scholarly journals 141 Mineral Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Emphasis on organic minerals

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 141-141
Author(s):  
Bill Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
True Absorption ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Organic Minerals ◽  
Maintenance Requirements ◽  
Methodological Difficulties

Abstract Requirements for most minerals are expressed on an absorbed basis. The true absorption of minerals can vary widely because of source, presence of antagonists, dietary concentrations, and animal mineral status; therefore, expressing mineral requirements on an absorbed basis is theoretically sound. Unfortunately measuring true absorption of minerals is exceedingly difficult; available data is limited which means that often we are using constants. Requirements for lactation, growth, and conceptus growth are known with reasonable certainty; however establishing maintenance requirements is plagued with methodological difficulties, and the classical definition of maintenance (i.e., replenishment of inevitable fecal and urinary losses) ignores effects on water balance, acid-base balance in the rumen, and the ruminal and intestinal microbiome. For Na, Cl- and K, absorption is essentially 100% regardless of source. Lab methods are available to estimate absorption of P. Source of Ca accounts for the majority of the variation in Ca absorption and constants are available for feedstuffs and supplements. We have good data on absorption of Mg from basal diets and are able to estimate antagonism of Mg absorption caused by K. We are less able to estimate absorption of the various Mg supplements, some of which are highly variable. Except for the electrolytes (which affect water balance), requirements are known with reasonable certainty for macrominerals. Absorption coefficients for trace minerals (TM) are known with much less certainty. Source of supplemental TM (e.g., organic vs sulfates) can affect absorption but the effect depends on the mineral TM (e.g., source affects absorption of Cu more than that of Mn) and on interactions with basal diet. Maintenance requirements are generally poorly defined for TM and because of ‘non-factorial’ requirements such as effects on microbiome, source of TM likely affects requirements. This means that for some TM, the factorial approach to requirements may not be adequate.

482 Awardee Talk: Challenges and Opportunities Facing Mineral Nutrition in the Next Decade

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 213-214
Author(s):  
John Patience
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Nutrition ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Good Reason ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Pork Production ◽  
The Past ◽  
Feeding Programs ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract The science associated with mineral nutrition is evolving at an accelerated pace. Some topics of investigation have persisted for decades; typical examples include clarification of mineral requirements, evaluation of mineral sources, definition of mineral bioavailability and physiological and metabolic interactions among minerals, to name a few. The fact that these topics have endured for so long serves to illustrate their importance to our craft, as well as the increasing sophistication of the science available to delve more deeply into our understanding of mineral nutrition. Newer topics that involve minerals directly and/or indirectly are attracting increasing attention – and for good reason. As one example, there is a growing body of data pointing to oxidative stress as a relevant issue in modern pork production. As another, the interaction of minerals with fiber has received considerable interest in the past, but recently, the topic has been further elevated by health and environmental concerns. While the above might be considered typical classical nutrition topics, mineral nutrition can also be viewed in a more holistic manner. To what extent is mineral nutrition involved in the observed increase in sow mortality in the past decade? How can and should mineral nutrition be included in precision feeding programs? What further roles of mineral nutrition might be involved in environmental sustainability? Where do we stand on the involvement of mineral nutrition in acid-base balance and does it have greater value in production today than previously considered? This presentation will consider current examples of how mineral nutrition impacts applied swine nutrition as well as overall pork production.

Basic science and renal transplant

2013 ◽  
pp. 793-814
Author(s):  
John Reynard ◽  
Simon Brewster ◽  
Suzanne Biers
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Renal Replacement Therapy ◽  
Renal Transplant ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Basic Science ◽  
Renal Physiology ◽  
Potassium Excretion ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

Basic physiology of bladder and urethra 794 Basic renal anatomy 796 Renal physiology: glomerular filtration and regulation of renal blood flow 800 Renal physiology: regulation of water balance 802 Renal physiology: regulation of sodium and potassium excretion 803 Renal physiology: acid–base balance 804 Renal replacement therapy ...

