scholarly journals Choline Content of Term and Preterm Infant Formulae Compared to Expressed Breast Milk—How Do We Justify the Discrepancies?

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3815
Author(s):  
Anna Shunova ◽  
Katrin A. Böckmann ◽  
Michaela Minarski ◽  
Axel R. Franz ◽  
Cornelia Wiechers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Fetal Plasma ◽  
Infant Formulae ◽  
Expressed Breast Milk ◽  
Free Choline ◽  
Choline Intake

Choline/phosphatidylcholine concentrations are tightly regulated in all organs and secretions. During rapid organ growth in the third trimester, choline requirement is particularly high. Adequate choline intake is 17–18 mg/kg/day in term infants, whereas ~50–60 mg/kg/day is required to achieve fetal plasma concentrations in preterm infants. Whereas free choline is supplied via the placenta, other choline carriers characterize enteral feeding. We therefore quantified the concentrations and types of choline carriers and choline-related components in various infant formulae and fortifiers compared to breast milk, and calculated the supply at full feeds (150 mL/kg/day) using tandem mass spectrometry. Choline concentration in formula ranged from values below to far above that of breastmilk. Humana 0-VLB (2015: 60.7 mg/150 mL; 2020: 27.3 mg/150 mL), Aptamil-Prematil (2020: 34.7 mg/150 mL), Aptamil-Prematil HA (2020: 37.6 mg/150 mL) for preterm infants with weights < 1800 g, and Humana 0 (2020: 41.6 mg/150 mL) for those > 1800 g, comprised the highest values in formulae studied. Formulae mostly were rich in free choline or phosphatidylcholine rather than glycerophosphocholine and phosphocholine (predominating in human milk). Most formulae (150 mL/kg/day) do not supply the amounts and physiologic components of choline required to achieve fetal plasma choline concentrations. A revision of choline content in formulae and breast milk fortifiers and a clear declaration of the choline components in formulae is required to enable informed choices.

Preterm Infants May Better Tolerate Feeds at Temperatures Closer to Freshly Expressed Breast Milk: A Randomized Controlled Trial

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 154-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ozgun Uygur ◽  
Mehmet Yalaz ◽  
Nazmiye Can ◽  
Ozge Altun Koroglu ◽  
Nilgun Kultursay
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Expressed Breast Milk

Antioxidant Capacity of Breast Milk of Mothers who Delivered Prematurely is Higher Than That of Mothers who Delivered at Term

2011 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
pp. 368-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Turhan ◽  
Atıcı ◽  
Muslu
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Total Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Total Antioxidant ◽  
The Mean

Background: The total antioxidant capacity of plasma of preterm infants has been suggested to be lower than that of term infants. The objective of this study was to compare the total antioxidant capacity of the breast milk of mothers who delivered prematurely with that of mothers who delivered at term. Materials and Methods: A total of 71 breast milk samples were collected, 41 from mothers who delivered preterm (27 to 37 weeks) and 30 from mothers who delivered at term (38 to 42 weeks). Results: The mean total antioxidant capacity of the breast milk of mothers who delivered prematurely was higher (2.19 ± 0.88 mmol/L) than that of mothers who delivered at term (1.7 ± 0.86 mmol/L) (p = 0.024). Conclusion: Breastfeeding may protect preterm infants against oxidative stress and related disorders in the neonatal period.

Committee Report Needs Clarification

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-153
Author(s):  
H. L. Kafka
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Iron Supplementation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Committee Report ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
Fortified Cereal ◽  
Breast Fed

McMillan et al. in their article "Iron Sufficiency in Breast-Fed Infants and the Availability of Iron From Human Milk" (Pediatrics 58:686, November 1976) made it clear that iron from breast milk is better absorbed than iron from any other source, and that it is therefore safe, at least from the point of view of iron deficiency, to breast feed an infant up to 18 months of age. In the same issue (p. 765) the Committee on Nutrition recommends that "iron supplementation from one or more sources should start no later than 4 months of age in term infants and no later than 2 months of age in preterm infants . . ." and a few lines later that ". . . In breast-fed infants the best source [of iron] is iron-fortified cereal, two portions per day. . . ." Yet the Committee states that "the needs of breast-fed infants for supplemental iron require more investigation."

Stem-Like Cell Characteristics from Breast Milk of Mothers with Preterm Infants as Compared to Mothers with Term Infants

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 174-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carrie-Ellen Briere ◽  
Todd Jensen ◽  
Jacqueline M. McGrath ◽  
Erin E. Young ◽  
Christine Finck
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Term Infants

scholarly journals Practices, predictors and consequences of expressed breast-milk feeding in healthy full-term infants

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 492-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothy Li Bai ◽  
Daniel Yee Tak Fong ◽  
Kris Yuet Wan Lok ◽  
Janet Yuen Ha Wong ◽  
Marie Tarrant
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Expressed Breast Milk ◽  
Caesarean Section Delivery ◽  
Returning To Work ◽  
Milk Feeding

