scholarly journals 186 The effect of breeding program on cow maintenance requirement and efficiency of calf growth

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 64-64
Author(s):  
Claire Andresen ◽  
Aksel Wiseman ◽  
Adam McGee ◽  
David Lalman
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Biological Efficiency ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Frame Size ◽  
Calf Growth ◽  
Cow Calf ◽  
Maintenance Energy Requirement

Abstract With genetic tools available today, it is possible to select for traits within breed to achieve similar production phenotypes. Our hypothesis was that biological efficiency of preweaning calf growth would be improved with crossbreeding when dams were selected for similar mature frame size, weight, growth, and milk production. The objective of this study was to determine maintenance energy requirements and efficiency of calf growth through weaning for Angus and Hereford x Angus crossbred cows selected for similar mature BW, growth, and milk production potential. Fifty-nine Angus (n = 32) and Hereford x Angus (n = 27) cow/ calf pairs were assigned to four pen replicates per breed. Cows and calves were limit-fed for a 21-d adaptation period followed by an 84-d experimental period to achieve BW and BCS stasis. Calves did not have access to cow’s feed and daily calf feed allotment was adjusted biweekly to provide 1.25% of previous week’s mean BW. There were no differences due to breed in cow hip height, BW, milk yield (P > 0.31),or cow maintenance energy requirement (P = 0.54). Milk from Hereford-sired cows was slightly more concentrated in energy (P = 0.05) and Hereford-sired cows had greater BCS and ultrasound rib fat and rump fat (P < 0.05) throughout the experiment. Calves from Angus dams were heavier (P 0.01) at the initiation of the experiment, although there were no differences in ADG, final BW, or adjusted weaning BW (P ≥ 0.24). Efficiency of calf growth was not different when expressed as calf BW gain to calf feed and milk energy consumed or as cow/calf pair feed intake or energy intake per unit of calf BW gain (P ≥ 0.31). While the crossbreeding system did not improve biological efficiency of calf growth, more research is necessary to determine if increased cow BCS is advantageous

scholarly journals Maintenance energy requirements and forage intake of purebred vs. crossbred beef cows1

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 1182-1195
Author(s):  
Claire E Andresen ◽  
Aksel W Wiseman ◽  
Adam McGee ◽  
Carla Goad ◽  
Andrew P Foote ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Calf Growth ◽  
Crossbred Cows ◽  
Breed Type ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Forage Intake ◽  
Maintenance Energy Requirement

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the impacts of cow breed type and age on maintenance requirements, feed energy utilization, and voluntary forage intake. The main effect of breed type included Angus (ANG; n = 32) and Hereford × Angus (HA; n = 27) lactating cows. The main effect of age included 2- and 3-yr-old (YOUNG; n = 29) and 4- to 8-yr-old (MATURE; n = 30) cows. Within breed type and age class, cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 pens for a total of 8 pens, each housing 7 to 9 cow/calf pairs. To determine maintenance energy requirements, cows and calves were limit-fed for 105 d to body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS) stasis. There were no differences between breeds in cow hip height, BW, average milk yield (P &gt; 0.31), diet digestibility, or cow maintenance energy requirement (P = 0.54). Crossbred cows had greater BCS (P &lt; 0.05) throughout the experiment. Efficiency of calf growth was not different between breeds when expressed as feed intake of the cow/calf pair nor as energy intake of the pair per unit of calf BW gain (P ≥ 0.31). Young cows produced less milk per day and per unit of BW0.75 (P &lt; 0.01); however, there was no effect of cow age on maintenance energy requirement, diet digestibility, or efficiency of calf growth (P &gt; 0.10). Subsequently, a 45-d experiment was conducted to determine voluntary low-quality forage intake. Cows were housed in dry-lot pens equipped with shade, windbreaks, and feed bunks with free-choice access to clean water and a chopped hay ration was provided ad libitum to determine forage intake. Daily forage intake was lower (P = 0.05) for HA compared with ANG (123 vs. 132 g/kg BW0.75, respectively) although there was no difference in BW. However, HA cows sustained greater BCS (P &lt; 0.01). There was no difference (P = 0.60) in forage intake per unit of BW0.75 due to cow age. Results indicate similar calf growth efficiency among breed types although crossbred cows maintained greater body energy stores and consumed less low-quality forage during the voluntary intake experiment. These differences could not be attributed to lower maintenance energy requirements. Neither maintenance energy requirement nor calf growth efficiency was different between young and mature cows.

