in MOAT-Cryopreserved (P = 0.0174) and NOA-Cryopreserved (P = 0.0001) groups were considerable compared with their fresh ones. We observed high level of Capase9 and in cryopreserved groups (P = 0.01).The expression of miR-34c was increased significantly in NOA-Cryo (P = 0.0064), and OA-Cryo (P = 0.0441) in comparison with their fresh groups. The expression of miR-184 (P = 0.0275) was enhanced in NOA-Cryo as compared to NOA-Fresh. Quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated meaningful decrease level of miR-383 expression in SOAT-Cryopreserved as compared with SOAT-Fresh (P = 0.0223). On the other hand, expression level of miR-383 was increased in NOA group significantly (P = 0.0437) and in OA group non-significantly during freezing. There was non-significant decrease of miR-122 and miR-15b in MOAT and SOAT-Cryopreserved groups in comparison to their Fresh groups. We observed reduced expression of miR-122 (P = 0.0109) and miR-15b (P = 0.0322) in OA group after freezing. Also, there was meaningful increased level of miR-15b (P = 0.0234) in NOA-Cryo compared with Fresh.  Limitations, reasons for caution Because of the ethical principle, we can not obtain testicular samples from normal groups. So, we analyzed NO and OA groups with each other. Wider implications of the findings Our study documented that total motility can be interfered by microRNAs. This phenomenon effects on the total motility of post-thaw spermatozoa. Also the increase level of MDA may disturb microRNAs regulation in the infertile cases. These non-coding RNAs may be known as fertility biomarker to development of freeze-thawing strategies. Trial registration number 60961

P–054 Apoptosis related-microRNAs in Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia and Azoospermia men may reveal novel study of freezing damage

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Ezzati ◽  
M Pashaiasl
Keyword(s):  
Cyclin D1 ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Testicular Tissue ◽  
Testicular Sperm Extraction ◽  
Freezing Damage ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Stress Markers ◽  
Before And After ◽  
High Level

Abstract Study question Could choosing of non-apoptotic spermatozoa by biological biomarkers such as microRNAs promote post-thaw fertilization ability? Summary answer Biological alterations in correlation with apoptosis and oxidative stress markers such as microRNAs may preserve the function and fertility of spermatozoa during cryopreservation. What is known already Biological changes of cryopreserved spermatozoa such as microRNAs against cryo-injury were investigated. It was presented that several sperm parameters such as motility and abstinence period can impact the percentage of post-thaw sperm survival. Recent study, reported that microRNAs related to process of motility, sperm structure and apoptosis were associated with different expression after cryopreservation. More comprehensive study needed to fully mention the effect of microRNAs and their correlations with other biomarkers in cryopreservation. Study design, size, duration Our study was performed on 58 men who were 24–40 years old. Their ejaculated samples were classified as sever (concentrations less than 5 million sperm/mL) Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia (SOAT), mild (concentrations 5 million – 10 million sperm/ mL) Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia (MOAT), obstructive azoospermai (OA), Non obstructive azoospermai (NOA) (absence of spermatozoa in the semen) and normal group (concentrations more than 15 million sperm/ mL). Then each sample was grouped into fresh and cryopreserved one. Participants/materials, setting, methods Density Gradient centrifugation (DGC) was performed to obtain high quality sperm without round cells after freeze-thawing. Biopsy of testicular tissue was prepared after Testicular Sperm Extraction (TESE) surgery. Then biological biomarkers were examined before and after cryopreservation including microRNA–122 (miR–122), miR–383, miR–15b, miR–184, miR–34c and target genes such as P53, Caspase9 and CYCLIN D1, using Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) using imaging multi-mode reader. Main results and the role of chance There was a significant reduction in sperm total motility and morphology in Cryopreserved-infertile groups (MOAT and SOAT) compared with the Fresh-infertile groups. Decreased level of GPx activity was associated with increased concentration of MDA during freeze-thawing procedure in oligoasthenoteratozoospermia. Also increasing levels of SOD, and DNA fragmentation were showed. Our data demonstrated that reduction of CYCLIN D1 in MOAT-Cryopreserved (P = 0.0174) and NOA-Cryopreserved (P = 0.0001) groups were considerable compared with their fresh ones. We observed high level of Capase9 and in cryopreserved groups (P = 0.01).The expression of miR–34c was increased significantly in NOA-Cryo (P = 0.0064), and OA-Cryo (P = 0.0441) in comparison with their fresh groups. The expression of miR–184 (P = 0.0275) was enhanced in NOA-Cryo as compared to NOA-Fresh. Quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated meaningful decrease level of miR–383 expression in SOAT-Cryopreserved as compared with SOAT-Fresh (P = 0.0223). On the other hand, expression level of miR–383 was increased in NOA group significantly (P = 0.0437) and in OA group non-significantly during freezing. There was non-significant decrease of miR–122 and miR–15b in MOAT and SOAT-Cryopreserved groups in comparison to their Fresh groups. We observed reduced expression of miR–122 (P = 0.0109) and miR–15b (P = 0.0322) in OA group after freezing. Also, there was meaningful increased level of miR–15b (P = 0.0234) in NOA-Cryo compared with Fresh. Limitations, reasons for caution Because of the ethical principle, we can not obtain testicular samples from normal groups. So, we analyzed NO and OA groups with each other. Wider implications of the findings: Our study documented that total motility can be interfered by microRNAs. This phenomenon effects on the total motility of post-thaw spermatozoa. Also the increase level of MDA may disturb microRNAs regulation in the infertile cases. These non-coding RNAs may be known as fertility biomarker to development of freeze-thawing strategies. Trial registration number 60961

