scholarly journals Quantification of cooling effects on basic tissue measurements and exposed cross-sectional brain area of cadaver heads from market pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karly N Anderson ◽  
Sarah E Albers ◽  
Kaysie J Allen ◽  
Katherine D Bishop ◽  
Brian J Greco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Tissue Thickness ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Co2 Gas ◽  
Soft Tissue Thickness ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cooling Effects ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The objective of this project was to determine the impact of cooling on the soft tissue thickness, cranial thickness, and cross-sectional brain area of cadaver heads from market pigs. Documenting the effect of cooling on tissue dimensions of swine heads is valuable and important for future investigations of physical stunning and euthanasia methods that use cadaver heads. Scalded and dehaired cadaver heads with intact jowls were sourced from market pigs stunned with CO2 gas. After transport to the data collection location, a penetrating captive bolt (PCB) shot (Jarvis Model PAS—Type P 0.25R Caliber Captive Bolt Pistol with Medium Rod Assembly and Blue Powder Cartridges) was applied in the frontal position. Following PCB application, each head (n = 36) underwent an UNCHILLED treatment followed by CHILLED treatment. The UNCHILLED treatment involved images collected immediately after splitting each head along the bolt path, and the CHILLED treatment involved images of the same heads after storage in a walk-in cooler for 24 h at 2 to 4°C. All measurements for each treatment were collected from images of the heads on the plane of the bolt path immediately prior to and immediately after the refrigeration treatment. Measurements were performed by two observers. Across all measurements, mean interobserver coefficient of variation was 11.3 ± 0.6%. The soft tissue caudal to the bolt path was different (P = 0.0120) between treatments (CHILLED: 6.4 ± 0.2 mm; UNCHILLED: 7.2 ± 0.2 mm). The soft tissue thickness rostral to the bolt path was different (P = 0.0378) between treatments (CHILLED: 5.5 ± 0.2 mm; UNCHILLED: 6.1 ± 0.2 mm). Cranial thickness caudal to the bolt path was not different (P = 0.8659; CHILLED: 18.1 ± 0.6 mm; UNCHILLED: 18.3 ± 0.6 mm), nor was there a significant difference (P = 0.2593) in cranial thickness rostral to the bolt path between treatments (CHILLED: 16.2 ± 0.6 mm; UNCHILLED: 15.2 ± 0.6 mm). Cross-sectional brain area did not differ (P = 0.0737; CHILLED: 3633.4 ± 44.1 mm; UNCHILLED: 3519.9 ± 44.1 mm). A correction factor of 1.12 was determined from this study for cases where estimation of UNCHILLED soft tissue thickness from CHILLED soft tissue thickness is necessary.

PSI-4 Quantification of Cooling Effects on Basic Tissue Measurements and Exposed Cross-sectional Brain Area in Cadaver Heads from Market Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 226-227
Author(s):  
Katherine Bishop ◽  
Karly N Anderson ◽  
Sarah Albers ◽  
Kaysie Allen ◽  
Christina Huber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Tissue Thickness ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Soft Tissue Thickness ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cooling Effects ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The objective of this project was to determine the impact of cooling on the soft tissue thickness, cranial thickness, and cross-sectional brain area of cadaver heads from market pigs. Documenting the effect of cooling on tissue dimensions of swine heads is valuable and important for future investigations of physical stunning and euthanasia methods that use cadaver heads. Cadaver heads were sourced from market pigs stunned with CO2. After transport to the data collection location, a captive bolt shot was applied in the frontal position. Following captive bolt application, each head (n=36) underwent an UNCHILLED and CHILLED treatment. The UNCHILLED treatment involved images collected immediately after splitting the head along the bolt path and the CHILLED treatment involved images of the same heads after storage in a walk-in cooler for 24 h at 2–4°C. All measurements for each treatment were determined from images of the heads cut along the plane of the bolt path immediately prior to and immediately after the refrigeration treatment. Measurements were performed by two observers; across all measurements, mean interobserver percent coefficient of variation (%CV) was 11.3±0.6%. The soft tissue posterior to the bolt path was different (P=0.0120) between treatments (CHILLED: 6.4±0.2mm; UNCHILLED: 7.2±0.2mm). The soft tissue thickness anterior to the bolt path was different (P=0.0378) between treatments (CHILLED: 5.5±0.2mm; UNCHILLED: 6.1±0.2mm). There was not a significant difference (P=0.8659) in cranial thickness posterior to the bolt path (CHILLED: 18.1±0.6mm; UNCHILLED: 18.3±0.6mm), nor was there a significant difference (P=0.2593) in cranial thickness anterior to the bolt path between treatments (CHILLED: 16.2±0.6mm; UNCHILLED: 15.2±0.6mm). Cross-sectional brain area did not differ (P=0.0737) (CHILLED: 3633.4±44.1mm; UNCHILLED: 3519.9±44.1mm). A correction factor of 1.12 was determined from this study for cases where estimation of UNCHILLED soft tissue thickness from CHILLED soft tissue thickness is necessary.

