88 Foundational Investigations of Tissue Dimensions and Their Relation to Captive Bolt application Sites on Cadaver Heads from Mature Swine–A Preliminary Report

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 6-7
Author(s):  
Karly N Anderson ◽  
Angela Baysinger ◽  
Madonna Benjamin ◽  
James Claus ◽  
Brett O’Brien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Preliminary Data ◽  
Preliminary Report ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Tissue Thickness ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Soft Tissue Thickness ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
The Common ◽  
Total Tissue

Abstract The objective of this study was to contrast the soft tissue thickness, cranial thickness, total tissue thickness, and cross-sectional brain area from the common frontal captive bolt placement for the captive bolt euthanasia of swine with the alternative temporal and caudal to pinna placements. One hundred and fifty-seven cadaver heads from sows and boars with estimated body weights greater than 200 kg were collected from a regional slaughter establishment following electrical stunning and assigned to the FRONTAL, TEMPORAL, or CAUDAL to pinna captive bolt placement treatments after cooling at 2–4°C for approximately 64 h. In sows, soft tissue thickness was different (P ˂ 0.0001) between the three placements (FRONTAL: 13.9±1.1 mm, TEMPORAL: 45.93±1.1 mm, CAUDAL TO PINNA: 53.8±1.1 mm), cranial thickness was different (P ˂ 0.0001) between the three placements (FRONTAL: 47.1±1.4 mm, TEMPORAL: 17.6±1.4 mm, CAUDAL TO PINNA: 30.2±1.4 mm), total tissue thickness was different (P < 0.0001) between the three placements (FRONTAL: 61.03±1.4 mm, TEMPORAL: 63.49±1.4 mm, CAUDAL TO PINNA: 84.05±1.4 mm), and cross-sectional brain area was different (P < 0.0001) between the three placements (FRONTAL: 4509.0±238.0 mm2, TEMPORAL: 1964.4±238.0 mm2, CAUDAL TO PINNA: 2767.5±238.0 mm2). In boars, soft tissue thickness was different (P < 0.0001) between the three placements (FRONTAL: 12.9±1.7mm, TEMPORAL: 45.3±1.7 mm, CAUDAL TO PINNA: 54.7±1.7 mm), cranial thickness was different (P = 0.0193) between the FRONTAL and TEMPORAL treatments (FRONTAL: 34.8±3.2mm, TEMPORAL: 22.1±3.2 mm, CAUDAL TO PINNA: 31.7±3.2 mm), total tissue thickness was different (P < 0.0001) between the three placements (FRONTAL: 47.7±3.2 mm, TEMPORAL: 67.4±3.2 mm, CAUDAL TO PINNA: 86.4±3.2mm), and cross-sectional brain area was different (P < 0.0001) between the three placements (FRONTAL: 4031.9±153.2mm2, TEMPORAL: 1241.8±153.2 mm2, CAUDAL TO PINNA: 2467.5±153.2 mm2). Overall, the preliminary data indicated that the FRONTAL placement appears to have the greatest likelihood for successful euthanasia and may present less risk than the alternative TEMPORAL or CAUDAL TO PINNA placements.

scholarly journals Relationship of captive bolt stunning location with basic tissue measurements and exposed cross-sectional brain area in cadaver heads from market pigs1

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1405-1409
Author(s):  
Karly Anderson ◽  
Elizabeth Ries ◽  
Jacob Backes ◽  
Katherine Bishop ◽  
Miranda Boll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Tissue Thickness ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Soft Tissue Thickness ◽  
Alternative Location ◽  
The Common ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Total Tissue

