scholarly journals 171 The effect of forage quality and protein supplementation source on digestibility of Tifton 85 Bermudagrass

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 58-59
Author(s):  
Fabio J Maia ◽  
Jeferson M Lourenco ◽  
Darren Seidel ◽  
Malinee Intanoo ◽  
Todd R Callaway ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Forage Quality ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Fermentation Parameters

Abstract An in vitro experiment was performed to evaluate the effect of quality and supplementation (CON-control, no supplement, DDG-dried distillers grains, 29.32% CP, LFD-liquid feed, 56.45% CP) on IVDMD, NDF disappearance (NDFD) and ruminal fermentation parameters of Tifton 85 Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon). Forage was harvested at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 wk over three growing seasons to simulate various forage management practices. Samples were analyzed by Near-infrared spectroscopy and stratified by relative forage quality (RFQ). Samples were selected to represent high (120), medium (100) and low (80) RFQ. The LFD was added at 5.4% of DMI, equivalent to 0.91 kg (as fed) per head per day. The DDG was included at equivalent of 16.99%, 14.36%, and 12.23% of total DM for the high, medium, and low low RFQ forages, respectively, to make the treatments isonitrogenous to the LFD treatments. Fermentations were carried out for 48 h on 3 d. The experiment was analyzed as a 3 x 3 factorial; arrangement with RFQ and type of supplement as factors. The IVDMD (46.9, 54.6, and 62.8%) and NDFD (41.7, 53.8, and 56.1%) increased (P < 0.001) as RFQ increased. Supplementation increased (P < 0.009) NDFD (39.7, 49.5, and 59.5%) but only the LFD increased IVDMD (52.7, 55.4 and 56.2%). An RFQ x supplement interaction was observed for IVDMD (P < 0.001) and NDFD (P < 0.007). No effects of supplementation were observed for high RFQ. For medium RFQ forage quality only LDF increased IVDMD and DDG was not different from CON or LDF; and no effect of supplementation was observed for NDFD. Supplementation increased IVDMD and NDFD for low RFQ forage. There was no effect of supplementation on total gas production or total VFA concentrations. Supplementation with LFD and DDG improves IVDMD and NDFD in low RFQ Bermudagrass, and LFD supplementation can enhance IVDMD in medium RFQ forage quality

scholarly journals Degradability, in vitro fermentation parameters and kinetic degradation of diets with increasing levels of forage and chitosan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanna Gonzaga Jacaúna ◽  
Rafael Henrique de Tonissi e Buschinelli de Goes ◽  
Leonardo de Oliveira Seno ◽  
Luis Carlos Vinhas Ítavo ◽  
Jefferson Rodrigues Gandra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Fermentation Parameters ◽  
Potential Use

Abstract Chitosan is the second most important natural biopolymer in the world, extracted from crustaceans, shrimps, and crabs; and can modulate rumen fermentation. Our hypothesis is that the addition of chitosan alters the fermentation patterns of different diets for ruminants. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different levels of chitosan and forage on in vitro dry degradation kinetics and fermentation in a gas production system. The chitosan levels (0, 1625, 3500 or 7500 mg/kg of DM) were arranged in a completely randomized block design, and for in vitro ruminal fermentation assay we used a split splot arrangement. Into the incubator, all chitosan levels were distributed in the four jars, and the forage levels varying on 100, 65, 50, 35 and 20 on DM basis. Chitosan and roughage levels interaction effect (P≤0.05) on IVDMD; IVOMD. IVDCP and IVDNDF. Chitosan negatively affected IVDMD in all roughage levels evaluated. The pH and ammonia concentration present effect only for roughage levels and incubation hours. The chitosan didn’t change (P=0.3631) the total short-chain fatty acid concentration (overall mean = 21.19 mmol/L) and the C2:C3 ratio (overall mean = 5.85). The IVDCP showed the same decreasing quadratic behavior (P&lt;0.0001). The increasing chitosan addition increases (P&lt;0.0001) the gas production and decreases the (P&lt;0.0001) the lag time (parameter C) of diets with greater concentrate participation, characterizing greater efficiency in the degradability of the diet, confirming its potential use in diets for ruminants. Chitosan changes in vitro dry degradation kinetics and fermentation at the minimum dose of 1722 mg/kg DM for all diets. The roughage level influenced the in vitro nutrients degradability and cumulative gas production.