Flavopiridol Down-Regulates Genes Involved in Cell Cycle Regulation and Tumor Progression in Adults with Refractory or Poor-Risk Acute Leukemia.

Blood ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 112 (11) ◽  
pp. 953-953 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Resar ◽  
Joelle Hillion ◽  
Katrina Alino ◽  
Michelle Rudek ◽  
Judith Karp
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Acute Leukemia ◽  
Rna Polymerase ◽  
Cyclin D1 ◽  
Rna Polymerase Ii ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Cyclin Dependent Kinase ◽  
Poor Risk ◽  
Before And After

Abstract Acute leukemia in adults continues to be a formidable clinical challenge that demands further investigation to identify more rational therapies. To optimize anti-leukemia therapy, we are investigating the prototypical cyclin dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitor, flavopiridol, in refractory or poor-risk disease. Flavopiridol is a cytotoxic molecule that is thought to induce cell cycle arrest by blocking cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) function, thereby interfering with RNA Polymerase II activity and globally down-regulating gene expression. In the setting of pan-cdk inhibition, E2F1 is released and appears to drive apoptosis in transformed cells. Consistent with these proposed mechanisms of action, a previous study from our group showed that flavopiridol induces apoptosis in vitro in leukemic blasts from patients with refractory leukemia. Administration of flavopiridol was associated with a decrease in one or more of the following proteins in the leukemic blasts: RNA Polymerase II, STAT3, cyclin D1, Bcl-2, and Mcl-1. Serum VEGF levels also decreased in most patients. We are now investigating mRNA levels of the genes encoding these proteins by quantitative, RT-PCR in leukemic blasts from adult patients with refractory or poor-risk leukemia before and after flavopiridol therapy. We have treated 26 patients with flavopiridol at an escalating, hybrid dose followed by ara-c and mitxantrone. Adequate RNA from leukemic blasts before and after flavopiridol administration was available from 8 of 11 patients studied thus far. All cases (8/8) exhibit a marked decrease in mRNA for VEGF following flavopiridol. mRNA levels for other putative flavopiridol target genes is also decreased in a subset of leukemic blast samples after therapy, as follows: E2F1 (6/8), STAT3 (6/8), Mcl-1 (6/8), RNA Polymerase subunit 2a (3/3), and cyclin D1 (2/3). In contrast, bcl-2 mRNA levels increased after flavopiridol in most cases (7/8), which could represent a compensatory mechanism of leukemic blasts to avoid apoptotic cell death. Our preliminary studies indicate that flavopiridol is cytotoxic in poor-risk and refractory acute leukemia. Studies are underway to determine if down-regulation of any putative target genes correlates with pharmacologic data or clinical responses.

