scholarly journals Coronavirus Occurrence and Transmission Over 8 Years in the HIVE Cohort of Households in Michigan

2020 ◽  
Vol 222 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnold S Monto ◽  
Peter M DeJonge ◽  
Amy P Callear ◽  
Latifa A Bazzi ◽  
Skylar B Capriola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Infection Risk ◽  
Infection Frequency ◽  
Transmission Potential ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Serial Interval ◽  
Human Coronaviruses

Abstract Background As part of the Household Influenza Vaccine Evaluation (HIVE) study, acute respiratory infections (ARI) have been identified in children and adults from 2010 to 2018. Methods Annually, 890 to 1441 individuals were followed and contacted weekly to report ARIs. Specimens collected during illness were tested for human coronaviruses (HCoV) types OC43, 229E, HKU1, and NL63. Results In total, 993 HCoV infections were identified during the 8 years, with OC43 most commonly seen and 229E the least. HCoVs were detected in a limited time period, between December and April/May and peaked in January/February. Highest infection frequency was in children <5 years (18 per 100 person-years), with little variation in older age groups (range, 7 to 11 per 100 person-years). Overall, 9% of adult cases and 20% of cases in children were associated with medical consultation. Of the 993 infections, 260 were acquired from an infected household contact. The serial interval between index and household-acquired cases ranged from 3.2 to 3.6 days and the secondary infection risk ranged from 7.2% to 12.6% by type. Conclusions Coronaviruses are sharply seasonal. They appear, based on serial interval and secondary infection risk, to have similar transmission potential to influenza A(H3N2) in the same population.

scholarly journals Estimating individual risks of COVID-19-associated hospitalization and death using publicly available data

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0243026
Author(s):  
Rajiv Bhatia ◽  
Jeffrey Klausner
Keyword(s):  
Risk Estimation ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Infection Risk ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Incidence Data ◽  
Household Transmission ◽  
Contact Rates ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Public Data

We describe a method to estimate individual risks of hospitalization and death attributable to non-household and household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 using available public data on confirmed-case incidence data along with estimates of the clinical fraction, timing of transmission, isolation adherence, secondary infection risks, contact rates, and case-hospitalization and case-fatality ratios. Using the method, we estimate that risks for a 90-day period at the median daily summertime U.S. county confirmed COVID-19 case incidence of 10.8 per 100,000 and pre-pandemic contact rates range from 0.4 to 8.9 per 100,000 for the four deciles of age between 20 and 60 years. The corresponding 90-day period risk of hospitalization ranges from 13.7 to 69.2 per 100,000. Assuming a non-household secondary infection risk of 4% and pre-pandemic contact rates, the share of transmissions attributable to household settings ranges from 73% to 78%. These estimates are sensitive to the parameter assumptions; nevertheless, they are comparable to the COVID-19 hospitalization and fatality rates observed over the time period. We conclude that individual risk of hospitalization and death from SARS-CoV-2 infection is calculable from publicly available data sources. Access to publicly reported infection incidence data by setting and other exposure characteristics along with setting specific estimates of secondary infection risk would allow for more precise individual risk estimation.

scholarly journals Specific therapy and emergency prevention of flu

2021 ◽  
pp. 116-123
Author(s):  
Wassili M. Delyagin
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Low Birth Weight Infants ◽  
Food Treatment ◽  
Number Of Patients

Influenza A and B epidemics, occasionally pandemics, are characterized by high morbidity and mortality rates. In most cases, an uncomplicated disease ends with recovery, but unfavorable outcomes, up to lethal, are possible, especially in premature, low birth weight, infants and young children, old people, pregnant and postpartum women, with chronic diseases, immunocompromised, receiving salicylates and anticoagulants. The use of modern diagnostic methods allows early detection of patients with influenza, distinguishing them from the total number of patients with respiratory infections. This allows you to optimize the timing of the examination, avoid unnecessary prescription of antibiotics, and timely prescribe specific chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis. During epidemics, in the presence of an epidemiological history, the conclusion of the clinician is decisive for the diagnosis. Vaccination is an excellent method of preventing or relieving the flu. However, in case of an unfavorable course of the disease, in risk groups, in closed groups, it is recommended to use chemotherapy, pre-exposure or post-exposure chemoprophylaxis. Numerous studies have proven the effectiveness of the use of the drug oseltamivir, a specific blocker of the virus neuraminidase. As a result, its replication stops. The drug does not complicate the vaccination, it can be used in vaccinated people, in all age groups, is available in different dosages, and can be used with food. Treatment for uncomplicated influenza lasts 5 days. In certain situations, chemoprophylaxis and chemotherapy with the specific antiviral drug oseltamivir can help control influenza outbreaks in certain populations.

Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of acute respiratory virus infections in Vietnamese children

2015 ◽  
Vol 144 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. N. TRAN ◽  
Q. D. TRINH ◽  
N. T. K. PHAM ◽  
M. P. VU ◽  
M. T. HA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Ho Chi Minh City ◽  
Human Bocavirus ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Respiratory Virus Infections ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

SUMMARYInformation about viral acute respiratory infections (ARIs) is essential for prevention, diagnosis and treatment, but it is limited in tropical developing countries. This study described the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of ARIs in children hospitalized in Vietnam. Nasopharyngeal samples were collected from children with ARIs at Ho Chi Minh City Children's Hospital 2 between April 2010 and May 2011 in order to detect respiratory viruses by polymerase chain reaction. Viruses were found in 64% of 1082 patients, with 12% being co-infections. The leading detected viruses were human rhinovirus (HRV; 30%), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV; 23·8%), and human bocavirus (HBoV; 7·2%). HRV was detected all year round, while RSV epidemics occurred mainly in the rainy season. Influenza A (FluA) was found in both seasons. The other viruses were predominant in the dry season. HRV was identified in children of all age groups. RSV, parainfluenza virus (PIV) 1, PIV3 and HBoV, and FluA were detected predominantly in children aged <6 months, 6–12 months, 12–24 months, and >24 months, respectively. Significant associations were found between PIV1 with croup (P < 0·005) and RSV with bronchiolitis (P < 0·005). HBoV and HRV were associated with hypoxia (P < 0·05) and RSV with retraction (P < 0·05). HRV, RSV, and HBoV were detected most frequently and they may increase the severity of ARIs in children.

scholarly journals The Experience of a Comparative Analysis of the Incidence of Pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Infections of the Upper Respiratory Tract after the Introduction of a System of Epidemiological Monitoring of Pneumonia

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Kravchenko ◽  
T. A. Gavrilova ◽  
M. I. Khakimova ◽  
V. B. Kazanova ◽  
E. I. Vasilyeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Epidemiological Monitoring

 The system of epidemiological surveillance of community-acquired pneumonia (VP) in the Russian Federation (RF) has changed since 2011. As a result, additional opportunities have emerged for a comparative analysis of the incidence of EP and ARVI. The goal is to give a comparative description of the incidence of CAP and ARVI by age groups, territories and seasonality, taking into account the results of a selective laboratory examination of patients.Materials and methods.A retrospective descriptive epidemiological study on the results of epidemiological surveillance at the regional level (Irkutsk Region, 2012–2016) was conducted. For 2016, the dynamics of the patient’s number with influenza and acute respiratory viral infections (n = 706460) and VP (n = 15279) reported by weeks, as well as the results of selective PCR examination of 1788 patients for 13 viral and bacterial pathogens were analyzed.Results.Over 5 years, the incidence of the VP increased from 377.6 (370.0–385.2) per 100 thousand to 588.3 (578.7–597.9), the average annual growth rate was + 35.8%. At the same time, the incidence of ARVI decreased at an average annual rate of –2.9%. When comparing the incidence of CAP and ARVI in municipalities, it was found weakly correlation only (ρ = 0.172, p> 0.05). In contrast, in the analysis of seasonality, a direct strong correlation was found between SARS and EP by weeks of the year (ρ = 0.887, p <0.05). For an average of 5 years, there were 52 cases of ARVI per 1 case of EP. For children, there were no significant differences in this indicator by the seasons of the year, whereas in adults, EP were recorded relatively more often in summer and spring than in winter and autumn (p <0.05). Significant differences in the frequency of positive findings for the seasons of the year were found for pneumococcus, rhinoviruses, influenza A and RS viruses. The recorded incidence of CAP and ARVI was characterized by a weak correlation link by territory and a strong link by weeks.Conclusion.The introduction of the epidemiological monitoring system for pneumonia allowed to identify differences in the intra-annual dynamics of EF and ARVI among adults and children. This is the basis for correcting the tactics laboratory monitoring and prophylaxis of acute respiratory infections.

scholarly journals Influenza A neuraminidase antibodies in children and young adults studied by serum absorption

1977 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen A. Callow ◽  
A. S. Beare
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Antigenic Shift ◽  
Human Sera ◽  
Relative Rarity ◽  
Children And Young Adults ◽  
Antigenic Relationships

