332 Effect of Chemical and Biological Preservatives on in vitro Fermentation and Methane Production of Ensiled and Aerobically Exposed Wet Brewer’s Grains

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 182-182
Author(s):  
Marjorie A Killerby ◽  
Diego Zamudio ◽  
Kaycee Ames ◽  
Darren D Henry ◽  
Thomas Schwartz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methane Production ◽  
Production System ◽  
Methane Concentration ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Sodium Lignosulfonate ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
System Data

Abstract This study evaluated the effects of preservatives on the in vitro fermentation measures of wet brewer’s grain (WBG) silage at different stages of storage. Treatments (TRT) were sodium lignosulfonate at 1% (NaL1) and 2% (NaL2; w/w of fresh WBG), propionic acid (PRP; 0.5% w/w of fresh WBG), a combination inoculant (INO; Lactococcus lactis and Lactobacillus buchneri each at 4.9 log cfu/fresh WBG g), and untreated WBG (CON). WBG (Fresh) were packed into 8.8 L mini-silos and stored for 60 d at 21°C (Ensiled), then they were opened and aerobically exposed for 10d (AES). Samples from each stage of storage (STG; Fresh, Ensiled and AES) were analyzed for in vitro ruminal digestibility (24 h).Gas kinetics were recorded using the Ankom RF Gas Production System. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design (5 blocks) with a 5 (TRT) × 3 (STG) factorial arrangement. Apparent in vitro DM digestibility (DMD) decreased across STG, (51.5, 47.2 and 40.9 for Fresh, Ensiled and AES, respectively) and increased for NaL1, NaL2 and PRP (~47.8) vs. CON (43.0 ± 2.12%). PRP increased apparent in vitro OM digestibility (OMD) when Ensiled (54.5) and NaL2 increased it for AES (47.1) vs CON (46.3 and 39.9 ± 1.73%, respectively). The asymptotic maximal (M) and rate (k) of gas production decreased across STG (214.6, 181.5, 155.1 and 14.6, 12.6, and 9.8, for Fresh, Ensiled and AES, respectively). PRP increased (200.0) and NaL1 decreased (169.3) M vs. CON (183.9± 7.81ml/incubated DM g), while NaL1 and NaL2 (~11.4) decreased k vs. CON (13.4 ± 0.85%/h). Methane concentration and yield were higher in Fresh vs. other STG (0.94 vs. ~0.84 ± 0.07mM and 0.27 vs. ~0.23 ± 0.03mmol/g fermented OM). Spoilage of WBG decreases fermentability and methane production while PRP and NaL improve digestibility with the former also increasing M and k.

PSXI-12 Effect of application rate of sodium lignosulfonate and propionic acid on in vitro digestibility and gas production kinetics of high moisture alfalfa hay mini bales

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 344-344
Author(s):  
Marjorie A Killerby ◽  
Diego Zamudio ◽  
Kaycee Ames ◽  
Darren D Henry ◽  
Godloves M Oppong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Sodium Lignosulfonate ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Alfalfa Hay

