Forum: Did “America First” Construct America Irrelevant?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A Boyer ◽  
Cameron G Thies ◽  
Louis W Pauly ◽  
Chih-yu Shih ◽  
Jessica De Alba-Ulloa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Popular Press ◽  
Structural Power ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Global Challenges ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Future Policy ◽  
Climate Crisis ◽  
Level Of Analysis

Abstract Did “America First” construct America irrelevant? Answering this question has been the subject of much debate in the popular press, the policy community, and scholarly circles. That asked, it is worth remembering that scholars and policymakers have long argued that one of the most enduring and important aspects of the US role in the world is American structural power. Perhaps nowhere has the Trump administration's approach to world affairs been more notable in perhaps diminishing US structural power than in withdrawing from multilateral forums. On an individual level of analysis, however, Trump's ever-changing, whiplash style of leadership made allies and adversaries less certain about American actions, intentions, and the direction of future policy trajectories. These issues point to the possibility that such impacts were more about Trump being Trump and less about a decline in American structural power. Only time will tell whether President Biden is able to rebuild from that structural wreckage. With these ideas in mind, the forum editors asked scholars representing diverse voices and perspectives to provide varying analyses of America First, specifically in light of the emergence of multiple global challenges from the COVID-19 pandemic to racial reckoning through the climate crisis and more. As you will see, each author brings a decidedly different lens to the questions we pose below and also generates divergent analyses of the present and the future.

How Globalization Shifts the Global Economic and Political Balance

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Leonid Grinin
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
World System ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Power Balance ◽  
Actual Situation ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Future Policy

Abstract One of the main accusations directed toward globalization is that it deepens the gap between the developed and developing countries dooming them to eternal backwardness. The article demonstrates that the actual situation is very different. It is shown that this is due to globalization that the developing countries are generally growing much faster than the developed states. The World System core starts weakening while its periphery gains strength. At the same time there is a continuing divergence between the main bulk of developing countries and the group of the poorest developing states. The article also explains why globalization was bound to lead to an explosive rise of many developing countries and relative weakening of the developed economies. In the forthcoming decades this trend is likely to continue (though, of course, not without certain interruptions). It is also demonstrated that this convergence constitutes a necessary condition for the ongoing and forthcoming change of political and power balance in the World System. We also show how and why it manifests itself in the US current and possible future policy.

Cautious But Engaged—An Empirical Study of the Australian High Court's Use of Foreign and International Materials in Constitutional Cases

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-470
Author(s):  
Elisa Arcioni ◽  
Andrew McLeod
Keyword(s):  
Political Life ◽  
Constitutional Courts ◽  
High Court ◽  
Foreign Law ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Political Controversy ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Foreign Governments ◽  
Academic Debate

The issue of whether constitutional courts should refer to foreign law has become the subject of debate and discussion around the world. In the US in particular, a heated judicial and academic debate on the issue has spilled into a political controversy extending to the introduction of federal and State Bills to prohibit judicial citation of foreign law and to Congressional proposals for such citation to be an impeachable offence. The use of foreign law, for some, is in tension with national sovereignty: one Congressman claimed that citation amounted to a surrender of lawmaking ‘to the control of foreign courts and foreign governments', and potentially represented the start of an internationalist slide in foreign policy and security and military strategy as well. However, these normative debates about foreign law play at best a muted role in Australian jurisprudential and political life, and we do not directly engage with them here. Rather, we consider to what extent, andhow, Australian High Court judges engage with foreign and international legal materials in constitutional cases. In this article we track the frequency of citation in constitutional cases and provide a substantive analysis of the ways in which those materials are used.

scholarly journals Migrating architectures: Palladio’s legacy from Calcutta to New Delhi

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pilar Maria Guerrieri
Keyword(s):  
Thomas Jefferson ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Archival Material ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractPalladianism, which originated in Italy, is a style of architecture which spread widely across the world and has been extensively studied. It is known that it migrated to the UK during the eighteenth century at the same time as it did to Germany through Georg Knobelsdorff, to Russia through the work of Charles Cameron and Giacomo Quarenghi, to the US through Thomas Jefferson between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and was adopted in Poland, Sweden, and elsewhere. Palladianism became a tool of politicians and a status symbol for the elites to differentiate themselves from the common man. There are a few studies on the migration and adoption of Palladianism in India, primarily in relation to Calcutta’s architecture between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In particular, there is specific research focusing on Lord Wellesley’s Palladian building programme, frequently highlighting the relationship between Government House, Calcutta and Kedleston Hall in Derbyshire. This essay focuses on the subject of the migration of Palladian architecture and, in particular, on its adoption by the capitals of India, Calcutta and Delhi, on the basis of primary archival material.