Abstract The objective of this study was to contrast the soft tissue thickness, cranial thickness, total tissue thickness, cross-sectional brain area, and bolt–brain contact from the common frontal application of captive bolt euthanasia with the alternative location behind the ear in cadaver swine heads. Twenty-three cadaver heads from pigs that were approximately 136 kg and 6 mo of age were collected from a regional slaughter establishment following CO2 stunning and assigned to either the FRONTAL (n = 11) or the CAUDAL TO PINNA (n = 12) application of the captive bolt. The soft tissue thickness was different (P < 0.0001) between the 2 applications (FRONTAL: 8.3 ± 3.4 mm; CAUDAL TO PINNA: 56.5 ± 3.4 mm). The cranial thickness was different (P < 0.0001) between the applications (FRONTAL: 23.4 ± 2.9 mm; CAUDAL TO PINNA: 26.5 ± 2.9 mm). There was also a difference (P < 0.0001) in the total tissue thickness between the 2 applications (FRONTAL: 31.7 ± 3.8 mm; CAUDAL TO PINNA: 73.4 ± 3.8 mm). Cross-sectional area was calculated from images collected immediately after the heads were cut along the plane of bolt travel by bandsaw and was different (P = 0.0028) between the 2 applications (FRONTAL: 25.2 ± 1.3 cm2; CAUDAL TO PINNA: 18.9 ± 1.3 cm2). Bolt–brain contact was also assessed from the images, and a difference (P = 0.0360) between the 2 applications (FRONTAL: 100 ± 10.5%; CAUDAL TO PINNA: 66.7 ± 10.5%) was identified. The results of this study suggest that the FRONTAL application may provide a bolt path with less tissue to travel through when compared with the CAUDAL TO PINNA application for pigs of the approximate age and weight of those in this study. Ultimately, the FRONTAL location may present less risk for the captive bolt euthanasia of swine at market weight at this time. Additional refinement of the CAUDAL TO PINNA procedure and modification to the captive bolt device to penetrate to a suitable depth to ensure brain damage is recommended.

scholarly journals PSI-21 Relationship of captive bolt stunning location with basic tissue measurements and exposed cross-sectional brain area in cadaver heads from market pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 262-263
Author(s):  
Karly Anderson ◽  
Elizabeth Ries ◽  
Jacob Backes ◽  
Katherine Bishop ◽  
Miranda Boll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Tissue Thickness ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Soft Tissue Thickness ◽  
Alternative Location ◽  
The Common ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Total Tissue

Abstract The objective of this study was to contrast the soft tissue thickness, cranial thickness, total tissue thickness, cross-sectional brain area and bolt–brain contact from the common frontal application of captive bolt euthanasia with the alternative location behind the ear in cadaver swine heads. Twenty-three cadaver heads from pigs that were approximately 136 kg and 6 mo of age were collected from a slaughter establishment following CO2 stunning and assigned to either the FRONTAL (n = 11) or CAUDAL TO PINNA (n = 12) application of the captive bolt. The soft tissue thickness was different (P < 0.0001) between the 2 applications (FRONTAL: 8.3±3.4 mm; CAUDAL TO PINNA: 56.5±3.4 mm). The cranial thickness was different (P < 0.0001) between the applications (FRONTAL: 23.4±2.9 mm; CAUDAL TO PINNA: 26.5±2.9 mm). There was a difference (P < 0.0001) in the total tissue thickness between the 2 applications (FRONTAL: 31.7±3.8 mm; CAUDAL TO PINNA: 73.4±3.8 mm). Cross-sectional area was calculated from images collected immediately after the heads were cut along the plane of bolt travel by bandsaw and was different (P = 0.0028) between the 2 applications (FRONTAL: 25.2±1.3 cm2; CAUDAL TO PINNA: 18.9±1.3 cm2). Bolt–brain contact was also assessed from the images, and a difference (P = 0.0360) between the 2 applications (FRONTAL: 100±10.5%; CAUDAL TO PINNA: 66.7±10.5%) was identified. The results of this study suggest that the FRONTAL application may provide a bolt path with less tissue to travel through when compared with the CAUDAL TO PINNA application for pigs of the approximate age and weight of those in this study. Ultimately, the FRONTAL location may present less risk for the captive bolt euthanasia of swine at market weight at this time. Additional refinement of the CAUDAL TO PINNA procedure and modification to the captive bolt device to penetrate to a suitable depth to ensure brain damage is recommended.

