scholarly journals PSI-1 Effects of source and level of inclusion of engineered biocarbon in a total mixed beef cattle diet on in vitro methane emissions and fermentation parameters

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 290-291
Author(s):  
Paul Tamayao ◽  
Kim Ominski ◽  
Gabriel Ribeiro ◽  
Emma McGeough
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Block Design ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Feed Digestibility ◽  
Fermentation Parameters ◽  
Barley Silage

Abstract This in vitro study evaluated seven different engineered biocarbon products supplied at three levels (0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 mg/ml inoculum) to determine their effects on total gas, methane production, and fermentation parameters when added to a barley silage-based diet. The biocarbon sources were derived from either coconut (CP001 and CP014) or pine (CP002, CP015, CP016, CP023, CP024) and differed in their physical properties and chemical composition. The coconut biocarbon sources were lower in pore space, particle size distribution and surface area but higher in bulk density than the pine products. The control consisted of only the barley-silage diet. The in vitro batch culture jars were incubated for 24 h at 39°C at the above inclusion levels in 0.5 g of diet. Gas samples were collected at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 h and DM disappearance, pH, VFA and ammonia concentrations post incubation were measured. Data were analysed using the PROC MIXED in SAS as a randomized complete block design with treatment and rate as fixed effects and run and replicate as random effects. Total gas production was not affected by source of biocarbon (P = 0.85) and inclusion rate (P = 0.91). Cumulative methane (ml/g DM) had no response to biocarbon addition (P = 0.40) at any inclusion level (P = 0.48). Additionally, concentration of total VFA was not affected by treatment (P = 0.31) or inclusion rates (P = 0.25). NH3-N concentrations responded quadratically (P < 0.001) to all types of biocarbon. Higher inclusion rates of biocarbon linearly (P < 0.002) decreased feed digestibility, particularly the coconut-based biocarbon sources CP001 and CP014. In conclusion, supplementation of biocarbon to a TMR diet did not reduce methane emissions, but at higher levels of inclusion diet digestibility was negatively affected.

scholarly journals 74 Effects of particle size and levels of inclusion of selected engineered biocarbon on methane emission and rumen fermentation of barley-silage based diet in batch culture

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 71-72
Author(s):  
Paul Tamayao ◽  
Tim A McAllister ◽  
Kim Ominski ◽  
Gabriel Ribeiro ◽  
Erasmus Okine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Treatment Rate ◽  
Total Mixed Ration ◽  
Barley Silage

Abstract This in vitro study assessed the effects of three pine-based engineered biocarbons (CP002, CP016, CP023) that differed in particle size (< 0.5, 0.5–2.0, < 2.0 mm) at two inclusion levels (0.25 mg/ml and 0.5 mg/ml) on total gas and CH4 production as well as rumen fermentation parameters when added to a barley silage-based total mixed ration diet. Biocarbon products differed in bulk density, surface area, pore volume, and pH but had similar chemical compositions. The control consisted of the barley-silage diet only. In each jar, 0.5g DM of the total mixed ration was supplemented with the above biocarbon treatments. These jars were incubated for 48 hr at 39 °C. Gas samples were collected at 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hr. Data were analysed by using PROC MIXED in SAS in a randomized complete block design with treatment, rate, and particle size as fixed effects and run and replicate as random effects. Methane production was not affected by treatment (P = 0.37), inclusion rate (P = 0.57) or particle size (P = 0.39). Gas production linearly increased (P < 0.01) with biocarbon. Digested DM was not affected (P = 0.23) by biocarbon addition. Additionally, treatment, rate and particle size had no effect (P > 0.05) on pH, VFA and ammonia N concentrations. In conclusion, the amount of biocarbon differing particle sizes at different rates did not affect CH4 emissions but did increase gas production.

PSX-B-8 Effect of supplementing red osier dogwood extract on in vitro gas production, feed digestibility and fermentation characteristics of high-forage diet

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 458-458
Author(s):  
Wenzhu Yang ◽  
Walaa Gomaa ◽  
Atef Mohamed Saleem ◽  
Emma McGeough ◽  
Kim Ominski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Culture Bottle ◽  
Feed Digestibility ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
High Forage ◽  
Barley Silage