Net utilization of roughage and concentrate diets by sheep

1976 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. I. Wilke ◽  
F. J. Van Der Merwe
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Energy Gain ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Maintenance Energy Requirement ◽  
Body Energy

1. Two diets, an all-roughage diet and a high-concentrate diet, were fed at two levels, a low level of estimated 1.5 times maintenance energy requirement and a higher level of estimated two times maintenance energy requirement, to South African Mutton Merino castrated male sheep, aged 13 months and in fairly lean condition at the start of the 93 d experimental period..2. Body composition and energy retention were determined using the comparative slaughter technique and two series of digestibility and balance studies were done during the course of the experiment. Metabolizability of each diet was estimated and corrected for fermentation heat using the fermentation balance approach..3. Although there were significantly different rates of energy gain on different diets and feeding levels, fat energy gained (% total energy gained) was similar for the four groups, i.e. 78–80..4. Regression of energy gain v. corrected metabolizable energy (ME) intake indicated that the maintenance energy requirements of sheep used in this experiment were 310.2 and 302.3 kJ ME/kg body-weight0.75 per d and the values for net utilization of ME for body energy gain were 0.411 and 0.479 with the roughage and concentrate diets respectively..5. It was concluded that the estimated maintenance energy requirements of sheep obtained in this study are realistic values and that the efficiency of utilization of surplus ME for the two diets did not differ significantly.

VOLATILE FATTY ACID PRODUCTION IN THE HINDGUT OF SWINE

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. KENNELLY ◽  
F. X. AHERNE ◽  
W. C. SAUER
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Production Rates ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
High Fiber ◽  
Maintenance Energy Requirement

Volatile fatty acid (VFA) production was determined using a continuous cecal isotope infusion system. In experiment 1, a control diet (diet 1) containing 12.9 MJ digestible energy (DE) per kilogram, 2.3% nitrogen and 4.8% crude fiber (CF) was fed to four pigs fitted with cecal cannulac. In experiment 2, the same control diet plus two diets (diets 2 and 3) containing, respectively, 27.3 and 52.07 alfalfa, 10.9 and 9.1 MJ DE. 9.9 and 15.0% CF were fed. In experiment 1, pigs were fed 2.7 kg daily of diet 1 in 24 equal feeds. In experiment 2, pigs were fed 2.4 kg daily of the three diets in three equal feeds at 8-h intervals. Following a 15-wk adaptation to diet 3, VFA production rates were again determined (exp. 3). In experiment 1, average VFA concentrations, in cecal fluid, were 79.1, 33.0 and 9.9 mmoles/L while VFA molar percentages were 64.8, 27.1 and 8.1 for acetate, propionate and butyrate, respectively. Net production rates for acetate, propionate and butyrate, respectively, for pigs fed diet 1, were 42.6, 14.3 and 4.9 mmoles/h. The average contribution of VFA to the maintenance energy requirement of the pig was calculated as 19.7%. In experiment 2, total VFA concentrations for pigs fed diets 1 and 2 were not significantly different. Pigs fed 15% CF had significantly lower total VFA concentrations than those fed diet 2. No significant dietary differences were observed in VFA production rates. However, pigs fed the 10% CF diet tended to have the highest production rates, with intermediate levels for pigs fed diet 3. The energy contribution of VFA for pigs fed 5, 10 and 15% CF was calculated as 10.1, 15.5 and 11.1% of the maintenance energy requirements, respectively. Following a 15-wk adaptation period to the high fiber diets, there was no evidence of increased VFA production.

Effects of drought rations offered to lactating beef heifers on liveweight changes, milk production and composition, calf carcasses and cow fertility

1990 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 801
Author(s):  
D Hamilton ◽  
RC Seirer ◽  
JP Cook
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Calf Growth ◽  
Grazed Pasture ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Effects Of Drought ◽  
Angus Heifers

Thirty-two early-summer-calving Angus heifers received 4 rations in early lactation for the last 92 days of drought and then grazed pasture. The aim was to produce calves suitable for slaughter at weaning (i.e. at about 11 months of age) and to maintain the usual calving rate of about 85% at the next calving. Variations on the control ration of 83% cracked wheat and 17% long oaten hay, plus minerals and vitamins, were 44% hay or additions of urea or sodium bicarbonate. The calves received 0.33 kg and later 0.66 kg of pasture hay/head.day. The nitrogen content of the respective rations was 19.3, 17.5, 24.3 and 19.3 g/kg of dry matter. The apparent digestibilities of the organic matter were 66, 68 and 88% for the pasture hay, oaten hay and cracked wheat, respectively. There was no acidosis, but the heifers would only consume at 80% of the intended level of 6.0 kg/head.day for the control ration. Heifer condition score, weight change and milk composition, and calf growth and milk consumption, did not differ (P>0.05) between treatments. The average daily liveweight changes during drought feeding were -0.51 kg for the heifers and +0.64 kg for the calves. There was a tendency to slower eating and fewer calves at the next calving with the urea and bicarbonate rations. The calves were all of slaughter condition at weaning, and on average 84% of the heifers calved at the next calving. The control ration appeared to contain adequate roughage and nitrogen for milk production. The heifers' energy requirement in relation to milk production and liveweight performance was as predicted by the common feeding standards. Feed consumption, although lower than intended and probably constrained by the mineral content of the diet, was adequate in heifers that were initially fat enough to tolerate prolonged weight loss.

