252 Impact of Pre- and Postnatal Nutritional Extremes on Tonic Secretion of Gonadotropins and Feedback Responsiveness to Estradiol in Sexually Mature Heifers

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 131-132
Author(s):  
Viviana Garza ◽  
Julie I Kellerman ◽  
Tatiane S Maia ◽  
Rodolfo C Cardoso ◽  
Gary L Williams
Keyword(s):  
Positive Feedback ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Pulse Amplitude ◽  
Prenatal Development ◽  
High Gain ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Juvenile Period ◽  
Estradiol 17Β ◽  
Sexually Mature

Abstract Objectives were to test the hypotheses that nutritional extremes during prenatal development interact with postnatal nutrition during the juvenile period of heifers to impact 1) tonic secretion of gonadotropins, and 2) estradiol-17β (E2) negative and positive feedback responsiveness in adulthood. Heifers were selected from a larger population programmed nutritionally using a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement of pre- and postnatal diets. Beginning at 90 days of pregnancy, Bos indicus-influenced cows (n = 95) were fed to achieve body condition scores (BCS; 1–9 scale) of 3–3.5 (L; thin), 5.5–6 (M; moderate), or 7.5–8 (H; obese) by onset of the third trimester and maintained thereafter. Heifer offspring were weaned at 3–3.5 months of age and assigned to either a low- (L; 0.5 kg/day) or high-gain (H; 1.0 kg/day) diet until 8 mo. of age, then fed a common diet until puberty. Heifers (n = 18; 6/grp) representing HH, MH and LL combinations were ovariectomized postpubertally (17.1 mo. of age) and received E2 replacement. In Exp. 1, blood samples were collected at 10-min intervals to evaluate pulsatile secretion of LH and FSH for 5.5 hours. In Exp. 2, heifers received E2 (2.4 ug/kg I.M.), with blood sampling at 30-min to 1-h intervals for 30 h. Heifers in the MH (1.25 ± 0.11 ng/mL) group tended (P < 0.09) to have greater LH pulse amplitude compared to HH (0.91 ± 0.14 ng/mL) and LL (0.96 ± 0.09 ng/mL); otherwise, frequency, amplitude, and mean concentrations of LH and FSH did not differ among groups. Exogenous E2 (Exp. 2) suppressed (P < 0.0001) mean plasma concentrations of LH and FSH equally among groups, then stimulated equivalent surges of LH beginning at 14 ± 0.02 h, with only two FSH surges detected. Neither pre- nor postnatal nutrition affected E2 negative or positive feedback in this study.

scholarly journals Radioimmunoassay of plasma ouabain in healthy and pregnant individuals

2000 ◽  
Vol 165 (3) ◽  
pp. 669-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
O Vakkuri ◽  
SS Arnason ◽  
A Pouta ◽  
O Vuolteenaho ◽  
J Leppaluoto
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Human Plasma ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Endogenous Substances

Ouabain was recently isolated from human plasma, bovine hypothalamus and bovine adrenal in attempts to identify endogenous substances inhibiting the cell membrane sodium pump. A number of radioimmunoassays have been developed in order to study the clinical significance of ouabain. The results have been controversial with regard to the presence and chemical nature of plasma ouabain-like immunoreactivity. We have now measured ouabain in healthy and pregnant individuals using solid-phase extraction of plasma samples followed by a new radioimmunoassay with the extraordinary sensitivity of at least 2 fmol/tube (5 pmol/l). Plasma extracts, a previously isolated human plasma ouabain-like compound and bovine hypothalamic inhibitory factor displaced the tracer in parallel and eluted identically with ouabain in high-performance liquid chromatography. Plasma ouabain immunoreactivity was found to be much lower than reported previously: 12.6+/-1.3 pmol/l in healthy men (mean+/-s.e., n=20) and 9.4+/-0.7 pmol/l in women (n=14). In pregnant women (n=28) plasma ouabain concentration was 16.3+/-4.0 pmol/l during the first trimester, 18.8+/-4.3 pmol/l during the second trimester and 24.3+/-4.0 pmol/l during the third trimester (all P<0.01 compared with non-pregnant women). Plasma ouabain 3-5 days after the delivery was 13.6+/-1.1 pmol/l (n=10, P<0.05-0.01 compared with second and third trimesters). The pregnancy-related changes in the plasma concentrations of ouabain resembled those of cortisol. Therefore cortisol was measured from the same plasma samples and a significant positive correlation was found (r=0.512, P=0.006). The similar profiles of plasma ouabain and cortisol during pregnancy and their rapid decreases postpartum are consistent with the adrenal cortical origin of ouabain and also show that the secretions of these hormones are possibly under the control of same factors.