Abstract Our objective was to evaluate the effects of application rate (AR) of sodium lignosulfonate and propionic acid on the in vitro fermentation measures of high moisture alfalfa hay. Treatments (TRT) were sodium lignosulfonate (NaL) and Propionic Acid (PRP), which were applied at four AR: 0 (CON), 0.25, 0.5 and 1% (w/w fresh basis) to 20% bloom alfalfa hay (second cut) at 68.5% DM and packed into mini bales (10.3×10.8×13cm; 346 kg fresh/m3). The treated bales were stored for 33 days in open-top insulation boxes in a room kept at 22°C, after which they were dried, ground to 1 mm and incubated in vitro for 48hr with ruminal fluid from two ruminally cannulated Holstein cows in lactation. Gas kinetics were recorded using the Ankom RF Gas Production System. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design (5 blocks) with a 2 (TRT) x 4 (AR) factorial arrangement, and differences were declared at P ≤ 0.05. Both TRT increased apparent in vitro DM digestibility (DMD) at all AR relative to CON (54.3 vs 50.1 ± 1.20%, respectively). PRP increased asymptotic maximal (188.4) and rate of gas production (9.46) compared to NaL (179.7 ± 4.82 ml/g of incubated DM and 8.72 ± 0.45%/h, respectively). Total VFA were higher for PRP (117.5) vs NaL (114.8), and for both TRT at 1% relative to CON (118.9 vs. 113.8 ± 1.68mM). Acetate (A) was increased by both TRT at 1% (~73.5) and propionate (P) was increased by PRP at 1% (26.1) relative to CON (69.9 ± 1.10 and 24.2 ± 0.29mM, respectively), but the A:P ratio was higher for NaL at 1% (3.02) vs. CON (2.89 ± 0.04). In conclusion, NaL and PRP at 1% improved the rumen in vitro fermentation measures of high moisture alfalfa hay but PRP did so to a greater extent.

scholarly journals 85 Evaluation of methane concentration sampling methods of gas produced from in vitro fermentation

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 54-55
Author(s):  
Genevieve M D’Souza ◽  
Aaron B Norris ◽  
Luis O Tedeschi
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Methane Concentration ◽  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Random Coefficients ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Best Estimate ◽  
Direct Sampling

Abstract Sampling methods of methane concentration (CH4) of gas produced from in vitro fermentation (IVGP) were evaluated to assess their determination efficacy. The original protocol recommends directly placing fermented bottles on ice (0°C) for 30 minutes to stop fermentation (D). An alternate protocol recommends placing the fermented bottles into the refrigerator (4–6°C) to slow fermentation (S). This experiment evaluated the previous methods against direct sampling of the gas after 48 h of fermentation at 39°C (I). Rumen inoculum was pulled from four rumen cannulated steers and filtered through fiberglass wool. Ground alfalfa was used as the fermentable substrate and total gas production was recorded for 48 h of fermentation. After fermentation, each bottle followed a randomly assigned protocol. The pressure and volume of gas in the bottle were recorded, 12 mL of gas from the headspace was placed into an evacuated exetainer for (CH4) sampling via gas chromatography, and the temperature of the fermented fluid was recorded. Eight bottles from D and eight bottles from S were randomly selected to follow the exetainer protocol, while the remaining bottles had (CH4) directly measured from their headspace. Statistical analysis was completed using a random coefficients model. Methane concentration was higher for I than D (P = 0.0286) and S (P = 0.0070). There was no difference in (CH4) between D and S (P = 0.5286). There was no difference in (CH4) in D exetainers and bottles (P = 0.5744), but there was a difference in (CH4) in S exetainers and bottles (P = 0.0229). Pressure, volume, and temperature were different among all protocols (P ≤ 0.0311). Based upon the data, protocol I provides the best estimate of (CH4). Further research is required to understand the discrepancy of (CH4) among the protocols relative to temperature, pressure, and volume.

Evaluation of sources of variation on in vitro fermentation kinetics of feedstuffs in a gas production system

2017 ◽  
Vol 88 (10) ◽  
pp. 1547-1555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan P. Keim ◽  
Christian Alvarado-Gilis ◽  
Rodrigo A. Arias ◽  
Mónica Gandarillas ◽  
Jaime Cabanilla
Keyword(s):  
Production System ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Fermentation Kinetics ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
Kinetics Of

312 Effects of Bismuth Subsalicylate and Different Sulfate Concentrations on in vitro Ruminal Fermentation Using a Warm-season Perennial Hay Substrate

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 166-166
Author(s):  
Kenneth S Madrid ◽  
Andrea M Osorio ◽  
Francine M Ciriaco ◽  
Kymberly D Coello ◽  
Angel A Raudales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Bismuth Subsalicylate ◽  
H2s Production