scholarly journals Relationship of captive bolt stunning location with basic tissue measurements and exposed cross-sectional brain area in cadaver heads from market pigs1

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1405-1409
Author(s):  
Karly Anderson ◽  
Elizabeth Ries ◽  
Jacob Backes ◽  
Katherine Bishop ◽  
Miranda Boll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Tissue Thickness ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Soft Tissue Thickness ◽  
Alternative Location ◽  
The Common ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Total Tissue

Abstract The objective of this study was to contrast the soft tissue thickness, cranial thickness, total tissue thickness, cross-sectional brain area, and bolt–brain contact from the common frontal application of captive bolt euthanasia with the alternative location behind the ear in cadaver swine heads. Twenty-three cadaver heads from pigs that were approximately 136 kg and 6 mo of age were collected from a regional slaughter establishment following CO2 stunning and assigned to either the FRONTAL (n = 11) or the CAUDAL TO PINNA (n = 12) application of the captive bolt. The soft tissue thickness was different (P < 0.0001) between the 2 applications (FRONTAL: 8.3 ± 3.4 mm; CAUDAL TO PINNA: 56.5 ± 3.4 mm). The cranial thickness was different (P < 0.0001) between the applications (FRONTAL: 23.4 ± 2.9 mm; CAUDAL TO PINNA: 26.5 ± 2.9 mm). There was also a difference (P < 0.0001) in the total tissue thickness between the 2 applications (FRONTAL: 31.7 ± 3.8 mm; CAUDAL TO PINNA: 73.4 ± 3.8 mm). Cross-sectional area was calculated from images collected immediately after the heads were cut along the plane of bolt travel by bandsaw and was different (P = 0.0028) between the 2 applications (FRONTAL: 25.2 ± 1.3 cm2; CAUDAL TO PINNA: 18.9 ± 1.3 cm2). Bolt–brain contact was also assessed from the images, and a difference (P = 0.0360) between the 2 applications (FRONTAL: 100 ± 10.5%; CAUDAL TO PINNA: 66.7 ± 10.5%) was identified. The results of this study suggest that the FRONTAL application may provide a bolt path with less tissue to travel through when compared with the CAUDAL TO PINNA application for pigs of the approximate age and weight of those in this study. Ultimately, the FRONTAL location may present less risk for the captive bolt euthanasia of swine at market weight at this time. Additional refinement of the CAUDAL TO PINNA procedure and modification to the captive bolt device to penetrate to a suitable depth to ensure brain damage is recommended.

scholarly journals PSI-21 Relationship of captive bolt stunning location with basic tissue measurements and exposed cross-sectional brain area in cadaver heads from market pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 262-263
Author(s):  
Karly Anderson ◽  
Elizabeth Ries ◽  
Jacob Backes ◽  
Katherine Bishop ◽  
Miranda Boll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Tissue Thickness ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Soft Tissue Thickness ◽  
Alternative Location ◽  
The Common ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Total Tissue

Abstract The objective of this study was to contrast the soft tissue thickness, cranial thickness, total tissue thickness, cross-sectional brain area and bolt–brain contact from the common frontal application of captive bolt euthanasia with the alternative location behind the ear in cadaver swine heads. Twenty-three cadaver heads from pigs that were approximately 136 kg and 6 mo of age were collected from a slaughter establishment following CO2 stunning and assigned to either the FRONTAL (n = 11) or CAUDAL TO PINNA (n = 12) application of the captive bolt. The soft tissue thickness was different (P < 0.0001) between the 2 applications (FRONTAL: 8.3±3.4 mm; CAUDAL TO PINNA: 56.5±3.4 mm). The cranial thickness was different (P < 0.0001) between the applications (FRONTAL: 23.4±2.9 mm; CAUDAL TO PINNA: 26.5±2.9 mm). There was a difference (P < 0.0001) in the total tissue thickness between the 2 applications (FRONTAL: 31.7±3.8 mm; CAUDAL TO PINNA: 73.4±3.8 mm). Cross-sectional area was calculated from images collected immediately after the heads were cut along the plane of bolt travel by bandsaw and was different (P = 0.0028) between the 2 applications (FRONTAL: 25.2±1.3 cm2; CAUDAL TO PINNA: 18.9±1.3 cm2). Bolt–brain contact was also assessed from the images, and a difference (P = 0.0360) between the 2 applications (FRONTAL: 100±10.5%; CAUDAL TO PINNA: 66.7±10.5%) was identified. The results of this study suggest that the FRONTAL application may provide a bolt path with less tissue to travel through when compared with the CAUDAL TO PINNA application for pigs of the approximate age and weight of those in this study. Ultimately, the FRONTAL location may present less risk for the captive bolt euthanasia of swine at market weight at this time. Additional refinement of the CAUDAL TO PINNA procedure and modification to the captive bolt device to penetrate to a suitable depth to ensure brain damage is recommended.