scholarly journals Óleos essenciais como modificadores da fermentação ruminal em substituição a monensina sódica in vitro

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (264) ◽  
pp. 576-581
Author(s):  
L. Antunes Stella ◽  
V. Rosa Prates ◽  
A. Zubieta ◽  
C. Bayer ◽  
J.O. Jardim Barcellos
Keyword(s):  
Gas Production ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Clove Oil ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Cinnamon Oil ◽  
Bitter Orange ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Fermentation Parameters

The objective of this study to evaluate the effect of secondary plant compounds present in essential oils in replacement of monensin on in vitro ruminal fermentation parameters. It was adopted a completely randomized design with nine treatments and four replicates. The treatments were: control (CON), monensin (MON), garlic oil (ALH), cinnamon oil (CAN), clove oil (CRA), mint oil (HOR), juniper oil (JUN), bitter orange oil (LAR), and melaleuca oil (MEL). The in vitro gas technique was used to record total gas production at 4, 8, 12 and 24 h after incubation. MON, CAN and CRA increased gas production Only the garlic and cinnamon treatments reduced the digestibility of organic matter in 20 and 26% in relation to the control treatment. Methane production reduced (P

scholarly journals PSXI-17 Influence of hops on in vitro ruminal fermentation of corn grain

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 408-408
Author(s):  
Yamicela Castillo-Castillo ◽  
Raul Solis ◽  
Armando A Quintana ◽  
Claudio Arzola ◽  
Ana Luisa Olivas-Palacios ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methane Production ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Fluid ◽  
Fermentation Parameters ◽  
Corn Grain

Abstract An in vitro incubation was carried out to evaluate the potential of hops (Humulus lupulus) as an alternative to antibiotics for upgrading animal production. Whole pellets of hops (Variety Galena) were ground and incubated in a batch culture of ruminal fluid (2000 mg of ground corn grain + 10 mL of fresh rumen liquor). Ruminal fluid was collected from two beef cows through an esophageal tube. The hops were incubated by 24 h at levels of 0, 800, 1600 and 2400 µg/mL. Data were analyzed statistically by analysis of variance using PROC GLM of SAS. Hops addition linearly decreased (P &lt; 0.01) gas production (GP; 90.89, 61.73, 36.63 and 28.37 µmol/g respectively) and methane production (MP; 9.76, 1.70, 1.30 and 0.46 µmol/g respectively). The CO2 production linearly increased as levels of hops increased (P &lt; 0.02; 87.5, 88.4, 98.1 and 99.3 µmol/g respectively). The ammonia-N production was reduced in treatment 2 with respect to other treatments (P &lt; 0.03; 12.6, 9.2, 13.7 and 13.5 µmol/g). Effects on ruminal fermentation of corn grain were dose dependent of hops. Addition of hops in ruminant feeding may offer a means to decrease ruminal methane production. Further research is needed to test efficacy of hops on other in vivo rumen-fermentation parameters.

scholarly journals Assessment of potato peel and agro-forestry biochars supplementation on in vitro ruminal fermentation

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9488
Author(s):  
Ana R.F. Rodrigues ◽  
Margarida R.G. Maia ◽  
Ana R.J. Cabrita ◽  
Hugo M. Oliveira ◽  
Maria Bernardo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Point Of Zero Charge ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Potato Peel ◽  
Fermentation Parameters ◽  
Agro Forestry