scholarly journals Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli originated from chicken carcasses modulate their transcriptome to translate virulence genes in human cells

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 592-599
Author(s):  
Roberta T. Melo ◽  
Eliane P. Mendonça ◽  
Edson C. Valadares Júnior ◽  
Guilherme P. Monteiro ◽  
Phelipe A.B.M. Peres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Gene Transcription ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Human Cells ◽  
Campylobacter Coli ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Rapd Pcr ◽  
Pcr Multiplex ◽  
Before And After ◽  
High Level

ABSTRACT: The aim was to determine the spread of genetically similar profiles of Campylobacter in chicken carcasses and evaluate their ability to produce transcripts for ciaB, dnaJ, p19 and sodB genes, before and after cultivation in Caco-2 cells. The strains used were isolated from 420 samples of chicken carcasses chilled and frozen ready for marketing. The species were identified by PCR-multiplex, the phylogeny was determined by RAPD-PCR and the presence of transcripts was performed by RT-PCR. We identified 74 (17.6%) of Campylobacter strains, being 55 (74.3%) C. jejuni and 19 (25.7%) C. coli. The phylogenetic relationship demonstrated heterogeneity between isolates of the same species, with absence of clones, indicating the high level of diversity of circulating genotypes. The gene transcription showed conflicting results before and after the culture in Caco-2 cell, so that before cultivation isolates showed greater capacity to transcribe genes related to survival and after the interaction with human cells, the strains showed higher potential to transcribe genes associated with virulence. The result of this study contributes to the understanding of how these seemingly fragile microorganisms are the most prevalent bacterial agents in human gastroenteritis.

805: High-Level Cyclin D1 is Associated with High Gleason Grade and Predicts Worse Biochemical-Free Survival in Prostate Cancer

2006 ◽  
Vol 175 (4S) ◽  
pp. 260-260
Author(s):  
Rile Li ◽  
Hong Dai ◽  
Thomas M. Wheeler ◽  
Anna Frolov ◽  
Gustavo Ayala
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Cyclin D1 ◽  
Gleason Grade ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
High Level

ANALYSIS OF RADIOIMMUNOASSAY BY DISC ELECTROPHORESIS AND SUCROSE GRADIENT CENTRIFUGATION

1971 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lubomir Valenta ◽  
Michel L. Aubert
Keyword(s):  
Sucrose Gradient ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Human Growth ◽  
Disc Electrophoresis ◽  
Separate Analysis ◽  
Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone ◽  
Sucrose Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Polypeptide Hormones

ABSTRACT Radioiodine-labelled synthetic adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), human growth hormone (HGH), human chorionic somato-mammotrophin (HCS), and human (HTSH) and bovine (BTSH) thyroid stimulating hormones were studied by disc-electrophoresis and sucrose gradient centrifugation before and after incubation with corresponding antisera. All antisera contained 7 S antibodies. After incubation, soluble antigenantibody complexes besides a small amount of precipitate were observed in the incubation mixture, characteristic of each hormone. The complexes migrated like gamma globulins or more slowly on disc-electrophoresis. and on sucrose gradient centrifugation showed patterns dependent on the time of incubation. Light 7 or 9 S, or < 12 S complexes occurred mostly after incubation for several minutes (up to 30 min) before analysis. When incubation was prolonged to 24 h and more, these relatively light complexes disappeared or diminished in favour of heavier soluble or precipitating complexes. Reproducibly obtainable sedimentation patterns of the soluble complexes suggested some definite recombination of antigen molecules with 7 S antibodies. The complexes did not occur on incubation with other sera than an antiserum to a given hormone. They were not influenced by EDTA. Displacement of the radioactivity of the complexes into the free hormone peak was obtained by addition of a non-labelled hormone identical with the labelled one. Sucrose gradient centrifugation and disc-electrophoresis are recommended for the study of immunoreaction of diluted materials and for a separate analysis of different steps of the radioimmunoassay. Radioimmunoassay was introduced for the measurement of protein hormones by Yalow & Berson (1960). The method, described originally for insulin, was later adapted to the detection of a number of protein and polypeptide hormones. On incubation of the hormone with its antiserum, a soluble antigenantibody complex is formed, which is separated from an excess of the free hormone by various methods, e. g. chromatoelectrophoresis, precipitation with a second antibody, adsorption on a solid phase etc. (Hunter 1967). Sucrose gradient centrifugation and disc-electrophoresis were occasionally used to follow some isolated aspect of radioimmunoassay (Fitschen 1965; Monjardino et al. 1968). We are demonstrating that these methods made it possible to analyze the radioimmunoassay step by step and thus may be useful for practical purposes as well as in a study of the immunoreaction of diluted materials.