PSI-4 Quantification of Cooling Effects on Basic Tissue Measurements and Exposed Cross-sectional Brain Area in Cadaver Heads from Market Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 226-227
Author(s):  
Katherine Bishop ◽  
Karly N Anderson ◽  
Sarah Albers ◽  
Kaysie Allen ◽  
Christina Huber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Tissue Thickness ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Soft Tissue Thickness ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cooling Effects ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The objective of this project was to determine the impact of cooling on the soft tissue thickness, cranial thickness, and cross-sectional brain area of cadaver heads from market pigs. Documenting the effect of cooling on tissue dimensions of swine heads is valuable and important for future investigations of physical stunning and euthanasia methods that use cadaver heads. Cadaver heads were sourced from market pigs stunned with CO2. After transport to the data collection location, a captive bolt shot was applied in the frontal position. Following captive bolt application, each head (n=36) underwent an UNCHILLED and CHILLED treatment. The UNCHILLED treatment involved images collected immediately after splitting the head along the bolt path and the CHILLED treatment involved images of the same heads after storage in a walk-in cooler for 24 h at 2–4°C. All measurements for each treatment were determined from images of the heads cut along the plane of the bolt path immediately prior to and immediately after the refrigeration treatment. Measurements were performed by two observers; across all measurements, mean interobserver percent coefficient of variation (%CV) was 11.3±0.6%. The soft tissue posterior to the bolt path was different (P=0.0120) between treatments (CHILLED: 6.4±0.2mm; UNCHILLED: 7.2±0.2mm). The soft tissue thickness anterior to the bolt path was different (P=0.0378) between treatments (CHILLED: 5.5±0.2mm; UNCHILLED: 6.1±0.2mm). There was not a significant difference (P=0.8659) in cranial thickness posterior to the bolt path (CHILLED: 18.1±0.6mm; UNCHILLED: 18.3±0.6mm), nor was there a significant difference (P=0.2593) in cranial thickness anterior to the bolt path between treatments (CHILLED: 16.2±0.6mm; UNCHILLED: 15.2±0.6mm). Cross-sectional brain area did not differ (P=0.0737) (CHILLED: 3633.4±44.1mm; UNCHILLED: 3519.9±44.1mm). A correction factor of 1.12 was determined from this study for cases where estimation of UNCHILLED soft tissue thickness from CHILLED soft tissue thickness is necessary.

Relationship of tissue dimensions and three captive bolt placements on cadaver heads from mature swine (Sus scrofa domesticus) > 200 kg body weight

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karly N Anderson ◽  
Kaysie J Allen ◽  
Angela Baysinger ◽  
Madonna Benjamin ◽  
Jennifer Berger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Brain Damage ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Tissue Thickness ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Reference Limit ◽  
Lateral Canthus ◽  
Soft Tissue Thickness ◽  
Total Tissue ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Three penetrating captive bolt (PCB) placements were tested on cadaver heads from swine with estimated body weight (BW) >200 kg (sows = 232.9 ± 4.1 kg; boars = 229.3 ± 2.6 kg). The objectives were to determine tissue depth, cross-sectional brain area, visible brain damage (BD), regions of BD, and bolt-brain contact; and determine relationships between external head dimensions and tissue depth at each placement. A Jarvis PAS – Type P 0.25R PCB with a Long Stunning Rod Nosepiece Assembly and 3.5 gr power loads was used at the following placements on heads from 111 sows and 46 boars after storage at 2-4° C for approximately 62 h before treatment: FRONTAL (F) – 3.5 cm superior to the optic orbits at midline, TEMPORAL (T) – at the depression posterior to the lateral canthus of the eye within the plane between the lateral canthus and the base of the ear, or BEHIND EAR (BE) – directly caudal to the pinna of the ear on the same plane as the eyes and targeting the middle of the opposite eye. For sows, the bolt path was in the plane of the brain for 42/42 (100%, 95% CI: 91.6-100.0%) F heads, 39/40 (97.5%, 95% CI: 86.8-99.9%) T heads, and 34/39 (87.5%, 95% CI: 72.6-95.7%) BE heads; for the heads that could reliably be assessed for BD damage was detected in 25/26 (96.2%, 95% CI: 80.4-99.9%) F heads, 24/35 (68.6%, 95% CI: 50.7-83.2%) T heads, and 5/40 (12.5%, 95% CI: 4.2-26.8%) BE heads. For boars, the bolt path was in the plane of the brain for 17/17 (100.0%, 95% CI: 80.5-100.0%) F heads, 18/18 (100.0%, 95% CI: 81.5-100.0%) T heads, and 14/14 (100.0%, 95% CI: 76.8-100.0%) BE heads; damage was detected in 11/12 (91.7%, 95% CI: 61.5-99.8%) F heads, 2/15 (13.3%, 95% CI: 1.7-40.5%) T heads, and 7/14 (50.0%, 95% CI: 23.0-77.0%) BE heads. Tissue depth was reported as mean ± standard error followed by 95% one-sided upper reference limit (URL). For sows, total tissue thickness was different (P < 0.05) between placements (F: 52.7 ± 1.0 mm, URL: 64.1 mm; T: 69.8 ± 1.4 mm, URL: 83.9 mm; BE: 89.3 ± 1.5 mm, URL: 103.4 mm). In boars, total tissue thickness was different (P < 0.05) between placements (F: 41.2 ± 2.1 mm, URL: 56.3 mm; T: 73.2 ± 1.5 mm, URL: 83.4 mm; BE: 90.9 ± 3.5 mm, URL: 113.5 mm). For swine > 200 kg BW, F placement may be more effective than T or BE due to less soft tissue thickness, which may reduce concussive force. The brain was within the plane of bolt travel for 100% of F heads with brain damage for 96.2% and 91.7% of F sow and boar heads, respectively.