Background The awareness of environmental and socio-economic impacts caused by greenhouse gas emissions from the livestock sector leverages the adoption of strategies to counteract it. Feed supplements can play an important role in the reduction of the main greenhouse gas produced by ruminants—methane (CH4). In this context, this study aims to assess the effect of two biochar sources and inclusion levels on rumen fermentation parameters in vitro. Methods Two sources of biochar (agro-forestry residues, AFB, and potato peel, PPB) were added at two levels (5 and 10%, dry matter (DM) basis) to two basal substrates (haylage and corn silage) and incubated 24-h with rumen inocula to assess the effects on CH4 production and main rumen fermentation parameters in vitro. Results AFB and PPB were obtained at different carbonization conditions resulting in different apparent surface areas, ash content, pH at the point of zero charge (pHpzc), and elemental analysis. Relative to control (0% biochar), biochar supplementation kept unaffected total gas production and yield (mL and mL/g DM, p = 0.140 and p = 0.240, respectively) and fermentation pH (p = 0.666), increased CH4production and yield (mL and mL/g DM, respectively, p = 0.001) and ammonia-N (NH3-N, p = 0.040), and decreased total volatile fatty acids (VFA) production (p < 0.001) and H2 generated and consumed (p ≤ 0.001). Biochar sources and inclusion levels had no negative effect on most of the fermentation parameters and efficiency. Acetic:propionic acid ratio (p = 0.048) and H2 consumed (p = 0.019) were lower with AFB inclusion when compared to PPB. Biochar inclusion at 10% reduced H2 consumed (p < 0.001) and tended to reduce total gas production (p = 0.055). Total VFA production (p = 0.019), acetic acid proportion (p = 0.011) and H2 generated (p = 0.048) were the lowest with AFB supplemented at 10%, no differences being observed among the other treatments. The basal substrate affected most fermentation parameters independently of biochar source and level used. Discussion Biochar supplementation increased NH3-N content, iso-butyric, iso-valeric and valeric acid proportions, and decreased VFA production suggesting a reduced energy supply for microbial growth, higher proteolysis and deamination of substrate N, and a decrease of NH3-N incorporation into microbial protein. No interaction was found between substrate and biochar source or level on any of the parameters measured. Although AFB and PPB had different textural and compositional characteristics, their effects on the rumen fermentation parameters were similar, the only observed effects being due to AFB included at 10%. Biochar supplementation promoted CH4 production regardless of the source and inclusion level, suggesting that there may be other effects beyond biomass and temperature of production of biochar, highlighting the need to consider other characteristics to better identify the mechanism by which biochar may influence CH4 production.

scholarly journals Effects of exogenous enzymes on in vitro gas production kinetics and ruminal fermentation of four fibrous feeds

2013 ◽  
Vol 179 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 46-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.M.Y. Elghandour ◽  
A.Z.M. Salem ◽  
M. Gonzalez-Ronquillo ◽  
J.L. Bórquez ◽  
H.M. Gado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Production ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Production Kinetics ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Exogenous Enzymes

PSVII-15 Effects of electrolyzed reduced water on intake, digestion and ruminal fermentation parameters in beef cattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 446-447
Author(s):  
Natasha L Bell ◽  
Daisy A Gonzalez ◽  
Kendrah DeLeon
Keyword(s):  
Transition Period ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Fermentation Parameters ◽  
Reduced Water ◽  
Electrolyzed Reduced Water

Abstract The effect of electrolyzed reduced water consumption by cattle is not well defined. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of electrolyzed reduced water on intake, in vitro true digestibility (IVTD), ORP and pH in four ruminally cannulated steers (4 Bos taurus; 317 kg BW). Steers were subjected to a two period (14 d), two treatment crossover design. Treatment included: 1) standard water (CON; pH = 7.0 ± 1.0) or 2) electrolyzed reduced water (ERW; pH = 9.0 ± 1.0). The project comprised of two studies where the effects of ERW were observed for steers consuming a roughage diet (phase 1) or concentrate diet (phase 2). During Phase 1, animals were provided bermudagrass hay ad libitum. A 14 d transition period followed phase 1 to allow transition of diets. In phase 2, animals were maintained on a concentrate diet. During each period, d 1–8 served as a treatment adaptation phase, d 9–13 allowed for measures of intake and digestion, and rumen fluid was collected at h 0, 2, 4, 8, and 12 after feeding on d 14 for VFA, pH and ORP analysis. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). Intake, digestion, and ruminal fermentation parameters were not different for CON vs ERW steers (P ≥ 0.06). Analysis of VFA data have not been finalized and will be reported later. Results indicate that ERW has no effect on intake, digestion or ruminal fermentation parameters of steers consuming roughage or concentrate diets.

