Efficacy of l-glutamic acid, N,N-diacetic acid to improve the dietary trace mineral bioavailability in broilers

Abstract Trace minerals are commonly supplemented in the diets of farmed animals in levels exceeding biological requirements, resulting in extensive fecal excretion and environmental losses. Chelation of trace metal supplements with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) can mitigate the effects of dietary antagonists by preserving the solubility of trace minerals. Lack of EDTA biodegradability, however, is of environmental concern. l-Glutamic acid, N,N-diacetic acid (GLDA) is a readily biodegradable chelating agent that could be used as a suitable alternative to EDTA. The latter was tested in sequential dose–response experiments in broiler chickens. Study 1 compared the effect of EDTA and GLDA in broilers on supplemental zinc availability at three levels of added zinc (5, 10, and 20 ppm) fed alone or in combination with molar amounts of GLDA or EDTA equivalent to chelate the added zinc, including negative (no supplemental zinc) and positive (80 ppm added zinc) control treatments. Study 2 quantified the effect of GLDA on the availability of native trace mineral feed content in a basal diet containing no supplemental minerals and supplemented with three levels of GLDA (54, 108, and 216 ppm). In study 1, serum and tibia Zn clearly responded to the increasing doses of dietary zinc with a significant response to the presence of EDTA and GLDA (P < 0.05). These results are also indicative of the equivalent nutritional properties between GLDA and EDTA. In study 2, zinc levels in serum and tibia were also increased with the addition of GLDA to a basal diet lacking supplemental trace minerals, where serum zinc levels were 60% higher at the 216 ppm inclusion level. Similar to the reported effects of EDTA, these studies demonstrate that dietary GLDA may have enhanced zinc solubility in the gastrointestinal tract and subsequently enhanced availability for absorption, resulting in improved nutritional zinc status in zinc-deficient diets. As such, GLDA can be an effective nutritional tool to reduce supplemental zinc levels in broiler diets, thereby maintaining health and performance while reducing the environmental footprint of food-producing animals.

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Effects of inorganic minerals replaced by complexed glycinates on growth, blood profiles, immune responses, intestinal morphology, and mineral excretion in piglets

10.21203/rs.3.rs-35495/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Xun Pei ◽

Geng Wang ◽

Lujie Liu ◽

Wanjing Sun ◽

Zhiping Xiao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Low Dose ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Intestinal Morphology ◽

Trace Minerals ◽

Control Group ◽

Trace Mineral ◽

Mineral Excretion ◽

Blood Profiles

Abstract BACKGROUND: The effects of inorganic trace minerals (ITM) replaced by low-dose glycine-complexed trace minerals (GCM) on growth, serum parameters, immunity, intestinal morphology, and mineral excretion in piglets were investigated. One hundred and twenty-eight weaned piglets (14.18 ± 0.33kg body weight (BW)) were randomly assigned to 4 treatments with 4 replicates, 8 piglets per replicate. Treatments consist of: (T1) basal diet + 100% inorganic trace mineral (ITM) as the control group (20 ppm Cu, 150 ppm Fe, 150 ppm Zn, and 30 ppm Mn from sulfates); (T2) basal diet + 50% ITM (Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn from sulfates, 50% of control) + 50% organic trace minerals (OTM, Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn from glycine complexed trace minerals (GCM), 50% of control); (T3) basis diet + 50% OTM from GCM; (T4) basal diet + 70% OTM from GCM. The feeding period lasted 28 d and was divided into 2 stages (0 to 14 d and 15 to 28 d). After feeding trial , 6 pigs per treatment were randomly selected to slaughter for sampling. RESULTS: Average daily gain, feed intake, and G:F were not affected by dietary treatments during the overall period. During the second, and the overall feeding phases, the digestibility of Zn and Fe in T3 and T4 was higher than that of T1 ( P < 0.05). The concentration of serum ferritin in T2 was significantly higher than T3 and T4. Serum immunoglobulin A concentration in the ileal mucosa of T2 was higher than that of T1 ( P < 0.05), and the higher duodenum villus height was observed in T4 compared with the rest treatments ( P < 0.05). The lowest trace mineral excretion was overserved in T3 ( P < 0.01); in addition, the urinary concentrations of Zn and Fe in T2 were lower than that in T1 ( P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: These results indicate that GCM have higher bioavailability than ITM, and that supplementation of low-dose GCM to replace full dose ITM could reduce mineral excretion without affecting performance, blood profiles, immune responses, and intestinal morphology in piglets.