88 Foundational Investigations of Tissue Dimensions and Their Relation to Captive Bolt application Sites on Cadaver Heads from Mature Swine–A Preliminary Report

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 6-7
Author(s):  
Karly N Anderson ◽  
Angela Baysinger ◽  
Madonna Benjamin ◽  
James Claus ◽  
Brett O’Brien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Preliminary Data ◽  
Preliminary Report ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Tissue Thickness ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Soft Tissue Thickness ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
The Common ◽  
Total Tissue

Abstract The objective of this study was to contrast the soft tissue thickness, cranial thickness, total tissue thickness, and cross-sectional brain area from the common frontal captive bolt placement for the captive bolt euthanasia of swine with the alternative temporal and caudal to pinna placements. One hundred and fifty-seven cadaver heads from sows and boars with estimated body weights greater than 200 kg were collected from a regional slaughter establishment following electrical stunning and assigned to the FRONTAL, TEMPORAL, or CAUDAL to pinna captive bolt placement treatments after cooling at 2–4°C for approximately 64 h. In sows, soft tissue thickness was different (P ˂ 0.0001) between the three placements (FRONTAL: 13.9±1.1 mm, TEMPORAL: 45.93±1.1 mm, CAUDAL TO PINNA: 53.8±1.1 mm), cranial thickness was different (P ˂ 0.0001) between the three placements (FRONTAL: 47.1±1.4 mm, TEMPORAL: 17.6±1.4 mm, CAUDAL TO PINNA: 30.2±1.4 mm), total tissue thickness was different (P < 0.0001) between the three placements (FRONTAL: 61.03±1.4 mm, TEMPORAL: 63.49±1.4 mm, CAUDAL TO PINNA: 84.05±1.4 mm), and cross-sectional brain area was different (P < 0.0001) between the three placements (FRONTAL: 4509.0±238.0 mm2, TEMPORAL: 1964.4±238.0 mm2, CAUDAL TO PINNA: 2767.5±238.0 mm2). In boars, soft tissue thickness was different (P < 0.0001) between the three placements (FRONTAL: 12.9±1.7mm, TEMPORAL: 45.3±1.7 mm, CAUDAL TO PINNA: 54.7±1.7 mm), cranial thickness was different (P = 0.0193) between the FRONTAL and TEMPORAL treatments (FRONTAL: 34.8±3.2mm, TEMPORAL: 22.1±3.2 mm, CAUDAL TO PINNA: 31.7±3.2 mm), total tissue thickness was different (P < 0.0001) between the three placements (FRONTAL: 47.7±3.2 mm, TEMPORAL: 67.4±3.2 mm, CAUDAL TO PINNA: 86.4±3.2mm), and cross-sectional brain area was different (P < 0.0001) between the three placements (FRONTAL: 4031.9±153.2mm2, TEMPORAL: 1241.8±153.2 mm2, CAUDAL TO PINNA: 2467.5±153.2 mm2). Overall, the preliminary data indicated that the FRONTAL placement appears to have the greatest likelihood for successful euthanasia and may present less risk than the alternative TEMPORAL or CAUDAL TO PINNA placements.

scholarly journals Evaluating Soft Tissue Thickness in Different Anterior-Posterior Skeletal Classifications Informative

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 1629-1634
Author(s):  
Saba Safarzadeh ◽  
Mohammad Monirifard ◽  
Farinaz Shirban
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Tissue Thickness ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Soft Tissue Thickness ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Anterior Posterior