Polluting industries as climate protagonists: cap and trade and the problem of business preferences

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob M. Grumbach
Keyword(s):  
Public Debate ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Cap And Trade ◽  
Structural Power ◽  
Power Resources ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Subject

In the US, the failure of climate legislation and the implementation of EPA rules are the subject of intense scholarly and public debate. However, the debate has not investigated – and at times has further obfuscated – the preferences and expected tactics of industry stakeholders. Scholars of management and regulation argue that firms’ profit motives can be aligned with socially beneficial outcomes, but they assume that firms prefer market-based regulation over the status quo. Correspondingly, corporate stakeholders have been portrayed as protagonists in campaigns for climate legislation. In a case study of the cap and trade fight during 2009 and 2010, I find that industry stakeholders primarily mobilized to maintain the status quo, but simultaneously joined the cap and trade coalition in order to favorably shape potentially inevitable climate legislation. The case underlines the importance of deeper investigation of business preferences and provides evidence for theories that prioritize power resources and the structural power of business.

Obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome: current uncertainties should guide our way

Lupus ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 446-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
DW Branch ◽  
RM Silver ◽  
TF Porter
Keyword(s):  
Antiphospholipid Syndrome ◽  
Reproductive Medicine ◽  
Fetal Death ◽  
Recurrent Miscarriage ◽  
Antiphospholipid Antibody ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Obstetric Antiphospholipid Syndrome ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common

The subject of obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) has been reviewed dozens of times, and there is little doubt that the international APS community has done well in bringing APS to the attention of clinicians around the world. However, the evolution of clinical practice, at least in the US, also has convinced us that our field would benefit from further clinical study. For example, the number of women diagnosed with ‘APS’, but who do not meet the revised Sapporo criteria, seems to have increased. It is now common practice for women with recurrent miscarriage or prior fetal death to be treated with heparin, even in the presence of indeterminate or low titer antiphospholipid antibody (aPL) levels and even after only one positive test. In part, this common practice derives from confusion on the part of many clinicians and patients regarding the diagnosis of APS as well as the clinical and laboratory criteria for the syndrome. In part, this derives from the common practice of so-called ‘empiric treatment’ in US reproductive medicine, often driven as much by patients as by clinicians. This brief commentary focuses on areas of uncertainty that we see as deserving of new or renewed study for the sake of improving our understanding of APS and best patient care.

scholarly journals Digital Dustbin - Smart Bins for Smart Cities

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7S) ◽  
pp. 60-65
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Product Development ◽  
Management System ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Detailed Model ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Mind Set ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Climate Crisis

This paper researches around the area of the solution of the garbage disposal and waste management with the help of technology. It gives a detailed model of how we can achieve the goal of ‘Clean India’ together with the use of sensors, cameras, servers, and even human psychology. With the revolutions taking place all over the world on the subject of the climate crisis and global warmings, it becomes a duty of every citizen to contribute to the future lifestyle. Satisfying all the parameters, at first, past researches have been compared, objectives have been defined and then a working model is thus presented. It has always been difficult to change the mind-set of a whole lot of people, and thus in this research paper, addressing this problem, the solution of such product development is given which satisfies the need of the citizens and also contributes effectively to the waste management system. The model is proved with a prototype, and all the facts& figures are provided, which are necessary

scholarly journals 1.2. Eign experience of introducing digital services tax: trends and patterns

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.М. Краснобаева
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Reference Base ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Digital Services ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Federation

Предметом исследования статьи являются европейские правила налога на цифровые услуги (англ. digital services tax, DST). Различные зарубежные страны уже продвинулись в направлении налогообложения доходов от цифровых услуг с учетом использования новых принципов налогообложения. В статье раскрывается суть таких правил налогообложения на примере правил Франции и Великобритании. На сегодняшний день вопрос о введении специальных правил налогообложения прибыли цифровых компаний в Российской Федерации стоит достаточно остро. В связи с тем, что разработка таких правил будет осуществляться с учетом мирового опыта, существует вероятность, что в основу новых правил будет положена концепция DST, получившего наиболее широкое распространение в мире. Информационную базу исследования составили нормативно-правовые акты о DST Великобритании и Франции, официальные документы Организации экономического сотрудничества и развития (ОЭСР), отчет о расследовании США в отношении правил применения DST во Франции, электронные ресурсы. Научная новизна исследования заключается в выявлении разновидности европейских цифровых налогов, различий в правилах и тенденций при их введении. Практическая значимость исследования заключается в возможности использования зарубежног The subject of this research is the European rules of Digital services tax. Various foreign countries have already advanced in taxation of income obtained from digital services with the use of the new taxation principles. The nature of such taxing rules is revealed in this article based on the rules of France and the United Kingdom. At the present time the need to implement specific rules of taxation of digital companies stands out prominently in the Russian Federation. Since the development of the Russian tax rules aimed at the profits arising from digital services shall be undertaken based on the world experience, there is a significant likelihood that they will be based on the widely spread DST concept. The reference base of the study consists of the regulations on DST in the United Kingdom and France, official OECD documents, the report of the US investigation regarding the DST application rules in France, and various electronic resources. The scientific novelty of the study lays in identifying the variety of DST, features of the rules and trends in their introduction. The practical significance of the study accounts in the possibility of using foreign experience in developing Russian domestic rules.