Osteopontin expressed by renal tubular epithelium mediates interstitial monocyte infiltration in rats

2000 ◽  
Vol 278 (1) ◽  
pp. F110-F121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirokazu Okada ◽  
Kenshi Moriwaki ◽  
Raghuram Kalluri ◽  
Tsuneo Takenaka ◽  
Hiroe Imai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Target Genes ◽  
Renal Plasma Flow ◽  
Mrna Level ◽  
Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotide ◽  
Tubular Epithelium ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Goodpasture Syndrome ◽  
Renal Tubular Epithelium ◽  
Protein Excretion ◽  
Renal Tubular

In this study, we have shown that intravenously administered antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) was demonstrated to be taken up by tubular epithelium, after which it blocked mRNA expression of target genes in normal and nephritic rats. Therefore, we injected osteopontin (OPN) antisense ODN to Goodpasture syndrome (GPS) rats every second day between days 27 and 35, the time when renal OPN expression increased and interstitial monocyte infiltration was aggravated. In parallel to blockade of tubular OPN expression, this treatment significantly attenuated monocyte infiltration and preserved renal plasma flow in GPS rats at day 37, compared with sense ODN-treated and untreated GPS rats. No significant changes were observed in OPN mRNA level by RT-PCR and histopathology of the glomeruli after ODN treatment, which was compatible with an absence of differences in the urinary protein excretion rate. In conclusion, OPN expressed by tubular epithelium played a pivotal role in mediating peritubular monocyte infiltration consequent to glomerular disease.

scholarly journals Benefit of a pharmacist-led intervention for medication management of renal transplant patients: a controlled before-and-after study

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 204062232110052
Author(s):  
Jeremy Chambord ◽  
Lionel Couzi ◽  
Pierre Merville ◽  
Karine Moreau ◽  
Fabien Xuereb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medication Adherence ◽  
Immunosuppressive Therapy ◽  
Medication Management ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Knowledge Score ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Patient Knowledge ◽  
Transplant Patients ◽  
Before And After ◽  
High Level

Aims: To assess the effect of a pharmacist-led intervention, using Barrows cards method, during the first year after renal transplantation, on patient knowledge about their treatment, medication adherence and exposure to treatment in a French cohort. Methods: We conducted a before-and-after comparative study between two groups of patients: those who benefited from a complementary pharmacist-led intervention [intervention group (IG), n = 44] versus those who did not [control group (CG), n = 48]. The pharmacist-led intervention consisted of a behavioral and educational interview at the first visit (visit 1). The intervention was assessed 4 months later at the second visit (visit 2), using the following endpoints: treatment knowledge, medication adherence [proportion of days covered (PDC) by immunosuppressive therapy] and tacrolimus exposure. Results: At visit 2, IG patients achieved a significantly higher knowledge score than CG patients (83.3% versus 72.2%, p = 0.001). We did not find any differences in treatment exposure or medication adherence; however, the intervention tended to reduce the proportion of non-adherent patients with low knowledge scores. Using the PDC by immunosuppressive therapy, we identified 10 non-adherent patients (10.9%) at visit 1 and six at visit 2. Conclusions: Our intervention showed a positive effect on patient knowledge about their treatment. However, our results did not show any improvement in overall medication adherence, which was likely to be because of the initially high level of adherence in our study population. Nevertheless, the intervention appears to have improved adherence in non-adherent patients with low knowledge scores.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Neuromuscular, Haematological and Urinary Responses during Padel Matches

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 5864
Author(s):  
Francisco Pradas ◽  
Alejandro García-Giménez ◽  
Víctor Toro-Román ◽  
Nicolae Ochiana ◽  
Carlos Castellar
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Grip Strength ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Hand Grip Strength ◽  
Squat Jump ◽  
Hand Grip ◽  
Before And After ◽  
High Level