Background: The soft tissue thickness is affected by anterior posterior skeletal relationship. This study has been designed to evaluate the soft tissue thickness among different anterior posterior skeletal classifications. Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 206 digital lateral cephalometric radiographs from patients undergoing treatment at several orthodontic clinics were evaluated. The skeletal group was determined by the ANB angle. The planned points were determined on digital radiographs using the Digimizer.V4.1.1.0 and then the measurements were done. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney, Pearson Correlation and Spearman tests. Results: Significant difference showed between soft tissue thickness at Subnasale between class I and II, at Subnasale, Labrale Superius, Stomion Superius, Stomion Inferius between class I and III and at Subnasale, Labrale Superius, Stomion Superius, Stomion Inferius, between class II and III. Among the women, soft tissue thickness at subnasale were higher in class I group compared to class II, Subnasale, Labrale Superius, Stomion Superius, Stomion Inferius were higher in class III compared to class I and at Labrale Inferius was higher in class II compared to class III. Among the men, soft tissue thickness at Stomion Superius, Stomion Inferius and Labrale Superius were higher in class III group compared to class I and II. Conclusion: We established that soft tissue thickness in some landmarks were significantly different between skeletal groups and gender. There is a correlation in soft tissue thickness and skeletal relationship at Stomion Inferius, Subnasale, Labrale Superius, Stomion Superius. Keywords: Soft Tissue, Skeletal Classification, Cephalometry

scholarly journals Variation of Facial Soft Tissue Thickness in Nepalese Adult Orthodontic Subjects

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-28
Author(s):  
Ravi Kumar Mahto ◽  
Dashrath Kafle ◽  
Pankaj Kumar Singh ◽  
Sonika Khanal ◽  
Siddhartha Khanal
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Tissue Thickness ◽  
Facial Soft Tissue ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Skeletal Class ◽  
Skeletal Malocclusion ◽  
Soft Tissue Thickness ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Female Subjects

Introduction: Variations in facial soft tissue thickness have been established previously by studies conducted in different population. Hence, it is essential to obtain facial soft tissue thickness measurement data specific to a population and develop individual standards. The objective of this research is to obtain facial soft tissue thickness data of Nepalese adult male and female subjects seeking orthodontic treatment with different sagittal skeletal malocclusion and evaluate variations in facial soft tissue thickness. Materials & Method: Facial soft tissue thicknesses was measured manually on ninety pretreatment lateral cephalogram at eleven points (Glabella, Nasion, Rhinion, Subnasale, Labrale superius, Stomion, Labrale inferius, Labiomentale, Pogonion,Gnathion and Menton). One-way Analysis of variances [one-way ANOVA] followed by Least significant difference (LSD) post hoc test was used to determine difference in facial soft tissue thickness measurements among three sagittal skeletal group for both sexes. In addition, Student’s t-test was used to find difference in facial soft tissue thickness between the male and female subjects in each skeletal Class. Result: Statistically significant differences were found at points Rhinion, Subnasale, Labrale superius, Stomion and Gnathion in males and at Subnasale, Labrale superius, Stomion and Labrale inferius in females while comparing facial soft tissue thickness among three sagittal skeletal classes. Also, it was observed that mean facial soft tissue thickness was greater for males as compared to female subjects with significant differences at Subnasale, Labrale superius, and Labrale inferius in each skeletal Class. Conclusion: Facial soft tissue thickness varies considerably among different population group, sex and sagittal relationship of jaws.

Palatal Soft Tissue Thickness at Different Ages Using an Ultrasonic Device

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
SM Lee ◽  
JH Park ◽  
M Bayome ◽  
HS Kim ◽  
SS Mo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Permanent Dentition ◽  
Mixed Dentition ◽  
Tissue Thickness ◽  
Ultrasonic Device ◽  
Irregularity Index ◽  
Soft Tissue Thickness ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Gender

Objective: To evaluate the palatal soft tissue thickness among placement sites of temporary anchorage devices (TADs) in late mixed, early permanent and permanent dentition. Materials and Method: The sample consisted of three groups; 42 late mixed dentition (mean age = 11.0 years), 41 early permanent dentition (mean age = 13.8 years), and 38 permanent dentition (mean age = 23.1 years). Soft tissue thickness was measured intraorally with an ultrasonic device using a grid of 27, 4x4 mm2 squares to delineate the measurement points. Repeated measures analysis of variance was performed to analyze the data. Results: There was a significant difference in soft tissue thickness among dentition groups with the permanent dentition group showing the highest values (P < 0.001). In each group, the thickness significantly increased from median to lateral and from anterior to posterior sites. Furthermore, the thickness showed a significant difference according to the arch form and gender (P < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences according to irregularity index and Angle classification. Conclusions: The soft tissue thickness of the palate increases from the late mixed to permanent dentition. These findings may be helpful for clinicians to enhance their successful application of TADs in the palate.