PSXIII-8 Effects of different sources of Zn on in vitro ruminal fermentation and digestibility of a lactation diet

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 466-466
Author(s):  
Angela R Boyer ◽  
Yun Jiang ◽  
Alon Blakeney ◽  
Dennis Nuzback ◽  
Brooke Humphrey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Minimum Concentration ◽  
High Metal Content ◽  
Different Sources

Abstract Vistore® minerals are hydroxychloride minerals that feature high metal content and improved bioavailability. This study was conducted to compare different sources of zinc (Zn) on in vitro rumen fermentation parameters. Three ruminally-cannulated Jersey heifers were adapted to a lactation diet for two weeks before used as donors. Three sources of Zn were tested at 20 ppm: No supplemental Zn (CON), ZnSO4, Vistore Zn, and another Zn hydroxychloride (Vistore-competitor). The concentration of Zn in this study was selected from a titration study (0 to 40 ppm ZnSO4) to identify the minimum concentration of ZnSo4 affecting rumen fermentation. The lactation diet (TMR) was dried and ground to 1mm and used as substrate. Rumen fluid was collected two hours after feeding. Substrate (0.5 g) was inoculated with 100 mL of 3:1 McDougall’s buffer: ruminal flued mixture at 39ºC for 24 h. Each treatment was run in triplicate and in three runs. Data were analyzed with R 3.0. The model included fixed effect of treatment and random effect of run. ZnSO4 reduced (P &lt; 0.05) maximum gas production, DMD (54 vs. 55.9%) and cellulose (27.5 and 40.7%) digestibility. acetate to propionate ration (2.20 vs. 2.24) and NH3-N concentration (6.0 vs. 7.0 mg/dL), increased (P &lt; 0.05) propionate % (27.2 vs 26.7%) compared to control. Vistore had higher pH than control (6.44 vs. 6.40, P = 0.02) but did not affect other parameters compared to CON. Vistore-competitor reduced total VFA production compared to control, ZnSO4, and Vistore (94 vs. 102, 106 and 107 mM, respectively, P = 0.01) but did not affect other parameters. In general, Vistore Zn maintained in vitro ruminal fermentation and digestibility, while ZnSO4 had negative effects on both fermentation and digestibility and Vistore-competitor reduced total VFAs. Results indicate hydroxychloride minerals may stabilize rumen parameters versus sulfate sources but different hydroxychloride sources appear to influence rumen parameters differently.

scholarly journals In vitro gas production kinetics and digestibility in ruminant diets with different levels of cashew nut shell liquid

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 1669
Author(s):  
Tatiana García Díaz ◽  
Antonio Ferriani Branco ◽  
Luís Carlos Vinhas Ítavo ◽  
Geraldo Tadeu dos Santos ◽  
Silvana Teixeira Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Production ◽  
Ammoniacal Nitrogen ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Production Kinetics ◽  
Ruminant Diets ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) in ruminant diets on in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), gas production kinetics, ruminal fermentation parameters, ammoniacal nitrogen concentration (NH3-N), and pH of the artificial rumen contents. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial 5 x 4 + 1 design, with five concentrate levels (200, 400, 600, 800, and 1,000 g kg-1 DM) and four CNSL levels (0, 0.3, 0.6, and 1.2 g kg-1 DM), as well as a control diet comprising only whole-plant corn silage, totaling 21 treatments. The inclusion of concentrate linearly increased IVDMD, while CNSL levels showed a quadratic effect, with the maximum estimated at 0.5 g kg-1 of CNSL. The total gas production, the disappearance of the substrate, the fraction of slow degradation (fraction VF2), and the respective degradation rate (fraction µ2) linearly increased with increasing levels of concentrate in the diet. Increasing concentrate levels resulted in a linear increase in the concentration of NH3-N and a reduction in the pH of the rumen liquid. Increasing CNSL levels decreased the concentration of NH3-N and increased the ruminal pH. The inclusion of 0.5 g CNSL kg-1 in the ruminant diets improved IVDMD, without altering the kinetic parameters of ruminal fermentation. The addition of CNSL to ruminant diets reduces ammoniacal nitrogen production and can avoid drastic reductions in ruminal pH, favoring better fermentation in the rumen.

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