Abstract A randomized complete block design was used to evaluate the effects of bismuth subsalicylate (BSS) on in vitro ruminal fermentation with differing concentrations of sulfate. In vitro fermentation consisted of 50 mL of a 4:1 buffer:ruminal fluid inoculum and 0.7 g (pre-dehydrated) of substrate [WW-B Dahl bluestem hay (Bothriochloa bladhii)] incubated for 48 h (39oC). Treatments were arranged as a 3 × 4 factorial with concentration of sulfate (0.2, 2.9, or 5.6 g sulfate/L buffer) and BSS (0.0, 0.165, 0.330, or 0.495% substrate DM) as the main factors. In vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), and CH4, H2S, and total gas production (TGP) were measured. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with the fixed effects of BSS, sulfate, and their interaction. Incubation day (block) was considered a random effect. The average of 2 bottles within day was considered experimental unit. A BSS × sulfate interaction was observed for TGP (P = 0.040) and H2S production (P < 0.001), where BSS had a larger negative impact on TGP and production of H2S with greater concentrations of sulfate. A linear effect (P < 0.001) of sulfate was observed for CH4 production per gram of incubated OM, where CH4 was decreased as sulfate concentration increased. A quadratic effect of sulfate was observed for IVOMD (P = 0.010) and pH (P = 0.009). Production of H2S linearly decreased (P = 0.001) as BSS concentration increased. The addition of BSS to in vitro incubations did not affect (P > 0.10) any other variables measured. Bismuth subsalicylate does not appear to have negative effects on in vitro fermentation parameters while decreasing H2S production; however, elevated concentrations of sulfate in the buffer appears to have negative impacts on fermentation. Further in vivo research is warranted to support BSS supplementation to cattle with high dietary sulfate.

scholarly journals Assessment of cutting time on nutrient values, in vitro fermentation and methane production among three ryegrass cultivars

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 1242-1251
Author(s):  
Chunmei Wang ◽  
Fujiang Hou ◽  
Metha Wanapat ◽  
Tianhai Yan ◽  
Eun Joong Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methane Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Lag Time ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Production Response

Objective: The 3×3 factorial arrangement was used to investigate if either high watersoluble carbohydrates (WSC) cultivars or suitable time of day that the grass cut could improve nutrient values and <i>in vitro</i> fermentation characteristics.Methods: The 3 cultivars were mowed at 3 diurnal time points and included a benchmark WSC ryegrass cultivar ‘Premium’, and 2 high WSC cultivars AberAvon and AberMagic, which contained, on average, 157, 173, and 193 g/kg dry matter (DM) of WSC, and 36.0, 36.5, and 34.1 g/kg DM of N during 7th regrowth stage, respectively. The fermentation jars were run at 39°C with gas production recorded and sampled at 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 22, 28, 36, and 48 h. The rumen liquid was collected from 3 rumen fistulated cows grazing on ryegrass pasture.Results: High WSC cultivars had significantly greater WSC content, <i>in vitro</i> DM digestibility (IVDMD) and total gas production (TGP), and lower lag time than Premium cultivar. Methane production for AberMagic cultivar containing lower N concentration was marginally lower than that for AberAvon and Premium cultivars. Grass cut at Noon or PM contained greater WSC concentration, IVDMD and TGP, and lower N and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents, but CH<sub>4</sub> production was also increased, compared to grass cut in AM. Meanwhile, the effects of diurnal cutting time were influenced by cultivars, such as <i>in vitro</i> CH<sub>4</sub> production for AberMagic was not affected by cutting time. The IVDMD and gas production per unit of DM incubated were positively related to WSC concentration, WSC/N and WSC/NDF, respectively, and negatively related to N and NDF concentrations.Conclusion: These results imply either grass cut in Noon or PM or high WSC cultivars could improve nutrient values, IVDMD and <i>in vitro</i> TGP, and that AberMagic cultivar has a slightly lower CH<sub>4</sub> production compared to AberAvon and Premium. Further study is necessary to determine whether the increase of CH<sub>4</sub> production response incurred by shifting from AM cutting to Noon and/or PM cutting could be compensated for by high daily gain from increased WSC concentration and DM digestibility.