Research on the acute physiological response to a padel match is limited. The present study aimed to: (a) evaluate neuromuscular, urinary, and hematological responses after simulated padel competition (SC) and (b) analyze possible gender differences. In this study, 28 high-level padel players participated (men = 13, age = 26.83 ± 6.57 years; women = 15, age = 30.07 ± 4.36 years). The following parameters were analyzed before and after SC: neuromuscular (hand grip strength, squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), and Abalakov jump (ABK)), hematological (red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit), and urinary (pH, specific gravity, microalbuminuria, and red blood cells). Significant gender differences were found in neuromuscular and hematological responses, with men obtaining higher values (p < 0.05). For the SC influence, changes were noted in ABK and microalbuminuria (p < 0.05). The percentages of change in hand grip strength, SJ (height and watts), CMJ (height), and ABK (height) were higher for men than women (p < 0.05). SC negatively influenced the neuromuscular parameters to a greater extent in women. Our results could be related to gender differences in game actions, the temporal structure, and anthropometric and physiological characteristics. Game dynamics and a different organic response between male and female padel playing were confirmed.

scholarly journals Real-Time High-Level Acute Pain Detection Using a Smartphone and a Wrist-Worn Electrodermal Activity Sensor

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 3956
Author(s):  
Youngsun Kong ◽  
Hugo F. Posada-Quintero ◽  
Ki H. Chon
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Electrodermal Activity ◽  
Smartphone Application ◽  
Real Time Processing ◽  
Pain Stimulation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Electrical Pulses ◽  
Pain Detection ◽  
High Level

The subjectiveness of pain can lead to inaccurate prescribing of pain medication, which can exacerbate drug addiction and overdose. Given that pain is often experienced in patients’ homes, there is an urgent need for ambulatory devices that can quantify pain in real-time. We implemented three time- and frequency-domain electrodermal activity (EDA) indices in our smartphone application that collects EDA signals using a wrist-worn device. We then evaluated our computational algorithms using thermal grill data from ten subjects. The thermal grill delivered a level of pain that was calibrated for each subject to be 8 out of 10 on a visual analog scale (VAS). Furthermore, we simulated the real-time processing of the smartphone application using a dataset pre-collected from another group of fifteen subjects who underwent pain stimulation using electrical pulses, which elicited a VAS pain score level 7 out of 10. All EDA features showed significant difference between painless and pain segments, termed for the 5-s segments before and after each pain stimulus. Random forest showed the highest accuracy in detecting pain, 81.5%, with 78.9% sensitivity and 84.2% specificity with leave-one-subject-out cross-validation approach. Our results show the potential of a smartphone application to provide near real-time objective pain detection.

scholarly journals Transfer and generalization of learned manipulation between unimanual and bimanual tasks

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Trevor Lee-Miller ◽  
Marco Santello ◽  
Andrew M. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Learning Transfer ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Pressure Point ◽  
Torque Generation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Object Center ◽  
High Level ◽  
Bimanual Grasping ◽  
Partial Learning

AbstractSuccessful object manipulation, such as preventing object roll, relies on the modulation of forces and centers of pressure (point of application of digits on each grasp surface) prior to lift onset to generate a compensatory torque. Whether or not generalization of learned manipulation can occur after adding or removing effectors is not known. We examined this by recruiting participants to perform lifts in unimanual and bimanual grasps and analyzed results before and after transfer. Our results show partial generalization of learned manipulation occurred when switching from a (1) unimanual to bimanual grasp regardless of object center of mass, and (2) bimanual to unimanual grasp when the center of mass was on the thumb side. Partial generalization was driven by the modulation of effectors’ center of pressure, in the appropriate direction but of insufficient magnitude, while load forces did not contribute to torque generation after transfer. In addition, we show that the combination of effector forces and centers of pressure in the generation of compensatory torque differ between unimanual and bimanual grasping. These findings highlight that (1) high-level representations of learned manipulation enable only partial learning transfer when adding or removing effectors, and (2) such partial generalization is mainly driven by modulation of effectors’ center of pressure.

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