scholarly journals Quantification of cooling effects on basic tissue measurements and exposed cross-sectional brain area of cadaver heads from market pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karly N Anderson ◽  
Sarah E Albers ◽  
Kaysie J Allen ◽  
Katherine D Bishop ◽  
Brian J Greco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Tissue Thickness ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Co2 Gas ◽  
Soft Tissue Thickness ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cooling Effects ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The objective of this project was to determine the impact of cooling on the soft tissue thickness, cranial thickness, and cross-sectional brain area of cadaver heads from market pigs. Documenting the effect of cooling on tissue dimensions of swine heads is valuable and important for future investigations of physical stunning and euthanasia methods that use cadaver heads. Scalded and dehaired cadaver heads with intact jowls were sourced from market pigs stunned with CO2 gas. After transport to the data collection location, a penetrating captive bolt (PCB) shot (Jarvis Model PAS—Type P 0.25R Caliber Captive Bolt Pistol with Medium Rod Assembly and Blue Powder Cartridges) was applied in the frontal position. Following PCB application, each head (n = 36) underwent an UNCHILLED treatment followed by CHILLED treatment. The UNCHILLED treatment involved images collected immediately after splitting each head along the bolt path, and the CHILLED treatment involved images of the same heads after storage in a walk-in cooler for 24 h at 2 to 4°C. All measurements for each treatment were collected from images of the heads on the plane of the bolt path immediately prior to and immediately after the refrigeration treatment. Measurements were performed by two observers. Across all measurements, mean interobserver coefficient of variation was 11.3 ± 0.6%. The soft tissue caudal to the bolt path was different (P = 0.0120) between treatments (CHILLED: 6.4 ± 0.2 mm; UNCHILLED: 7.2 ± 0.2 mm). The soft tissue thickness rostral to the bolt path was different (P = 0.0378) between treatments (CHILLED: 5.5 ± 0.2 mm; UNCHILLED: 6.1 ± 0.2 mm). Cranial thickness caudal to the bolt path was not different (P = 0.8659; CHILLED: 18.1 ± 0.6 mm; UNCHILLED: 18.3 ± 0.6 mm), nor was there a significant difference (P = 0.2593) in cranial thickness rostral to the bolt path between treatments (CHILLED: 16.2 ± 0.6 mm; UNCHILLED: 15.2 ± 0.6 mm). Cross-sectional brain area did not differ (P = 0.0737; CHILLED: 3633.4 ± 44.1 mm; UNCHILLED: 3519.9 ± 44.1 mm). A correction factor of 1.12 was determined from this study for cases where estimation of UNCHILLED soft tissue thickness from CHILLED soft tissue thickness is necessary.