scholarly journals Effect of addition cattle feed supplement on in vitro fermentation, synthesis of microbial biomass, and methane production of rice straw fermentation basal diets

2021 ◽  
Vol 888 (1) ◽  
pp. 012070
Author(s):  
Ramaiyulis ◽  
E Yulia ◽  
D K Sari ◽  
Nilawati
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Feed Supplement ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Cattle Feed ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Ruminant Diets

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of supplementation of cattle feed supplement (CFS) and concentrate in ruminant diets based on rice straw fermented (R) on in vitro rumen fermentation, microbial biomass synthesis, and enteric methane production. Five experimental diets were evaluated, consist of R = rice straw fermented 100%, RS = R + CFS 10%, RSC1, 2 and 3 = RS + Concentrate levels 10, 20 and 30 (%DM). Supplementation of CFS increased the gas production (P < 0.05) and highest in treatments RSC1 and 2 (44.09 and 44.87 ml/g substrate, respectively) and was decreased proportions of methane by inhibition rate until 49.80%. Ruminal protozoa population increased by CFS dan concentrate supplementation (P<0,05) and was dominated (>80%) of Entodinium genus. The treatments RS dan RSC1 promoted greater (P < 0.01) microbial biomass synthesis (386.32 and 312.39 mg/g substrate, respectively). In conclusion, the supplementation of CFS and concentrate in ruminant diets based on rice straw fermented can promote a greater synthesis of microbial biomass and mitigation of methane production.

scholarly journals PSXIV-13 Effect of phytochemicals on in vitro rumen fermentation and methane production

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 445-446
Author(s):  
Aaron A Molho-Ortiz ◽  
Atmir Romero-Pérez ◽  
Efren Ramírez-Bribiesca ◽  
Claudia Marquez-Mota ◽  
Juan Carlos Ramírez-Orejel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Aqueous Extracts

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of eight phytochemicals from four plant species, in two presentations, essential oils (EO) and aqueous extracts (AE) of garlic (GEO, GAE), cinnamon (CEO, CAE), eucalyptus (EEO, EAE) and rosemary (REO, RAE) on rumen fermentation, using the in vitro gas production technique. The experiment was set up as a completely randomized block design in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement of treatments. All treatments were incubated with 0.5 g of a basal diet (BD; 50% concentrate, 20% alfalfa and 30% corn silage, dry matter basis). Additionally, BD and BD with 30 ppm of sodium monensin (MON) were used as controls. Phytochemicals were evaluated at a single dose of 900 mg/L of inoculum. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), maximum volume of gas (Vmax), gas production rate (S) and lag phase (L) were evaluated. Methane (CH4) was determined indirectly, by fixation of CO2present in gas samples with 1M KOH solution, Non-fixed gas was assumed to be CH4. Methane production was correlated with organic matter fermented in the rumen (mL CH4/g OMFR). Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS ©. The effects of treatments were tested for the following contrasts: EO Vs AE, W Vs EO, W Vs AE. Some essential oils (GEO, CEO, REO) decreased CH4 production (mL CH4/g OMFR) and IVDMD by 20.4% and 17.8% compared to control treatments (BD and MON) (P &lt; 0.05). Aqueous extracts showed a similar response (P &lt; 0.05) to control treatments. In conclusion the use of essential oils negatively affected rumen fermentation and the production of CH4 in P cinnamon essential oil.