SUMMARYA study is described of influenza A anti-neuraminidase antibodies in the sera of young people of three different age groups. Each serum was individually absorbed with viruses containing the N2 neuraminidases of 1957, 1968 and 1972. Rabbit antisera prepared against the viruses were similarly absorbed. Results obtained with the animal sera suggested that these neuraminidases were antigenically distinct, but the human sera had a broader range of anti-neuraminidase activity and gave indication of asymmetric antigenic relationships. Earlier workers who surveyed anti-haemagglutinin antibodies reported that the virus of primary infection absorbed all antibodies, and the virus of secondary infection only those directed against itself. We too found that the virus of secondary infection absorbed only homologous anti-neuraminidase antibody. However, although the primary infecting virus did absorb some secondary antibody, this absorption was incomplete and it lessened with the lengthening of the time interval between the primary and secondary infecting viruses. A similar pattern was seen with anti-haemagglutinin antibodies.Absorption of anti-neuraminidase antibodies from human sera proved much more difficult than absorption of anti-haemagglutinin antibodies particularly after repeated influenza virus infections. The relative rarity of antigenic shift in the neuraminidase subunit also creates problems in the interpretation of results of serum neuraminidase antibody surveys.

scholarly journals Virus–virus interactions impact the population dynamics of influenza and the common cold

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (52) ◽  
pp. 27142-27150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sema Nickbakhsh ◽  
Colette Mair ◽  
Louise Matthews ◽  
Richard Reeve ◽  
Paul C. D. Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Common Cold ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Positive Interactions ◽  
Infection Frequency ◽  
Human Respiratory Tract ◽  
Virus Interactions

The human respiratory tract hosts a diverse community of cocirculating viruses that are responsible for acute respiratory infections. This shared niche provides the opportunity for virus–virus interactions which have the potential to affect individual infection risks and in turn influence dynamics of infection at population scales. However, quantitative evidence for interactions has lacked suitable data and appropriate analytical tools. Here, we expose and quantify interactions among respiratory viruses using bespoke analyses of infection time series at the population scale and coinfections at the individual host scale. We analyzed diagnostic data from 44,230 cases of respiratory illness that were tested for 11 taxonomically broad groups of respiratory viruses over 9 y. Key to our analyses was accounting for alternative drivers of correlated infection frequency, such as age and seasonal dependencies in infection risk, allowing us to obtain strong support for the existence of negative interactions between influenza and noninfluenza viruses and positive interactions among noninfluenza viruses. In mathematical simulations that mimic 2-pathogen dynamics, we show that transient immune-mediated interference can cause a relatively ubiquitous common cold-like virus to diminish during peak activity of a seasonal virus, supporting the potential role of innate immunity in driving the asynchronous circulation of influenza A and rhinovirus. These findings have important implications for understanding the linked epidemiological dynamics of viral respiratory infections, an important step towards improved accuracy of disease forecasting models and evaluation of disease control interventions.

scholarly journals Incidence of Upper Respiratory TractMycoplasma pneumoniae Infections among Outpatients in Rhône-Alpes, France, during Five Successive Winter Periods

1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 1721-1726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Paule Layani-Milon ◽  
Isabelle Gras ◽  
Martine Valette ◽  
Jacques Luciani ◽  
Jean Stagnara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Nasal Swab ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Surveillance Network ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Winter Peak

In this prospective study, nasal swab samples from patients with acute respiratory infections were evaluated for the presence ofMycoplasma pneumoniae. This PCR-plus-hybridization-based detection was associated with the detection of other viral agents. During the five winter surveillance periods, 3,897 samples were collected by 75 medical practitioners participating in the Groupe Régional d’Observation de la Grippe surveillance network in Rhône-Alpes (France). M. pneumoniae was detected in 283 samples (7.3%); its rate of detection ranged from 10.1 to 2.0% over the five periods, and it was the second most frequently isolated pathogen during the survey, after influenza A. Three high-prevalence winters were observed, yielding an early winter peak of M. pneumoniae infection which was observed in all age groups. No statistically significant difference was detected between rates of infections in the different age groups, but M. pneumoniaeinfection was significantly related to lower respiratory tract infection during periods of high prevalence. This study defined the frequency of M. pneumoniae detection from nasal swab specimens in patients with acute respiratory infections, confirming its high prevalence and the presence of large outbreaks due to this pathogen.

Bacteria and Viral Profile of Severe Acute Respiratory Infections of Children Attending Yangon Children’s Hospital and Yankin Children’s Hospital