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Trace mineral nutrition for broiler chickens and prospects of application of organically complexed trace minerals: a review

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/ea08204 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 49 (4) ◽

pp. 269 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Y. M. Bao ◽

M. Choct

Keyword(s):

Mineral Nutrition ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Broiler Chicken ◽

Tissue Concentration ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Trace Minerals ◽

Current Status ◽

Trace Mineral ◽

Organic Trace Minerals ◽

Organic Trace

This review critically examines the literature on the current status of trace mineral nutrition and the effect of organically complexed trace minerals, focusing on copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn), on broiler chicken production. The requirements of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn by broiler chickens need to be redefined due to today’s fast growing birds and the availability of organic trace minerals. Zn is one of the key trace minerals for chickens and although it maintains a relatively stable tissue concentration, dietary deficiency of Zn strongly depresses the feed intake, and hence the growth, of broiler chickens. Based on studies using a semiconventional diet, it is reasonable to conclude that the total Zn requirement for broiler chickens is around 60 mg/kg up until day 14 and 70 mg/kg from 14 day onwards, including the Zn content in the basal diet. However, it is difficult to determine the requirements of other organic trace minerals such as Cu, Fe and Mn because under a Zn adequate condition, it is impossible to produce deficient symptoms of these minerals on the basis of growth response. It also identifies gaps in knowledge of inorganic and organic trace mineral nutrition for the modern broiler chicken.

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Dietary zinc intake, supplemental zinc intake and serum zinc levels and the prevalence of kidney stones in adults

Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology ◽

10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.126410 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 57 ◽

pp. 126410 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yaofei Sun ◽

Yanchen Wang ◽

Dawei Wang ◽

Quan Zhou

Keyword(s):

Kidney Stones ◽

Serum Zinc ◽

Dietary Zinc ◽

Zinc Intake ◽

Supplemental Zinc ◽

Zinc Levels ◽

Serum Zinc Levels

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Impact of trace mineral source on beef replacement heifer growth, reproductive development, and biomarkers of maternal recognition of pregnancy and embryo survival

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab160 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

George A Perry ◽

Stephanie D Perkins ◽

Emmalee J Northrop ◽

Jerica J J Rich ◽

Kaitlin M Epperson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reproductive Tract ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Early Embryo ◽

Trace Minerals ◽

Trace Mineral ◽

Embryo Survival ◽

Study Objective ◽

Pelvic Area ◽

Pregnancy Status ◽

Embryonic Loss

Abstract Trace minerals are known to play important roles in early embryo development. The study objective was to determine effects of trace mineral source on heifer reproductive performance. Beef heifers (n = 129) were randomly assigned to one of two treatments. From weaning through breeding, all heifers were individually fed a basal diet supplemented with Co, Cu, Mn, and Zn either from organic sources (COMP; Cu, Mn, and Zn amino acid complexes and Co glucoheptonate; Availa-4, Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN) or inorganic sources (INORG; Cu, Mn, and Zn hydroxychlorides; Intellibond C, M, and Z, Micronutrients, Indianapolis, IN) and Co as CoSO4. Blood samples and a reproductive tract score (RTS) were collected to determine pubertal status. All animals were synchronized and artificially inseminated (AI). Pregnancy status was determined by lymphocyte gene expression, circulating concentrations of pregnancy associated glycoproteins (PAG), and by transrectal ultrasonography after AI. Embryonic loss was defined as when a previously pregnant animal was subsequently diagnosed not pregnant. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure in SAS. Puberty (P = 0.44), pelvic area (P = 0.74), RTS (P = 0.49), and estrus expression (P = 0.82) were not influenced by treatment. There was no effect of treatment (P = 0.37) or treatment by time (P = 0.19) on pregnancy, but there was a tendency (P = 0.13) for decreased embryonic loss among COMP heifers (27 ± 6%) compared to INORG heifers (38 ± 6%). There was a treatment by pregnancy status by time interaction (P < 0.01) on circulating PAG concentrations with PAG concentrations tending (P = 0.08) to be greater on d 25 among heifers in the COMP treatment compared to heifers in the INORG group. In summary, source of trace mineral did not affect puberty, RTS, pelvic area, or overall pregnancy success, but feeding complexed trace minerals tended to increase circulating PAG concentrations and embryo survival.

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Trace mineral chelation for sustainable animal nutrition : enhancing zinc availability with L-glutamic acid N,N-diacetic acid

10.18174/550498 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Gavin M. Boerboom

Keyword(s):

Glutamic Acid ◽

Animal Nutrition ◽

Diacetic Acid ◽

Trace Mineral ◽

Zinc Availability

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383 Effect of trace mineral source on heifer reproductive performance

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz258.297 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 145-146

Author(s):

George A Perry ◽

Stephanie Perkins ◽

Emmalee Northrop ◽

Jerica Rich ◽

Kaitlin Epperson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reproductive Performance ◽

Reproductive Tract ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Early Embryo ◽