Abstract Red osier dogwood (ROD) is native shrub plant in Canada and rich in bioactive compounds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of ROD extract supplementation in a high-forage (HF) diet on gas production (GP), dry matter (DM) disappearance (DMD) and fermentation characteristics in batch cultures with varying media pH. The study was a completely randomized design with 4 levels of ROD extract (0, 1, 3 and 5% of substrate) × 2 media pH (5.8 and 6.5) factorial arrangement. The study was conducted in three replicate experiments. Substrate contained 60% barley silage and 40% barley concentrate (DM basis). Inoculum was obtained from 2 ruminally fistulated beef heifers offered the HF diet. Substrate (0.5 g DM) ground (1 mm) was incubated for 48 h in a culture bottle. Data were analyzed using Mixed procedure of SAS with fixed effects of treatments and random effect of experiment. There was no interaction between media pH and level of ROD on GP, DMD and fermentation characteristics. Increased media pH (5.8 vs. 6.5) increased (P < 0.01) GP (averaged 164 vs. 275 ml/g substrate), DMD (50.6 vs. 60.6%), and total VFA production (63 vs. 71 mM). Increasing ROD extract levels did not affect GP but linearly (P = 0.05) decreased DMD from 62.1 to 58.9% at pH 6.5. Although total VFA production was not affected, increasing ROD extract linearly (P < 0.01) increased the proportion of acetate (47.9 to 49.7%) and propionate (20.5 to 22.3%) at pH 5.8; whereas at pH 6.5, acetate to propionate ratio quadratically (P = 0.04) changed to be lower with 3% ROD extract (2.08) than other treatments (2.21). These results indicated that supplementation of HF diet with ROD extract may improve fibre digestion at low media pH, and improve fermentation efficiency at high media pH.

scholarly journals 409 Effects of essential oils on in vitro ruminal fermentation using a high-concentrate substrate

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 165-165
Author(s):  
Nadira J Espinoza-Rock ◽  
Andrea O Doblado ◽  
Sebastian E Mejia-Turcios ◽  
Evandro Dias ◽  
Michael Sandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Cinnamic Aldehyde ◽  
Garlic Oil

Abstract A randomized complete block design was used to determine the effects of 4 concentrations of 4 essential oils (EO) on in vitro ruminal fermentation variables. In vitro fermentation consisted of 0.7 g of high concentrate substrate (86.7% DM) and 50 mL of 2:1 buffer:ruminal fluid inoculum incubated for 24 h for each batch (n = 3; separate days) Treatments were arranged as a 4 × 5 factorial. Factors included 4 EO (eugenol, cinnamic aldehyde, anethole, and garlic oil) at 5 concentrations (0, 10, 75, 200, and 400 mg/L of inoculum). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with the fixed effects of EO, concentration, and their interaction, and random effect of day (block). Batch was considered the experimental unit. There was an interaction (P < 0.001) for total gas production, where a cubic effect (P ≤ 0.041) was observed for eugenol, cinnamic aldehyde, and anethole, and a quadratic effect (P = 0.001) was observed for garlic oil. No interactions (P > 0.05) were observed for in vitro OM digestibility (IVOMD) or CH4 production. There was an effect of EO (P < 0.001) on IVOMD, where eugenol reduced (P ≤ 0.007) digestibility compared with anethole and garlic oil, which promoted the greatest (P ≤ 0.029) IVOMD. Methane production (mmol/g OM fermented) was affected by EO (P < 0.001), where it was decreased (P ≤ 0.001) by garlic oil compared with all other EO. There was an interaction (P < 0.001) for H2S production (µmol/g OM fermented), where it was linearly decreased (P = 0.003) and linearly increased (P < 0.001) as concentrations of eugenol and garlic oil increased, respectively. These EO had contradictory impacts on in vitro ruminal fermentation, thus combining them could potentially improve multiple aspects of in vitro and in vivo fermentation.

312 Effects of Bismuth Subsalicylate and Different Sulfate Concentrations on in vitro Ruminal Fermentation Using a Warm-season Perennial Hay Substrate

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 166-166
Author(s):  
Kenneth S Madrid ◽  
Andrea M Osorio ◽  
Francine M Ciriaco ◽  
Kymberly D Coello ◽  
Angel A Raudales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Bismuth Subsalicylate ◽  
H2s Production