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-51
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Parainfluenza Virus ◽  
Sensitivity Testing ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Children's Hospital ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Infection ◽  
Children’S Hospital ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Objectives of study are (1) to reinforce the national capacity for diagnosis and antibiogram of some infectious diseases causing severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) and (2) to build a network between hospital and laboratory for the diagnosis and surveillance of SARI in Yangon. This study is a crosssectional hospital- and laboratory-based descriptive study. A total of 825 samples including respiratory samples and blood samples from 511 children attending Yangon Children’s Hospital and Yankin Children’s Hospital from December 2014 to April 2016 for treatment of SARI were included. Identification and antibiotic sensitivity testing were done using Vitek 2. Out of 129 gram-negative bacilli (GNB), K. pneumoniae 32%, P. aeruginosa 18%, A. baumannii 13%, E. coli 9% were mostly isolated. Among 35 gram-positive cocci (GPC), S. aureus 42% and S. pneumoniae 6% were mostly isolated. Multidrug resistance rates were E. coli 100%, K. pneumoniae 95%, A. baumanii 82% and P. aeruginosa 17%. Extended-spectrum beta-latamase (ESBL)-producing K. pneumoniae and E. coli was 6 out of 10 tested organisms. Carbarpenemase-producing GNB and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were 21% and 33%, respectively. Virology section tested 529 samples of 490 patients using the FTD33 Multiplex PCR method which can detect 33 pathogens including 20 viruses, 12 bacteria and 1 fungus. Out of 490 patients, 374 were PCR positive. Different types of samples including nasopharyngeal, throat, endotracheal and laryngeal swab, tracheal secretion and bronchoalveolar lavage, were tested. Out of 566 viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (19.3%), rhinovirus (17.0%), parechovirus (14.3%), bocavirus (11.1%), adenovirus (10.2%), metapneumo-virus A and B (10.2%), parainfluenza virus (5.7%), enterovirus (3.0%), influenza A virus (2.8%), coronavirus (4%), parainfluenza virus (0.9%) and influenza C virus (0.4%) were detected. This study highlighted the etiological agents of bacteria, viruses and drug-resistant bacterial pathogens in SARI.

Current Issues of Empirical Therapy of Severe Bacterial Community-Acquired Pneumonia During the Season of Respiratory Viral Infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 64-70
Author(s):  
V. B. Beloborodov ◽  
I. A. Kovalev ◽  
G. V. Sapronov
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Therapy ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuation ◽  
Empirical Therapy ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Adverse Event Rate

Progredient growth of morbidity and mortality of patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) requires optimization of treatment including antibacterial therapy. Implementation of molecular-genetic methods of diagnostics of viral and viral-bacterial infections in clinical practice has significantly augmented the conception of etiology of community-acquired pneumonia. Seasonal fluctuation of CAP prevalence corresponds with growth of morbidity of acute respiratory infections and influenza which contribute to the etiological structure of CAP by increasing the risk of infection caused by staphylococci. The synergy between influenza A virus and S.aureus has been shown; it is associated with an increase of virus replication in the presence of specific staphylococcal proteases and the ability of viruses to increase adhesion of S.aureusin the respiratory tract, to decrease phagocytosis of S.aureus by macrophages/neutrophils and production of antimicrobial peptides, as well as to increase the probability of secondary bacterial co-infection. Therefore, the most important requirement for the empiric therapy agents of CAP is high streptococcal and staphylococcal activity. According to the current guidelines on antimicrobial therapy of severe CAP, antipneumococcic cephalosporins, macrolides, and fluoroquinolones are the basic treatment agents, but none of them have the combined high antistaphylococcal and antipneumococcal activity inherent in ceftaroline. The advantages of ceftaroline over ceftriaxone and levofloxacin in terms of the probability of reaching target concentrations for clinically relevant pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters are shown. Meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials showed the higher clinical efficacy of ceftaroline in comparison to ceftriaxone with similar adverse event rate. Summarized analysis of antibiotic susceptibility data, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic and clinical data, as well as negative epidemiological trends confirms the necessity of optimization of antimicrobial therapy of CAP for implementation of ceftaroline advantages against pneumococci and staphylococci in comparison to other β-lactams. Therefore, empiric treatment with ceftaroline is the most rational option for the therapy of CAP in critically ill patients during the season of respiratory viral infection.

Impact of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Pregnant Women: A Review

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saima Habeeb ◽  
Manju Chugani
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Fetal Outcome ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Impact

: The novel coronavirus infection (COVID‐19) is a global public health emergency.Since its outbreak in Wuhan, China in December 2019, the infection has spread at an alarming rate across the globe and humans have been locked down to their countries, cities and homes. As of now, the virus has affected over 20million people globally and has inflicted over 7 lac deaths. Nevertheless, the recovery rate is improving with each passing day and over 14 million people have recuperated so far. The statistics indicate that nobody is immune to the disease as the virus continues to spread among all age groups; newborns to the elders, and all compartmentsincluding pregnant women. However, pregnant women may be more susceptible to this infection as they are, in general, highly vulnerable to respiratory infections. There is no evidence for vertical transmission of the COVID-19 virus among pregnant women, but an increased prevalence of preterm deliveries. Besides this, the COVID-19 may alter immune response at the maternal-fetal interface and affect the well-being of mothers as well as infants. Unfortunately, there is limited evidence available in the open literature regarding coronavirus infection during pregnancy and it now appears that certain pregnant women have infected during the present 2019-nCoV pandemic. In this short communication, we study the impact of the COVID-19 infection on vertical transmission and fetal outcome among pregnant women.

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