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the prevalence and predictors of expressed breast-milk feeding in healthy full-term infants and its association with total duration of breast-milk feeding.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingIn-patient postnatal units of four public hospitals in Hong Kong.SubjectsA total of 2450 mother–infant pairs were recruited in 2006–2007 and 2011–2012 and followed up prospectively for 12 months or until breast-milk feeding had stopped.ResultsAcross the first 6 months postpartum, the rate of exclusive expressed breast-milk feeding ranged from 5·1 to 8·0 % in 2006–2007 and from 18·0 to 19·8 % in 2011–2012. Factors associated with higher rate of exclusive expressed breast-milk feeding included supplementation with infant formula, lack of previous breast-milk feeding experience, having a planned caesarean section delivery and returning to work postpartum. Exclusive expressed breast-milk feeding was associated with an increased risk of early breast-milk feeding cessation when compared with direct feeding at the breast. The hazard ratio (95 % CI) ranged from 1·25 (1·04, 1·51) to 1·91 (1·34, 2·73) across the first 6 months.ConclusionsMothers of healthy term infants should be encouraged and supported to feed directly at the breast. Exclusive expressed breast-milk feeding should be recommended only when medically necessary and not as a substitute for feeding directly at the breast. Further research is required to explore mothers’ reasons for exclusive expressed breast-milk feeding and to identify the health outcomes associated with this practice.

scholarly journals Longitudinal manganese and copper balances in young infants and preterm infants fed on breast-milk and adapted cow's milkformulas

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 559-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Dörner ◽  
Stefan Dziadzka ◽  
Andreas Höhn ◽  
Erika Sievers ◽  
Hans-Dieter Oldigs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mn Concentration ◽  
Breast Fed

1. Mn and Cu intake and retention in twenty full-term infants and six preterm infants were studied on the basis of 72 h balances. The age of the infants was 2–16 weeks and the gestational age of the preterm infants (triplets) 34 and 36 weeks. Three nutrition schemes were pursued: breast-fed, formula-fed with unsupplemented adapted formula and formula-fed with trace element supplementation.2. The mean Mn concentration of all breast-milk samples (n 2339) was 6·2 μg/1. The two formulas had similar Mn concentrations (77 and 99 μg/1) but had different Fe, Cu (121 and 619 μg/1), Zn and I contents. The mean Cu concentration in mother's milk was 833 μg/1.3. The following mean daily Mn intakes and retentions (μg/kg) respectively were measured: breast-fed fullterm 1·06 (sd 0·43) and 0·43 (sd 0·65), formula-fed full-term 14·2 (sd 3·1) and 2·8 (sd 4·8), formula-fed preterm 15·0 (sd 2·2) and 0·06 (sd 5·87). The results for Cu were 114·5 (sd 22·3) and 88·0 (sd 46·5) μg/kg in breast-fed, 19–8 (sd 4·2) and 4·6 (-11·5–9·6) in the unsupplemented formula-fed and 106·4 (sd 18·9) and 55·5 (sd 20·3) in the supplemented formula full-term infant group. No significant influence of the trace element contents of the formulas on the relative retention of Mn or Cu was found.4. Young preterm infants, and to some degree young full-term infants, often had negative Mn balances caused by a high faccal excretion. The formulas with a Mn concentration below 100 μg/l gave a sufficient supply of Mn. Preterm infants fed on the unsupplemented formula had a marginal Cu supply and their first balances were negative (-3·8 (sd 1·8) μg/kg).5. In accordance with the estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intakes (recommended dietary allowances), formula-fed infants receive much more Mn than breast-fed infants and their absolute retention is higher.6. Cu from breast-milk had a significantly better biological availability than that from cow's milk formula. If retentions similar to those in breast-fed infants are intended, we conclude, therefore, that cow's milk formula should be fortified with Cu up to a level of at least 600 μg/l.

scholarly journals Gastric emptying in preterm infants.

1994 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. F24-F27 ◽  
Author(s):  
A K Ewer ◽  
G M Durbin ◽  
M E Morgan ◽  
I W Booth
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Ultrasound Images ◽  
Formula Milk ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Expressed Breast Milk ◽  
Maximum Increment

An ultrasonic technique was used to compare gastric emptying after a feed of expressed breast milk and formula milk in a blind, cross over study of preterm infants. Fourteen infants (median gestational age 33 weeks) were studied on 46 occasions. Each infant received a nasogastric feed of either expressed breast milk or formula milk, and the alternative at the next feed. Real time ultrasound images of the gastric antrum were obtained and measurements of antral cross sectional area (ACSA) were made before the feed and then sequentially after its completion until the ACSA returned to its prefeed value. The half emptying time (50% delta ACSA) was calculated as the time taken for the ACSA to decrease to half the maximum increment. On average, expressed breast milk emptied twice as fast as formula milk: mean 50% delta ACSA expressed breast milk 36 minutes; formula milk 72 minutes. The technique was reproducible and there was no significant difference between the emptying rates of feeds of the same type for an individual infant. These data show that breast milk has a major effect on gastric emptying, which may have important implications for preterm infants who have a feed intolerance due to delayed gastric emptying.

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