scholarly journals Diagnose Anthropologique A Partir Des Caractéristiques Dento-Squelettiques Et D’épaisseurs Des Tissus Mous Du Profil Facial: Etude Comparative Entre Population Autochtone Et Diaspora Etrangère

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (36) ◽  
pp. 286
Author(s):  
Assi Ar ◽  
Beugre. Jb ◽  
Gnadoh Jj ◽  
Beugre-Kouassi Al
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Vertical Direction ◽  
Facial Growth ◽  
Tissue Thickness ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Skeletal Class ◽  
Soft Tissue Thickness ◽  
Tissus Mous ◽  
Thickness Measurements ◽  
Error Method

Objective : The aim of this study was to search for the particularities in the dento-skeletal and soft tissue thickness of the facial cutaneous profile of Black Ivorians and White Lebanese. Material and methods: This cross-sectional and descriptive study, concerned with numerical radiographs extracted from medical files of 119 adolescent patients [62 Ivorians (34 females and 28 males) and 57 Lebanese (31 females and 26 males)], from 11 to 16 years old, with skeletal class I and normodivergent faces, in first orthodontic surgery. From a drawing on acetate paper (Kodatrace type) and the materialization of true vertical and true horizontal (TVL and THL), 30 landmarks (19 cephalometric and 11 facial cutaneous profile landmarks) allowed the construction of lines and plans as well as 17 dento-skeletal measurements (10 angular et 7 linear) and 12 soft tissue thickness measurements. The data reliability was verified by Dahlberg’s error method, while the t of student on independent series (signification threshold at 0,05) allowed to compare dento-skeletal characteristics and soft tissue thickness of the two groups. The Results : Compared to White Lebanese, Black Ivorians present a facial prognathism resulting in more pronounced protrusion of alveolar bases (SNA= 85,714°, SNB= 81,321°, A-NPerp= 5,768°) and vestibuloversion of central incisives (I/i= 111,679°, I/NA= 7,214mm, i/NB= 9,036mm, NA and NB (I/NA= 27,952° and i/NB= 36,266°) responsible of the obtuser facial convexity (NA-Pog= 169,338°). Indeed, this facial convexity reveals a very low prominence of the chin (Pog-NB= -0,565 mm). Also, the maxillomandibular discrepancy observed (FMA= 24,516°, greater), implies a more important facial growth kinetic in vertical direction with black Ivoirians. This is considerably reduced with females, with a less pronounced FMA angle compared to Lebanese females [FMA° (P=0,211 ns)]. The cutaneous effect of that dento-skeletal prognathism, is tangible through more protrusive lips – hence, thicker - lips (Id-Ls= 13,677 mm and id-Li= 15,919 mm). In this way, the observed substantial thickness is justified, of supporting peri-buccal soft tissue [lower lip’s base (B-Sm= 13,742 mm) and the most inferior part of the chin (Me-Me'= 7,984 mm)]. The two males groups present, however, a soft tissue thickness relatively similar on all the chin surface [Pog-Pog’ (P= 0,393 ns); Gn-Gn’ (P=0,251 ns); Me-Me’ (P=0,245 ns)]. The Black Ivorians’ nose, platyrrhines, low and diving, present a thicker back (Rhi-Rhi’= 3,741 mm) and thin supporting peripheral soft tissue thickness (ENA-Prn = 22,468 mm, Prn perp/Sn-N’=12,935 mm, A-Sn= 13,097 mm) in general. In addition to those specific characteristics of Black Ivorians, males have a thicker soft tissue on the root of the nose (N-N’= 6,769 mm). Among the two female groups, the characteristics of soft tissue thickness are much more contrasted. Thus, besides the traditional morphological features (nose more prominent - so, thicker - with Lebanese females, and thicker lips with Ivorian females), the forehead (G-G’= 6,441mm) and the chin (Pog-Pog’= 13,941mm, GnGn’= 10,471mm, Me-Me’= 8,618mm) of Ivorian females are thicker. Conclusion : The characteristics of dento-skeletal and soft tissue thickness of Black Ivorians and White Lebanese, reflect the anthropological diagnosis of their original ethnical groups. Facial prognathism and acuteness of facial convexity are observed, as well as greater soft tissue thickness of the inferior facial third (especially in females) traditionally particularizing the negroAfricans. However, a morphological proximity of the two ethnic groups is noticeable among males, concerning the soft tissue thickness of the chin, but also in females as for facial divergence. This study, because of what the results highlightened, has a forensic anthropology interest, and reveals the importance of radiological cephalometry.