Gingival Thickness and Outcome of Periodontal Plastic Surgery Procedures: A Meta-regression Analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. 238008442094217
Author(s):  
L. Paternò Holtzman ◽  
G. Blasi ◽  
E. Rivera ◽  
F. Herrero ◽  
K. Downton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Plastic Surgery ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Root Coverage ◽  
Tissue Thickness ◽  
Gingival Thickness ◽  
Soft Tissue Thickness ◽  
Periodontal Plastic Surgery ◽  
The Impact

Objective: To evaluate the impact of soft tissue thickness (STT) on root coverage achieved with different periodontal plastic surgery procedures. Background: Gingival recession has been managed successfully through various surgical approaches, with great variability in outcomes. Anatomic characteristics of the recipient site and selected technique account in part for this variability. Gingival flap thickness is one of the most critical site-related characteristics. Methods: An electronic search was conducted on the major databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science). Human prospective studies with at least 6 mo of follow-up and with a numeric baseline measurement for gingival thickness were eligible. Only studies including nonsmoking patients were considered. Variables included surgical approach, participant characteristics, local anatomic factors, and follow-up time. Primary outcome was mean percentage root coverage (%RC) achieved, and complete root coverage was a secondary outcome. Results: A total of 42 studies were included (35 randomized controlled trials, 5 case series, 1 prospective cohort study, and 1 controlled clinical trial). Across studies, the pooled %RC was 81.9% (95% CI, 79.1% to 84.7%). The %RC was not significantly associated ( P = 0.267) with baseline soft tissue thickness; however there was a significant ( P = 0.031) inverse relationship between STT and %RC after 12-mo follow-up. Subgroup analysis showed that for no graft, there was a significant ( P = 0.025) positive relationship between STT and %RC with the exclusion of the single outlier study based on STT. Conclusions: STT plays a limited role in predicting root coverage across all approaches; when flaps are performed with no graft, the effect of STT is most critical. The length of time following surgery appears to influence outcomes, with 12-mo follow-up offering greater insight. Knowledge Transfer Statement: The results of this study can suggest to clinicians which periodontal plastic surgery technique to employ when treating challenging cases. In particular, it can be helpful when selecting the treatment approach to treat thin phenotype sites. This study could help clinicians provide a more appropriate treatment decision in such cases.

Accuracy of high-resolution ultrasound (US) for gingival soft tissue thickness mesurement in edentulous patients prior to implant placement

2020 ◽  
pp. 20200309
Author(s):  
Gül Sönmez ◽  
Kıvanç Kamburoğlu ◽  
Ayşe Gülşahı
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Alveolar Process ◽  
Tissue Thickness ◽  
Gingival Thickness ◽  
Implant Placement ◽  
Soft Tissue Thickness ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Edentulous Patients ◽  
Clinical Measurements

Objectives: To evaluate and compare the accuracy of high-resolution ultrasound (US) with two different cone beam CT (CBCT) units and clinical assessment for measuring gingival soft tissue thickness in edentulous patients prior to implant placement. Methods and materials: The study consisted of 40 maxillary implant sites of 40 healthy patients (20 females, 20 males; mean age, 47.88 years). We prospectively evaluated labial/buccal gingival thickness in 40 implant regions (16 anterior and 24 posterior) by using limited field of view (FOV) CBCT images and US images in comparison to gold standard transgingival probing measurements. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare mean measurements obtained from CBCT (Morita and Planmeca), US, and transgingival probing. Interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) estimates were calculated based on means with two-way mixed and absolute-agreement model. Bland Altman plot was used to describe agreement between clinical vs US and CBCT measurements by constructing limits of agreement. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: There was no significant difference between methods used according to mean gingival thickness measurements obtained from the top (p = 0.519) and bottom (p = 0.346) of the alveolar process. US and CBCT measurements highly correlated with clinical measurements for both top and bottom alveolar process gingival thickness (p < 0.001). Distribution of differences between clinical measurements and both CBCT measurements showed statistically significant differences according to 0 (p < 0.05). Distribution of differences between clinical measurements and US measurements did not show statistically significant difference (p > 0.05). Conclusion: High-resolution US provided accurate information for the measurement of gingival soft tissue thickness in edentulous patients prior to implant placement.