Trace Minerals ◽

Trace Mineral ◽

Embryo Survival ◽

Study Objective ◽

Pelvic Area ◽

Embryonic Loss

Abstract Trace minerals are known to play important roles in early embryo development. The study objective was to determine effects of trace mineral source on heifer reproductive performance. Over two years, beef heifers (n = 130) were randomly assigned to two pens and two treatments, within each pen, based on breed, age, and BW. From weaning through the breeding season, all heifers were individually fed a basal diet of grass hay, corn silage, and a supplement pellet (soybean hulls, dried distiller’s grains plus solubles, minerals, vitamins and monensin). Cobalt, Cu, Mn, and Zn were supplemented with either complexed sources (Availa-4) or inorganic sources (Cu, Mn, and Zn hydroxychlorides; Intellibond C, M, and Z) and Co as CoSO4. Blood samples were collected bi-weekly, and a reproductive tract score (RTS) was collected 30 d prior to breeding to determine pubertal status. All animals were synchronized and artificially inseminated (AI). Pregnancy status was determined by lymphocyte gene expression on d 17, 19, and 21; by circulating concentrations of pregnancy associated glycoproteins (PAGs) on d 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, and 28; and by transrectal ultrasonography on d 30 and 60 after AI. Embryonic loss was defined as when a previously pregnant animal was subsequently diagnosed not pregnant. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure in SAS. Puberty (P = 0.44), pelvic area (P = 0.74), RTS (P = 0.49), and estrus expression (P = 0.82) were not influenced by treatment. There was no effect of treatment (P = 0.37) or treatment by time (P = 0.19) on pregnancy, but there was a weak tendency (P = 0.13) for decreased embryonic loss among heifers supplemented with complexed trace minerals (27±6%) compared to inorganic minerals (38±6%). In summary, source of trace mineral did not affect puberty, RTS, pelvic area, or overall pregnancy success, but feeding complexed trace minerals tended to increase embryo survival from d 17 to 60.

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Role of serum zinc levels in simple febrile convulsions in children

MedPulse International Journal of Pediatrics ◽

10.26611/10149111 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 36-38

Author(s):

S W Srikanth ◽

◽

Sharanagouda Patil ◽

Rachapudi Venkata Anusha ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Serum Zinc ◽

Febrile Convulsions ◽

Zinc Levels ◽

Serum Zinc Levels

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Association between Reduced Serum Zinc and Diastolic Dysfunction in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13062077 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 2077

Author(s):

Jiun-Chi Huang ◽

Ya-Chin Huang ◽

Pei-Yu Wu ◽

Wen-Hsien Lee ◽

Yi-Chun Tsai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diastolic Dysfunction ◽

Left Atrial Volume ◽

Serum Zinc ◽

Zinc Level ◽

Volume Index ◽

Serum Zinc Level ◽

Lower Serum ◽

Echocardiographic Parameters ◽

Zinc Levels ◽

Serum Zinc Levels

Diastolic dysfunction is an emerging challenge among hemodialysis (HD) patients, and the associations between serum zinc with echocardiographic parameters and diastolic function remain uncertain. A total of 185 maintenance HD patients were stratified by the tertiles of serum zinc level to compare their clinical characteristics and echocardiography. Correlations of serum zinc levels with echocardiographic parameters were examined using Pearson’s analysis. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the determinants of E/e’ ratio >15 and left atrial volume index (LAVI) > 34 mL/m2, both indicators of diastolic dysfunction. Patients belonging to the first tertile of serum zinc level had a significantly higher E/e’ ratio and LAVI. Serum zinc levels were negatively correlated with E (r = −0.204, p = 0.005), E/e’ ratio (r = −0.217, p = 0.003), and LAVI (r = −0.197, p = 0.007). In a multivariate analysis, older age, diabetes, coronary artery disease, and lower serum zinc levels (OR = 0.974, 95% CI = 0.950–0.999, p = 0.039) were significantly associated with E/e’ ratio >15. Furthermore, diabetes and lower serum zinc levels (OR = 0.978, 95% CI = 0.958–0.999, p = 0.041) were significantly associated with LAVI >34 mL/m2. Reduced serum zinc level was significantly associated with diastolic dysfunction among HD patients. Further prospective studies are warranted to investigate whether zinc supplementation can attenuate cardiac dysfunction in maintenance HD patients.

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Association between Serum Zinc Levels and Clinical Index or the Body Composition in Incident Hemodialysis Patients

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12103187 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 3187

Author(s):

Tatsunori Toida ◽

Reiko Toida ◽

Shou Ebihara ◽

Risa Takahashi ◽

Hiroyuki Komatsu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Regression Analysis ◽

Cardiovascular Events ◽

Serum Zinc ◽

Fluid Volume ◽

The Body ◽

All Cause Mortality ◽

Cox's Regression ◽

Zinc Levels ◽

Serum Zinc Levels

Background: The relationships between serum zinc levels and body composition or clinical outcomes of incident hemodialysis (HD) patients remain unclear. Methods: This prospective observational study examined the relationships between serum zinc levels and clinical indexes, including body composition, in 142 incident HD patients using a bioelectrical impedance analysis. Patients were divided into three groups according to baseline serum zinc levels: tertile, <45, 45–59, and ≥60 µg/dL. The reference group was set as ≥60 µg/dL. Cox’s regression analysis was performed to investigate the relationships between serum zinc categories and cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality after adjustments for potential confounders. Results: Serum zinc levels positively correlated with the nutritional index and negatively correlated with fluid volume markers. In a mean follow-up of 2.5 years, there were 20 cases of cardiovascular events and 15 of all-cause mortality. In the Cox’s regression analysis for cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality, the hazard ratio increased with a decrease in serum zinc levels, but was not significant. Conclusion: Serum zinc levels were associated with nutritional and fluid volume markers in incident HD patients. To clarify the relationship between serum zinc levels and cardiovascular events or mortality, further studies with a larger number of cases will be necessary.

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