scholarly journals Facial Soft Tissue Thickness of Midline in an Iranian Sample: MRI Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 375-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masume Johari ◽  
Farzad Esmaeili ◽  
Hadi Hamidi
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Maxillary Sinusitis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Facial Reconstruction ◽  
Radiology Department ◽  
P Value ◽  
Tissue Thickness ◽  
Facial Soft Tissue ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Soft Tissue Thickness

Background and Aim: To identify human skeletal remains, different methods can be used and using these techniques, important data can be obtained. However, facial reconstruction is the last method to indentify unknown human faces which requires knowledge about facial soft tissue thickness in the different positions of the face. The present study determined the facial soft tissue thickness in the different landmark points on the MRI images of patients referred to Radiology Department of Shahid Madani Hospital. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional trial, MRI images of 179 patients (61 males, 118 females) in the age range of 18-76 years old who did not show any pathologic lesions, were selected. The measurements of the facial soft tissue were done on 12 landmark points on the midline area by two radiologist observers using specific software on the images. The differences in the soft tissue thickness in these landmark points were statistically analyzed by Mann-Whitney U (in term of gender) and Kruskal-Wallis tests (in terms of Body Mass Index [BMI] and age groups). P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The data were compared with the results of other studies. Results: The results obtained in the present study were higher than Turkish and American studies in most of the landmark points. Facial soft tissue thickness in most of the landmarks was more in males than females. In some of the landmarks, significant differences were found between emaciated, normal and overweight patients while in most cases, soft tissue thickness increased with the increased BMI. In some cases, significant differences were noted between soft tissue thickness values among the different age groups, in which the thickness increased or thinned with the increased age. Statistical Analysis: There were statistically significant associations between the presence and surface area of Haller cells and the occurrence of ipsilateral maxillary sinusitis. Neither the angulation of the uncinate process nor the size of the maxillary sinus ostium significantly correlates with the formation of maxillary sinusitis. Conclusion: The data achieved in the present study can be used for the facial reconstruction purposes in the Iranian population; however, the slight differences existing between the studied population and other subgroup races must be considered for accurate reconstructions.

scholarly journals Evaluating Soft Tissue Thickness in Different Anterior-Posterior Skeletal Classifications Informative

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 1629-1634
Author(s):  
Saba Safarzadeh ◽  
Mohammad Monirifard ◽  
Farinaz Shirban
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Tissue Thickness ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Soft Tissue Thickness ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Anterior Posterior

Background: The soft tissue thickness is affected by anterior posterior skeletal relationship. This study has been designed to evaluate the soft tissue thickness among different anterior posterior skeletal classifications. Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 206 digital lateral cephalometric radiographs from patients undergoing treatment at several orthodontic clinics were evaluated. The skeletal group was determined by the ANB angle. The planned points were determined on digital radiographs using the Digimizer.V4.1.1.0 and then the measurements were done. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney, Pearson Correlation and Spearman tests. Results: Significant difference showed between soft tissue thickness at Subnasale between class I and II, at Subnasale, Labrale Superius, Stomion Superius, Stomion Inferius between class I and III and at Subnasale, Labrale Superius, Stomion Superius, Stomion Inferius, between class II and III. Among the women, soft tissue thickness at subnasale were higher in class I group compared to class II, Subnasale, Labrale Superius, Stomion Superius, Stomion Inferius were higher in class III compared to class I and at Labrale Inferius was higher in class II compared to class III. Among the men, soft tissue thickness at Stomion Superius, Stomion Inferius and Labrale Superius were higher in class III group compared to class I and II. Conclusion: We established that soft tissue thickness in some landmarks were significantly different between skeletal groups and gender. There is a correlation in soft tissue thickness and skeletal relationship at Stomion Inferius, Subnasale, Labrale Superius, Stomion Superius. Keywords: Soft Tissue, Skeletal Classification, Cephalometry

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