Detection of cobalt deficiency in lactating heifers and their calves

1988 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Quirk ◽  
B. W. Norton
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Reliable Indicator ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Calf Growth ◽  
Cobalt Deficiency

SummaryResponses in live weight, milk production and calf growth to cobalt supplementation of groups of three and four pregnant heifers were measured to assess the value of serum vitamin B12 concentrations and the urinary concentrations of methylmalonic acid (MMA) and formiminoglutamic acid (FIGLU) for the detection of cobalt deficiency in cattle.The administration of cobalt bullets to pregnant heifers, grazing pastures containing between 0·03 and 0·05 mg/kg cobalt, had no effect on either their live-weight change or milk production, or on the birth weight of their calves. MMA and FIGLU concentrations in the urine of unsupplemented heifers were low for the majority of the experimental period, although the concentrations of vitamin B12 in their serum (< 100 pg/ml) were in the range usually considered indicative of cobalt deficiency.Calves from unsupplemented heifers had lower growth rates during the first 3 months of life and this was associated with intakes of 0·24–0·46 μg/day of vitamin B12 from milk, only 1–3% of those received by calves from supplemented heifers. Poor growth was associated with high urinary FIGLU concentrations, which increased from 500 to 2000 μmol/l between 1 and 3 months of age but decreased to less than 100 μmol/l between 3 and 4·5 months of age. Urinary FIGLU was a more reliable indicator of vitamin B12 deficiency in suckled calves than was urinary MMA, elevated levels of which were observed only at 3 months of age. The concentration of vitamin B12 in the serum of calves from unsupplemented heifers was consistently less than 100 pg/ml, but was not a reliable indicator of their functional vitamin B12 status, as judged by urinary concentrations of FIGLU and/or MMA.

scholarly journals Faecal endogenous loss of calcium in young sheep

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Chrisp ◽  
A. R. Sykes ◽  
N. D. Grace
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Maintenance Energy Requirement

1. Two groups of eight 6–7-month-old wether lambs were offered either a frozen ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)-white clover (Trifolium repens L.) pasture or a ryegrass-white clover hay, containing 12.1 and 6.4 g calcium/ kg dry matter (DM) respectively. Within groups the amounts offered to individual sheep ranged from 0.5 to 2.0 times the estimated maintenance energy requirements.2. A single intravenous injection of 150 μCi 45Ca as CaCl2. 2H2O, and stable balances were used to determine absorption, faecal endogenous loss and balance of Ca.3. Faecal endogenous loss of Ca increased by 1.2 mg/kg body-weight (W) per d with each g/kg W per d increase in DM intake regardless of the diet. At any DM intake the mean faecal endogenous loss was 5.5 mg/kg W per d higher in the sheep offered the frozen herbage diet when compared with those on the hay diet. At any Ca intake the mean faecal endogenous loss was 6.9 mg/kg W higher in sheep offered the hay diet compared with those on the frozen herbage.4. At feeding levels of about 1.5–2 times the estimated maintenance energy requirement the observed faecal endogenous loss of Ca ranged from 35 to 50 mg/kg W per d, which is two- to threefold greater than the present estimate of the Agricultural Research Council (1980) of 16 mg/kg W per d.5. A simple model to explain the variation in faecal endogenous loss of Ca between the present study with young sheep and that with lactating ewes (Chrisp et al. 1989) also offered herbage diets is developed, which incorporates the concept of a true endogenous loss related to DM intake and a net endogenous loss reflecting the extent of re-absorption of Ca endogenous losses within the gastrointestinal tract.

scholarly journals Differences in Taurine Synthesis Rate among Dogs Relate to Differences in Their Maintenance Energy Requirement

2007 ◽  
Vol 137 (5) ◽  
pp. 1171-1175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kwang S. Ko ◽  
Robert C. Backus ◽  
John R. Berg ◽  
Michael W. Lame ◽  
Quinton R. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Synthesis Rate ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Maintenance Energy Requirement

Field peas as a feed for growing and finishing pigs. 2. Effects of substituting peas for meat meal or fish meal in conventional diets

1984 ◽  
Vol 24 (127) ◽  
pp. 507 ◽  
Author(s):  
RL Davies
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Finishing Diets ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Field Peas ◽  
Maintenance Energy Requirement

In three experiments the effects of substituting field peas (Pisum sativum) for meat meal and/or fish meal in diets fed to growing and finishing pigs were studied. The inclusion of up to 28% peas in growing and finishing diets did not affect the digestible energy intake of pigs fed at up to 3.5 times their maintenance energy requirement. When peas comprised 53% of a diet fed to growing pigs, intake was depressed by 8%. With the exception of this diet, responses were consistent with changes in dietary lysine. It is concluded that, at up to about 40% of the diet, the lysine and energy value of field peas to growing and finishing pigs is consistent with analysed levels of these nutrients.

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