Relationship between acid-base balance and the central respiratory mechanisms

1963 ◽  
Vol 204 (5) ◽  
pp. 867-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Katz ◽  
S. H. Ngai ◽  
G. G. Nahas ◽  
S. C. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Periodic Breathing ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Respiratory Effects ◽  
Inspiratory Phase ◽  
Arterial Ph ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base Status ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Functional Components

To study the effect of changes in acid-base balance on respiratory patterns, 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol (THAM, an organic buffer) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) were infused into midcollicular decerebrate, pontile, and medullary cats. NaHCO3 increased the arterial pH, HCO–3, and pCO2. THAM increased the arterial pH and HCO–3. The arterial pCO2 fell initially and then rose gradually with time. In the midcollicular decerebrate preparation with eupnea, NaHCO3 increased while THAM decreased the rate and amplitude of respiration. In the vagotomized pontile preparation with apneustic breathing, NaHCO3 accelerated and THAM decelerated the apneustic cycling; neither produced a significant change in amplitude. Larger doses of THAM abolished the apneustic cycling either by producing expiratory apnea or by prolonging the inspiratory phase. In the medullary preparation with periodic breathing, THAM decreased the rate with minimal changes in amplitude. The findings suggest that the respiratory effects of NaHCO3 and THAM were due to changes in intracellular pH and pCO2 and that all functional components of the respiratory center are influenced by changes in the acid-base status of the animals. Finally it is pointed out that elucidation of neural respiratory mechanisms requires definition of the acid-base state of the animal.

scholarly journals Modeling COVID 19: The Value of Practice

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A236-A237
Author(s):  
Robert S Fredericks
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Care ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Ace Inhibition ◽  
Chronic Fatigue ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Fatigue Syndrome ◽  
Grand Design ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Super Computing

Abstract The necessity of developing models that effectively organize data for the purpose of translating basic science to clinical care is being increasingly recognized. Reliance upon digital computational methods restricts the value of natural experience reportable by patients, often considered subjective. In the course of modeling phosphate metabolism in the context of clinical practice it has become evident that use of categories based on normality, as definition of health, is inconsistent with the experience of patients. Given the opportunity, patients can provide detailed observations upon their experience of heat as the principle component of metabolism. It seems logical that heat should also be the foundational principal component of models developed for the translation of data to clinical care. This strategy has been applied to modeling the role of ACE2 in the expression of variable phenotypes of COVID 19. Attempts to engage massive data and super-computing to the modeling of COVID 19 supported the assumption that ACE2 is a critical component causing disease. The finding is attributed to an influence, not on heat, but instead suggested bradykinin that has long been a proposed explanation for ACE inhibition on chronic cough. Our modeling would posit that the ACE system engages aldosterone and subsequent influence on heat and acid/base balance as the mediators of variance in the expression of individual phenotypes. This clarification has been useful for addressing complexity in the presentation of metabolic disorders including thyroid disease, Diabetes, bone health, sleep disorders, vascular disease and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. It appears that the risk of developing ARDS shares a predisposition to chronic kidney disease mediated by excessive FGF23 effects, while the asymptomatic spreaders are more Klotho dependent. The vitamin D system is also complex and involved in the modulation of heat and phosphate. These and other components can be extended to understanding bone and the hematopoietic marrow niche governing immune responses and includes a role for modulation of the microbiome influences by ACE2. It is concluded that SARS-CoV-2 has helped to clarify the complexity of biology and has exposed the limitations of modeling strategies that do not include the application of case-based practice that can be described as “model-dependent realism” 1 as a means to discover the principle components of nature. The models are the valued product of the research that is mandated by the Helsinki accords when outcomes do not meet expectations. These models can facilitate the organization of all data in the appropriate translation to clinical care. 1 Hawking S., Mlodinow L. The Grand Design p 39–59, Bantom Books NY, 2010

The alphastat hypothesis in respiratory control and acid-base balance

1990 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 1201-1207 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. E. Nattie
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Control ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Central Chemosensitivity ◽  
Ph Changes ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
And Function

This selective review 1) evaluates recent interpretations that broaden the definition of the alphastat hypothesis, 2) proposes that central chemoreception and acid-base regulation via ion transport involve proteins conforming to the alphastat hypothesis, and 3) describes, using recent evidence, possible candidates for these proteins. The alphastat hypothesis states that proteins that contain appropriate function-determining titratable groups maintain a constant charge state and unaltered function with temperature-dependent pH changes but can be very sensitive to isothermal pH changes. Appropriate groups, e.g., imidazole histidine, are determined by the pK and the effect of temperature on the pK. The hypothesis explains how protein structure and function can be conserved among a diversity of vertebrate and invertebrate pH values. It also suggests a mechanism for sensing or regulating temperature-independent pH changes, e.g., in central chemosensitivity and transmembrane ion exchange. Possible candidates for such alphastat-conforming proteins include two, the glutamate receptor and the Na(+)-H+ antiporter, for which recent evidence indicates the presence of numerous histidines at probable function-determining sites and demonstrates pH sensitivity inhibitable by the histidine blocker diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC).

scholarly journals Dietary supplementation with garcinol during late gestation and lactation facilitates acid–base balance and improves the performance of sows and newborn piglets1