Abstract A randomized complete block design was used to evaluate the effects of bismuth subsalicylate (BSS) on in vitro ruminal fermentation with differing concentrations of sulfate. In vitro fermentation consisted of 50 mL of a 4:1 buffer:ruminal fluid inoculum and 0.7 g (pre-dehydrated) of substrate [WW-B Dahl bluestem hay (Bothriochloa bladhii)] incubated for 48 h (39oC). Treatments were arranged as a 3 × 4 factorial with concentration of sulfate (0.2, 2.9, or 5.6 g sulfate/L buffer) and BSS (0.0, 0.165, 0.330, or 0.495% substrate DM) as the main factors. In vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), and CH4, H2S, and total gas production (TGP) were measured. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with the fixed effects of BSS, sulfate, and their interaction. Incubation day (block) was considered a random effect. The average of 2 bottles within day was considered experimental unit. A BSS × sulfate interaction was observed for TGP (P = 0.040) and H2S production (P < 0.001), where BSS had a larger negative impact on TGP and production of H2S with greater concentrations of sulfate. A linear effect (P < 0.001) of sulfate was observed for CH4 production per gram of incubated OM, where CH4 was decreased as sulfate concentration increased. A quadratic effect of sulfate was observed for IVOMD (P = 0.010) and pH (P = 0.009). Production of H2S linearly decreased (P = 0.001) as BSS concentration increased. The addition of BSS to in vitro incubations did not affect (P > 0.10) any other variables measured. Bismuth subsalicylate does not appear to have negative effects on in vitro fermentation parameters while decreasing H2S production; however, elevated concentrations of sulfate in the buffer appears to have negative impacts on fermentation. Further in vivo research is warranted to support BSS supplementation to cattle with high dietary sulfate.

scholarly journals The potential of tropical grass as a feed in ruminant by using an in vitro gas production

2018 ◽  
Vol 197 ◽  
pp. 06005
Author(s):  
Nevyani Asikin ◽  
Anuraga Jayanegara ◽  
Muhamad Ridla ◽  
Anjas Asmara Samsudin
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Block Design ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tropical Grass

Pennisetum purpoides is one of the most widely cultivated tropical forages and it is often used as animal feed in Indonesia. However, grass feeding could not fulfill the need of nutrients if served as single feed because it contained of high crude fiber and low protein. In terms of nutritional adequacy, animal feed should contain complete nutritional value in order to achieve an optimum productivity. This experiment aimed to elucidate the potential of tropical grass as a feed in ruminant by using an in vitro gas production technicque. The grasses were determined for proximate analysis, Van Soest fiber fractions (neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and acid detergent lignin), and in vitro rumen fermentation parameters. This study was conducted from January until April 2018 at Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. This study used a randomized block design with 3 replications. There were three treatments tested in this study, i.e. (1) Pennisetum purpoides (T1), (2) Setaria splendida (T2), (3) Setaria anceps (T3). Parameters measured in the in vitro study is total gas production. Data were tested using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and continued with Duncan test if there was a significant difference among treatments. The data showed that gas production is not significantly different (P>0,05).

scholarly journals In vitro Study of Urtica cannabina and Leymus chinensis on Rumen Microbial Fermentation and Gas Production

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenbin Zhang ◽  
Shan Wang ◽  
Ruxin Qi ◽  
Khuram Shahzad ◽  
Liangfeng Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Leymus Chinensis ◽  
Nutritional Values ◽  
Group A ◽  
Fermentation Parameters

Background: Urtica cannabina, an unconventional forage, is widely distributed in northern China. It has high nutritional values that make it suitable for the ruminant’s feeding requirments as compared to Leymus chinensis. The current study was designed to evaluate varying ratios of Urtica cannabina and Leymus chinensis in the feeding diet and to see the effects on rumen fermentation and gas production in vitro. Methods: The study was designed into five treatments based on the different ratios of U. cannabina and L. chinensis: 0:100, 30:70, 50:50, 70:30 and 100:0 categorized into five groups from A-E. To detect the rumen fermentation parameters, the culture medium was collected at 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h. Result: Gas production of groups A and C was increased than other groups at 24h (P less than 0.05), whereas the rate of gas production (c) was also increased in group A (P less than 0.05). The pH values at 1, 3, 6 and 24 h were increased in groups A and C with higher values in group C at 24h (P less than 0.05). The ammonia concentration was increased in groups D and E at 3, 6, 12 and 24 h, with the lower values in group C at 24h (P less than 0.05). The concentration of bacterial and protozoal proteins was also observed higher in groups A and C at 1 and 24 h, with highest value in group C at 24 h (P less than 0.05). In summary, as for Urtica cannabina to Leymus chinensis ratios are concerned, 50:50 is an optimal ratio for rumen fermentation in vitro, which increases the gas production and microbial protein synthesis.