scholarly journals Relationship between plasma concentrations of estradiol-17β and progesterone and the distribution of epithelial and inflammatory cells in the external opening of the river buffaloes’ uterine cervix during the gestational period

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-375
Author(s):  
M. Goli ◽  
E. Ayen ◽  
S. Hassanzadeh ◽  
M. H. Khadem Anssari
Keyword(s):  
Uterine Cervix ◽  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Gestation Period ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
External Opening ◽  
Microscopic Evaluation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Estradiol 17Β

Changes in the distribution of the epithelial and inflammatory cells in the external opening of the uterine cervix in river buffaloes at three different occasions during the gestation period were investigated by light microscopic evaluation of mucus smears prepared by wet swab sampling and Giemsa-stained. Forty five pregnant river buffaloes that were in the first (n=15), second (n=15) and third (n=15) approximately equal parts of their gestation period were sampled twice concurrently by individual wet swabs from the external opening of the uterine cervix. Five smears were prepared from each sample. Immediately after mucus sampling, blood samples were obtained from the jugular vein of each animal, centrifuged immediately and stored at -20 oC to assay the plasma levels of estradiol-17β and progesterone. The results showed that changes in the percentage of the vacuolated and non-vacuolated epithelial cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and basophils were not statistically significant between the groups, which suggests that as the pregnancy progressed, changes in the blood levels of estradiol-17β and progesterone had little or no effect on the distribution of these cells in the region, but changes in the percentage of neutrophils were statistically significant between the groups. It was also found that changes in the percentage of macrophages between the second and third trimesters of the gestation period were not significant, but the difference between the first and the other trimesters was statistically significant. It was concluded that the percentages of neutrophils and macrophages increase significantly as the plasma concentrations of progesterone decrease during the gestation.

A selective increase in circulating inhibin and inhibin pro-αC at the time of ovulation in the mare

1999 ◽  
Vol 277 (5) ◽  
pp. E870-E875 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kentaro Nagaoka ◽  
Yasuo Nambo ◽  
Natsuko Nagamine ◽  
Shun-Ichi Nagata ◽  
Yumiko Tanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Follicular Fluid ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Precursor Protein ◽  
Α Subunit ◽  
Ovulatory Follicles ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Selective Increase ◽  
Estradiol 17Β

The relationship between a selective increase in circulating immunoreactive (ir)-inhibin and the time of ovulation was investigated in mares. Concentrations of plasma ir-inhibin were measured every 4 h during the periovulatory period. Inhibin pro-αC, a precursor protein of the inhibin α-subunit, was also measured. The changes in ir-inhibin and inhibin pro-αC in circulation were parallel. Concentrations of both ir-inhibin and inhibin pro-αC in the plasma increased at the same time when ovulatory follicles ruptured, and the peak levels of circulating ir-inhibin and inhibin pro-αC were maintained for 4–8 h. There was no selective increase in plasma concentrations of estradiol-17β during the process of ovulation. These results suggest that the selective increase in ir-inhibin and inhibin pro-αC was caused by the absorption of follicular fluid after the rupture of ovulatory follicles. These results also suggest that the measuring of plasma concentrations of ir-inhibin or inhibin pro-αC in mares might be a useful method for detecting the time of ovulation.

Changes in Plasma Concentrations of Inhibin, Estradiol-17β, Progesterone, LH and FSH Associated with Follicular Waves During the Estrous Cycle in Sows.

2008 ◽  
Vol 78 (Suppl_1) ◽  
pp. 103-104
Author(s):  
Michiko Noguchi ◽  
Koji Yoshioka ◽  
Chie Suzuki ◽  
Sachiko Arai ◽  
Seigo Itoh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Estrous Cycle ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Follicular Waves ◽  
Estradiol 17Β

scholarly journals Choline Content of Term and Preterm Infant Formulae Compared to Expressed Breast Milk—How Do We Justify the Discrepancies?

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3815
Author(s):  
Anna Shunova ◽  
Katrin A. Böckmann ◽  
Michaela Minarski ◽  
Axel R. Franz ◽  
Cornelia Wiechers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Fetal Plasma ◽  
Infant Formulae ◽  
Expressed Breast Milk ◽  
Free Choline ◽  
Choline Intake