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (11) ◽  
pp. 4557-4566
Author(s):  
Tongxin Wang ◽  
Weilei Yao ◽  
Jun Xia ◽  
Juan Li ◽  
Yafei Shao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Cord Blood ◽  
Umbilical Cord ◽  
Umbilical Cord Blood ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Base Balance

Abstract The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary garcinol supplementation during late gestation (from the 90th day of pregnancy; day 90) and lactation on the acid–base balance of the umbilical cord blood and performance of sows and piglets. Sixty sows (Duroc × Yorkshire × Landrace; second- or third-parity; n = 20) were randomly divided into 3 gestation (day 90 of pregnancy) or lactation treatments, control diet (CON; basal diet), basal diet with 200 mg garcinol, and basal diet with 600 mg garcinol per kg of feed. The body weight (BW); backfat thickness and litter size of the sows; and birth weight, weaning weight, and mortality of piglets were recorded. Sows’ blood and piglets’ umbilical cord blood were collected for the measurements of hematological parameters and antioxidative and immune indexes, and acid–base balance parameters, respectively. The colostrum and milk and fecal samples of the sows were also collected for analysis of milk composition and apparent total tract nutrient digestibility. Garcinol had no effect on the BW and backfat thickness of the sows but significantly increased the birth weight and weaning weight of piglets (P < 0.05) and decreased the mortality (P < 0.05). Moreover, the white blood cell counts and neutrophil count, mean cell hemoglobin, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) activity in the plasma of the sows were increased more significantly (P < 0.05) in the garcinol groups than that in the CON group, whereas the malondialdehyde (MDA) content was decreased (P < 0.05). The garcinol treatment significantly increased the pH, HCO3− and base excess values (P < 0.05), whereas it decreased the pCO2 and lactate content (P < 0.05) in the umbilical blood. Dry matter (DM), ash, and ether extract in the colostrum were similar between groups (P > 0.05), whereas the garcinol significantly increased the crude protein (CP) in the milk. In addition, the content of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the plasma of piglets and in colostrum and milk of sows were increased more significantly (P < 0.05) in the garcinol groups than that in the CON group. The apparent total tract nutrient digestibility was similar between treatments. Collectively, this study indicates that sows fed with garcinol in late gestation and lactation showed improved maternal health and antioxidative status, milk protein content, acid–base balance in the umbilical cord blood, and growth performance in piglets, showing promise in natural plant extract nutrition for sows.

Water balance, electrolytes and acid-base balance in extremely premature infants

1994 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 250-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
NAOTO TAKAHASHI ◽  
JUN HOSHI ◽  
HIROSHI NISHIDA
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Base Balance

Higher Dietary Acidity is Associated with Lower Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Iranian Women, Independent of Dietary Calcium Intake

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 0206-0217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyedeh-Elaheh Shariati-Bafghi ◽  
Elaheh Nosrat-Mirshekarlou ◽  
Mohsen Karamati ◽  
Bahram Rashidkhani
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Intake ◽  
Dietary Calcium ◽  
Dietary Calcium Intake ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Iranian Women ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Dietary Acid

Findings of studies on the link between dietary acid-base balance and bone mass are relatively mixed. We examined the association between dietary acid-base balance and bone mineral density (BMD) in a sample of Iranian women, hypothesizing that a higher dietary acidity would be inversely associated with BMD, even when dietary calcium intake is adequate. In this cross-sectional study, lumbar spine and femoral neck BMDs of 151 postmenopausal women aged 50 - 85 years were measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Dietary intakes were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Renal net acid excretion (RNAE), an estimate of acid-base balance, was then calculated indirectly from the diet using the formulae of Remer (based on dietary intakes of protein, phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium; RNAERemer) and Frassetto (based on dietary intakes of protein and potassium; RNAEFrassetto), and was energy adjusted by the residual method. After adjusting for potential confounders, multivariable adjusted means of the lumbar spine BMD of women in the highest tertiles of RNAERemer and RNAEFrassetto were significantly lower than those in the lowest tertiles (for RNAERemer: mean difference -0.084 g/cm2; P=0.007 and for RNAEFrassetto: mean difference - 0.088 g/cm2; P=0.004). Similar results were observed in a subgroup analysis of subjects with dietary calcium intake of >800 mg/day. In conclusion, a higher RNAE (i. e. more dietary acidity), which is associated with greater intake of acid-generating foods and lower intake of alkali-generating foods, may be involved in deteriorating the bone health of postmenopausal Iranian women, even in the context of adequate dietary calcium intake.

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