scholarly journals MEDIATION INSTITUTION: EXPERIENCES FROM COUNTRIES ACROSS THE WORLD

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 168
Author(s):  
Mykhailo Pitiulych ◽  
Iryna Nakonechna
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Legal Method ◽  
Labour Dispute ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
The Subject

The aim of the article is to study the process of implementation of the institute of mediation in Ukraine and across the world. The subject of the study is mediation institution, analysed from scientific perspectives and on the basis of provisions of foreign and Ukrainian legislation. Methodology. The study is based on general scientific and special-scientific methods and techniques of scientific knowledge. The logical semantic method enabled to determine the content of the concepts of “mediation” and “labour dispute”. The comparative legal method enabled to compare the doctrinal approaches to this issue. The same method enabled to analyse the legislation on the subject matter in the US and leading European countries. The normative dogmatic method enabled to interpret the content of legal regulations of domestic and foreign legislation that regulate the issue of mediation. The systemstructural method enabled to identify the main differences of mediation from other ways of economic dispute resolution. Methods of analysis and synthesis enabled to identify the main purpose of mediation and the main task of a mediator, as well as the key advantages of this institution. The method of legal modelling enabled to develop proposals regarding this institution introduction in Ukrainian legislation. Practical implications. Studies on mediation institution in the US and leading European countries helped to develop recommendations for this institution introduction in Ukrainian legislation, as well as to identify issues requiring further consideration and research. Relevance/originality. The concepts of “mediation” and “greenmail” are defined. The main purpose of mediation and the main task of a mediator, as well as the key advantages of this institution, are identified. In Ukraine, in comparison with other countries, the indecisiveness and inconsistency of the actions of the domestic legislator are stated as the key problem of mediation institution. It is underlined that nowadays-Ukrainian society is ready for this institution’s introduction because mediation is the alternative way of dispute resolution, which enables to solve a number of social and economic problems.

Transnational American Studies

2019 ◽  
pp. 217-238
Author(s):  
Shelley Fisher Fishkin
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
American Studies ◽  
Railroad Workers ◽  
Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn ◽  
Transnational American Studies ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Chinese Workers ◽  
The Subject

This essay limns what American Studies scholars lose by ignoring work published outside the US or published in languages other than English. It then explores two current examples of transnational, interdisciplinary, collaborative research that cross national, disciplinary, linguistic and cultural borders. “Global Huck: A Digital Palimpsest Mapping Project, or Deep Map (DPMP)” centers on the question of how literature travels globally, taking the travels of Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn as the subject of its study. The essay outlines insights to be gained from looking at the novel’s travels in China, France, Germany, Japan, Mexico, and Portugal. The Chinese Railroad Workers in North America Project at Stanford focuses on the Chinese workers who built America’s first transcontinental railroad. It brings together work by scholars in history, literature, anthropology, American Studies and archaeology in the US and Asia to generate insights into a venture that shaped the world on both sides of the Pacific. Both ventures would not have been possible before the era of digitization.

scholarly journals Certain Women Directors: US Independent Filmmakers in the World

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Patricia White
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Women Directors ◽  
Cultural Hegemony ◽  
World Cinema ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Us West

Abstract This article analyzes the work of Chloé Zhao and its reception in order to explore the role of female auteurs in 21st century world cinema. By comparing Zhao to Kelly Reichardt, another US director acclaimed internationally for distinctive works of US regional realism, the essay argues that US independent women directors critique American cultural hegemony and the global dominance of Hollywood both through the subject matter and formal structures of their films and through their positioning within the discourse of world cinema auteurism. After analyzing the authorial personae of both directors as constructed in their films and press reception, the essay offers close readings of Reichardt’s Certain Women and Zhao’s The Rider, both set in the US West, with specific attention to the perspectives of central Native American characters. The readings demonstrate how the filmmakers use realism to locate a singular, gendered authorial perspective on the world.

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