Choline/phosphatidylcholine concentrations are tightly regulated in all organs and secretions. During rapid organ growth in the third trimester, choline requirement is particularly high. Adequate choline intake is 17–18 mg/kg/day in term infants, whereas ~50–60 mg/kg/day is required to achieve fetal plasma concentrations in preterm infants. Whereas free choline is supplied via the placenta, other choline carriers characterize enteral feeding. We therefore quantified the concentrations and types of choline carriers and choline-related components in various infant formulae and fortifiers compared to breast milk, and calculated the supply at full feeds (150 mL/kg/day) using tandem mass spectrometry. Choline concentration in formula ranged from values below to far above that of breastmilk. Humana 0-VLB (2015: 60.7 mg/150 mL; 2020: 27.3 mg/150 mL), Aptamil-Prematil (2020: 34.7 mg/150 mL), Aptamil-Prematil HA (2020: 37.6 mg/150 mL) for preterm infants with weights < 1800 g, and Humana 0 (2020: 41.6 mg/150 mL) for those > 1800 g, comprised the highest values in formulae studied. Formulae mostly were rich in free choline or phosphatidylcholine rather than glycerophosphocholine and phosphocholine (predominating in human milk). Most formulae (150 mL/kg/day) do not supply the amounts and physiologic components of choline required to achieve fetal plasma choline concentrations. A revision of choline content in formulae and breast milk fortifiers and a clear declaration of the choline components in formulae is required to enable informed choices.

scholarly journals Mineralocorticoid receptor knockout mice: Pathophysiology of Na+ metabolism

1998 ◽  
Vol 95 (16) ◽  
pp. 9424-9429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Berger ◽  
Markus Bleich ◽  
Wolfgang Schmid ◽  
Timothy J. Cole ◽  
Jörg Peters ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Knockout Mice ◽  
Mineralocorticoid Receptor ◽  
Transcriptional Control ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Prenatal Development ◽  
Strong Increase ◽  
Rnase Protection ◽  
Transepithelial Voltage ◽  
Deficient Mice

Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR)-deficient mice were generated by gene targeting. These animals had a normal prenatal development. During the first week of life, MR-deficient (−/−) mice developed symptoms of pseudohypoaldosteronism. They finally lost weight and eventually died at around day 10 after birth from dehydration by renal sodium and water loss. At day 8, −/− mice showed hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, and a strong increase in renin, angiotensin II, and aldosterone plasma concentrations. Methods were established to measure renal clearance and colonic transepithelial Na+ reabsorption in 8-day-old mice in vivo. The fractional renal Na+ excretion was elevated >8-fold. The glomerular filtration rate in −/− mice was not different from controls. The effect of amiloride on renal Na+ excretion and colonic transepithelial voltage reflects the function of amiloide-sensitive epithelial Na+ channels (ENaC). In −/− mice, it was reduced to 24% in the kidney and to 16% in the colon. There was, however, still significant residual ENaC-mediated Na+ reabsorption in both epithelia. RNase protection analysis of the subunits of ENaC and (Na++ K+)-ATPase did not reveal a decrease in −/− mice. The present data indicate that MR-deficient neonates die because they are not able to compensate renal Na+ loss. Regulation of Na+ reabsorption via MR is not achieved by transcriptional control of ENaC and (Na+ + K+)-ATPase in RNA abundance but by transcriptional control of other as yet unidentified genes. MR knockout mice will be a suitable tool for the search of these genes.

POSTWEANING PLASMA CONCENTRATIONS OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE AND ESTROGENS IN SOWS: EFFECT OF TREATMENT WITH PREGNANT MARE’S SERUM GONADOTROPIN OR ESTRADIOL-17β PLUS PROGESTERONE

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. DYCK ◽  
W. M. PALMER ◽  
S. SIMARAKS
Keyword(s):  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Control Group ◽  
History Of ◽  
Serum Gonadotropin ◽  
Effect Of Treatment ◽  
Secretory Pattern ◽  
Estradiol 17Β

The plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and estrogens (E) were determined for 12 sows, from a herd with a history of postweaning anestrus, from the day of weaning to 32 days after weaning (trial I). A linear increase in plasma LH and E was observed in six sows which remained in anestrus (LH, 0.32–0.47 ng/ml; E, 16.1–24.7 pg/ml). These concentrations were similar to those observed in cycling sows during diestrus. In the remaining sows concurrent peaks of LH and E were observed during proestrus and estrus. In a second trial, two groups each of five sows were treated with a single injection of pregnant mare’s serum gonadotropin (PMSG, 1500 IU) or steroids (estradiol-17β, 1 mg plus progesterone, 2 mg) on the day after weaning. The plasma concentrations of LH and E for 10–12 days after weaning were compared with those of five untreated control sows. In the PMSG-treated group, concurrent peaks of LH (4.7 ± 0.5 ng/ml) and E (121 ± 41 pg/ml) were observed at estrus. The control group produced a lower LH peak at estrus (1.5 ± 0.4 ng/ml) which was not accompanied by a rise in plasma E. No consistent secretory pattern for plasma LH and E was observed in the steroid treatment group.

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