scholarly journals Degradability, in vitro fermentation parameters and kinetic degradation of diets with increasing levels of forage and chitosan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanna Gonzaga Jacaúna ◽  
Rafael Henrique de Tonissi e Buschinelli de Goes ◽  
Leonardo de Oliveira Seno ◽  
Luis Carlos Vinhas Ítavo ◽  
Jefferson Rodrigues Gandra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Fermentation Parameters ◽  
Potential Use

Abstract Chitosan is the second most important natural biopolymer in the world, extracted from crustaceans, shrimps, and crabs; and can modulate rumen fermentation. Our hypothesis is that the addition of chitosan alters the fermentation patterns of different diets for ruminants. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different levels of chitosan and forage on in vitro dry degradation kinetics and fermentation in a gas production system. The chitosan levels (0, 1625, 3500 or 7500 mg/kg of DM) were arranged in a completely randomized block design, and for in vitro ruminal fermentation assay we used a split splot arrangement. Into the incubator, all chitosan levels were distributed in the four jars, and the forage levels varying on 100, 65, 50, 35 and 20 on DM basis. Chitosan and roughage levels interaction effect (P≤0.05) on IVDMD; IVOMD. IVDCP and IVDNDF. Chitosan negatively affected IVDMD in all roughage levels evaluated. The pH and ammonia concentration present effect only for roughage levels and incubation hours. The chitosan didn’t change (P=0.3631) the total short-chain fatty acid concentration (overall mean = 21.19 mmol/L) and the C2:C3 ratio (overall mean = 5.85). The IVDCP showed the same decreasing quadratic behavior (P<0.0001). The increasing chitosan addition increases (P<0.0001) the gas production and decreases the (P<0.0001) the lag time (parameter C) of diets with greater concentrate participation, characterizing greater efficiency in the degradability of the diet, confirming its potential use in diets for ruminants. Chitosan changes in vitro dry degradation kinetics and fermentation at the minimum dose of 1722 mg/kg DM for all diets. The roughage level influenced the in vitro nutrients degradability and cumulative gas production.

scholarly journals PSXI-15 Effects of post-pyrolysis treated biochars on nutrient disappearance, methane production and ruminal fermentation of a silage-based diet in an artificial rumen system (RUSITEC)

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 395-395
Author(s):  
Paul Tamayao ◽  
Gabriel O Ribeiro ◽  
Tim A McAllister ◽  
Hee-Eun Yang ◽  
A M Saleem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Vitamin Supplement ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Barley Silage

Abstract This study investigated the effects of post-pyrolysis treated biochar on nutrient disappearance, total gas and methane (CH4) production, rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in an artificial rumen system (RUSITEC) fed a barley silage-based diet. The basal diet consisted of 60% barley silage, 27% barley grain, 10% canola meal and 3% mineral/vitamin supplement (DM basis). Three spruced-based biochars, treated post-pyrolysis with either zinc chloride, hydrochloric acid/nitric acid mixture or sulfuric acid were added at 2.0% of substrate DM. In a randomized complete block design, treatments were assigned to sixteen vessels (n = 4/treatment) in two RUSITEC systems. The experiment was conducted over 15 d, with 8 d of adaptation and 7 d of sampling. Nutrient disappearance of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was determined after 48 h of incubation from d 9 to 12, and microbial protein synthesis was measured from d 13–15. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS, with the fixed effect of treatment and random effect of RUSITEC system and vessel. Biochar inclusion did not affect disappearance of DM (P = 0.49), OM (P = 0.60), CP (P = 0.14), NDF (P = 0.48), ADF (P = 0.11) or starch (P = 0.58). Biochar also had no effect on total gas production (P = 0.31) or CH4 produced expressed as a % of total gas production (P = 0.06), mg/d (P = 0.70), mg/g of DM incubated (P = 0.74), or mg/g of DM digested (P = 0.64). No effect on total VFA (P = 0.56) or NH3-N (P = 0.20) production were observed. Neither microbial protein synthesis nor total protozoa count were affected by biochar addition (P > 0.05). In conclusion, biochar inclusion in a silage-based diet did not exhibit the potential to mitigate CH4 emissions or improve digestion in a RUSITEC system.