scholarly journals Diagnose Anthropologique A Partir Des Caractéristiques Dento-Squelettiques Et D’épaisseurs Des Tissus Mous Du Profil Facial: Etude Comparative Entre Population Autochtone Et Diaspora Etrangère

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (36) ◽  
pp. 286
Author(s):  
Assi Ar ◽  
Beugre. Jb ◽  
Gnadoh Jj ◽  
Beugre-Kouassi Al
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Vertical Direction ◽  
Facial Growth ◽  
Tissue Thickness ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Skeletal Class ◽  
Soft Tissue Thickness ◽  
Tissus Mous ◽  
Thickness Measurements ◽  
Error Method

Objective : The aim of this study was to search for the particularities in the dento-skeletal and soft tissue thickness of the facial cutaneous profile of Black Ivorians and White Lebanese. Material and methods: This cross-sectional and descriptive study, concerned with numerical radiographs extracted from medical files of 119 adolescent patients [62 Ivorians (34 females and 28 males) and 57 Lebanese (31 females and 26 males)], from 11 to 16 years old, with skeletal class I and normodivergent faces, in first orthodontic surgery. From a drawing on acetate paper (Kodatrace type) and the materialization of true vertical and true horizontal (TVL and THL), 30 landmarks (19 cephalometric and 11 facial cutaneous profile landmarks) allowed the construction of lines and plans as well as 17 dento-skeletal measurements (10 angular et 7 linear) and 12 soft tissue thickness measurements. The data reliability was verified by Dahlberg’s error method, while the t of student on independent series (signification threshold at 0,05) allowed to compare dento-skeletal characteristics and soft tissue thickness of the two groups. The Results : Compared to White Lebanese, Black Ivorians present a facial prognathism resulting in more pronounced protrusion of alveolar bases (SNA= 85,714°, SNB= 81,321°, A-NPerp= 5,768°) and vestibuloversion of central incisives (I/i= 111,679°, I/NA= 7,214mm, i/NB= 9,036mm, NA and NB (I/NA= 27,952° and i/NB= 36,266°) responsible of the obtuser facial convexity (NA-Pog= 169,338°). Indeed, this facial convexity reveals a very low prominence of the chin (Pog-NB= -0,565 mm). Also, the maxillomandibular discrepancy observed (FMA= 24,516°, greater), implies a more important facial growth kinetic in vertical direction with black Ivoirians. This is considerably reduced with females, with a less pronounced FMA angle compared to Lebanese females [FMA° (P=0,211 ns)]. The cutaneous effect of that dento-skeletal prognathism, is tangible through more protrusive lips – hence, thicker - lips (Id-Ls= 13,677 mm and id-Li= 15,919 mm). In this way, the observed substantial thickness is justified, of supporting peri-buccal soft tissue [lower lip’s base (B-Sm= 13,742 mm) and the most inferior part of the chin (Me-Me'= 7,984 mm)]. The two males groups present, however, a soft tissue thickness relatively similar on all the chin surface [Pog-Pog’ (P= 0,393 ns); Gn-Gn’ (P=0,251 ns); Me-Me’ (P=0,245 ns)]. The Black Ivorians’ nose, platyrrhines, low and diving, present a thicker back (Rhi-Rhi’= 3,741 mm) and thin supporting peripheral soft tissue thickness (ENA-Prn = 22,468 mm, Prn perp/Sn-N’=12,935 mm, A-Sn= 13,097 mm) in general. In addition to those specific characteristics of Black Ivorians, males have a thicker soft tissue on the root of the nose (N-N’= 6,769 mm). Among the two female groups, the characteristics of soft tissue thickness are much more contrasted. Thus, besides the traditional morphological features (nose more prominent - so, thicker - with Lebanese females, and thicker lips with Ivorian females), the forehead (G-G’= 6,441mm) and the chin (Pog-Pog’= 13,941mm, GnGn’= 10,471mm, Me-Me’= 8,618mm) of Ivorian females are thicker. Conclusion : The characteristics of dento-skeletal and soft tissue thickness of Black Ivorians and White Lebanese, reflect the anthropological diagnosis of their original ethnical groups. Facial prognathism and acuteness of facial convexity are observed, as well as greater soft tissue thickness of the inferior facial third (especially in females) traditionally particularizing the negroAfricans. However, a morphological proximity of the two ethnic groups is noticeable among males, concerning the soft tissue thickness of the chin, but also in females as for facial divergence. This study, because of what the results highlightened, has a forensic anthropology interest, and reveals the importance of radiological cephalometry.

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