305 Methane Emissions and Apparent Total Tract Nutrient Digestibility of Feedlot Beef Steers Under Intensive Management with or Without an Added Nutritional Packet

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 166-167
Author(s):  
Andrea M Osorio ◽  
Kaue T Tonelli Nardi ◽  
Igor Gomes Fávero ◽  
Kaliu G Scaranto Silva ◽  
Kymberly D Coello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Period ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Ch4 Production

Abstract The effects of a nutritional packet were evaluated on CH4 emissions and apparent total tract nutrient digestibility of feedlot beef steers. Thirty Angus-crossbred steers (BW = 542 ± 8.4 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design and allocated into pens equipped with SmartFeed (C-Lock; 15 steers/treatment). Steers were consuming a steam-flaked corn-based diet (88% concentrate DM basis) ad libitum for the last 65 d on feed, and received the following treatments: 1) control and 2) a nutritional packet [0.29% DM basis; live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae; 8.7 Log CFU/g); Vitamin C (5.4 g/kg); Vitamin B1 (13.33 g/kg); NaCl (80 g/kg); KCl (80 g/kg)]. Methane emissions and apparent total tract nutrient digestibility were measured during 3 periods with 5-d of collections each. Gas emissions from steers were measured utilizing the SF6 tracer technique. Feed and fecal samples were collected once and twice (0700 h and 1600 h) daily, respectively, to determine digestibility of nutrients using iNDF as an internal marker. Steer was considered the experimental unit. Data were analyzed as repeated measures using the MIXED procedure of SAS with the fixed effects of treatment, period, and their interaction, and the random effect of block. No treatment × period interactions (P ≥ 0.125) were observed for DMI and any of the CH4 production variables (g/day, g/kg BW0.75, g/nutrient intake, and g/nutrient digested). Moreover, treatments did not affect digestibility of DM, OM, or ADF (P ≥ 0.300); however, digestibility of NDF was increased for treated cattle (P = 0.013), which resulted in a tendency (P = 0.098) to decrease CH4 production in g per kg NDF intake and decreased (P = 0.020) grams CH4 per kg NDF digested. The nutritional packet may be altering ruminal fermentation on intensively managed steers and improving fiber digestibility, which can have benefits on CH4 emission intensity.

332 Effect of Chemical and Biological Preservatives on in vitro Fermentation and Methane Production of Ensiled and Aerobically Exposed Wet Brewer’s Grains

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 182-182
Author(s):  
Marjorie A Killerby ◽  
Diego Zamudio ◽  
Kaycee Ames ◽  
Darren D Henry ◽  
Thomas Schwartz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methane Production ◽  
Production System ◽  
Methane Concentration ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Sodium Lignosulfonate ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
System Data

Abstract This study evaluated the effects of preservatives on the in vitro fermentation measures of wet brewer’s grain (WBG) silage at different stages of storage. Treatments (TRT) were sodium lignosulfonate at 1% (NaL1) and 2% (NaL2; w/w of fresh WBG), propionic acid (PRP; 0.5% w/w of fresh WBG), a combination inoculant (INO; Lactococcus lactis and Lactobacillus buchneri each at 4.9 log cfu/fresh WBG g), and untreated WBG (CON). WBG (Fresh) were packed into 8.8 L mini-silos and stored for 60 d at 21°C (Ensiled), then they were opened and aerobically exposed for 10d (AES). Samples from each stage of storage (STG; Fresh, Ensiled and AES) were analyzed for in vitro ruminal digestibility (24 h).Gas kinetics were recorded using the Ankom RF Gas Production System. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design (5 blocks) with a 5 (TRT) × 3 (STG) factorial arrangement. Apparent in vitro DM digestibility (DMD) decreased across STG, (51.5, 47.2 and 40.9 for Fresh, Ensiled and AES, respectively) and increased for NaL1, NaL2 and PRP (~47.8) vs. CON (43.0 ± 2.12%). PRP increased apparent in vitro OM digestibility (OMD) when Ensiled (54.5) and NaL2 increased it for AES (47.1) vs CON (46.3 and 39.9 ± 1.73%, respectively). The asymptotic maximal (M) and rate (k) of gas production decreased across STG (214.6, 181.5, 155.1 and 14.6, 12.6, and 9.8, for Fresh, Ensiled and AES, respectively). PRP increased (200.0) and NaL1 decreased (169.3) M vs. CON (183.9± 7.81ml/incubated DM g), while NaL1 and NaL2 (~11.4) decreased k vs. CON (13.4 ± 0.85%/h). Methane concentration and yield were higher in Fresh vs. other STG (0.94 vs. ~0.84 ± 0.07mM and 0.27 vs. ~0.23 ± 0.03mmol/g fermented OM). Spoilage of WBG decreases fermentability and methane production while PRP and NaL improve digestibility with the former also increasing M and k.

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