Using krabok (Irvingia malayana) seed oil and Flemingia macrophylla leaf meal as a rumen enhancer in an in vitro gas production system

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sungchhang Kang ◽  
Metha Wanapat ◽  
Kampanat Phesatcha ◽  
Thitima Norrapoke ◽  
Suban Foiklang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Production System ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Flemingia Macrophylla ◽  
Production Kinetics ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production

An in vitro gas production system was conducted to investigate the effect of krabok (Irvingia malayana) seed oil (KSO) and Flemingia (Flemingia macrophylla) leaf powder (FLM) supplementation on gas production kinetics, volatile fatty acid (VFA) and methane production with different ratios of rice straw to cassava chip (RS : CC). The treatments were arranged according to a 4 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement in a completely randomised design using four different ratios of RS : CC (100 : 0; 60 : 40; 20 : 80; and 0 : 100), two levels of KSO supplement (0% and 2.5% of total dietary substrate) and two levels of FLM supplement (0% and 2.5% of total dietary substrate). The gas production kinetics were affected by RS : CC, KSO and FLM supplementation (P < 0.05). However, there was no interaction between RS : CC*FLM, FLM*KSO, or RS : CC*FLM*KSO; with the exception of RS : CC*KSO (P < 0.05). Cumulative gas at 96 h post incubation was increased with increasing RS : CC especially at 0 : 100. However, KSO supplementation suppressed gas production whereas FLM could enhance gas production from feed fraction (P < 0.05). Increasing RS : CC ratio resulted in increasing total VFA, propionic acid and butyric acid whereas acetic acid concentration was reduced; therefore, ratio of acetic acid : propionic acid was reduced. However, KSO supplementation depressed VFA production whereas the FLM supplement had no effect. The methane production was reduced with increasing level of RS : CC especially with supplementation of KSO. Based on this study, it is concluded that KSO addition could reduce methane production whereas FLM could enhance the gas production and fermentation end products; hence, the combined use is potentially beneficial. However, further research under in vivo conditions should be conducted.

scholarly journals Degradability, in vitro fermentation parameters and kinetic degradation of diets with increasing levels of forage and chitosan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanna Gonzaga Jacaúna ◽  
Rafael Henrique de Tonissi e Buschinelli de Goes ◽  
Leonardo de Oliveira Seno ◽  
Luis Carlos Vinhas Ítavo ◽  
Jefferson Rodrigues Gandra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Fermentation Parameters ◽  
Potential Use

Abstract Chitosan is the second most important natural biopolymer in the world, extracted from crustaceans, shrimps, and crabs; and can modulate rumen fermentation. Our hypothesis is that the addition of chitosan alters the fermentation patterns of different diets for ruminants. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different levels of chitosan and forage on in vitro dry degradation kinetics and fermentation in a gas production system. The chitosan levels (0, 1625, 3500 or 7500 mg/kg of DM) were arranged in a completely randomized block design, and for in vitro ruminal fermentation assay we used a split splot arrangement. Into the incubator, all chitosan levels were distributed in the four jars, and the forage levels varying on 100, 65, 50, 35 and 20 on DM basis. Chitosan and roughage levels interaction effect (P≤0.05) on IVDMD; IVOMD. IVDCP and IVDNDF. Chitosan negatively affected IVDMD in all roughage levels evaluated. The pH and ammonia concentration present effect only for roughage levels and incubation hours. The chitosan didn’t change (P=0.3631) the total short-chain fatty acid concentration (overall mean = 21.19 mmol/L) and the C2:C3 ratio (overall mean = 5.85). The IVDCP showed the same decreasing quadratic behavior (P&lt;0.0001). The increasing chitosan addition increases (P&lt;0.0001) the gas production and decreases the (P&lt;0.0001) the lag time (parameter C) of diets with greater concentrate participation, characterizing greater efficiency in the degradability of the diet, confirming its potential use in diets for ruminants. Chitosan changes in vitro dry degradation kinetics and fermentation at the minimum dose of 1722 mg/kg DM for all diets. The roughage level influenced the in vitro nutrients degradability and cumulative gas production.

scholarly journals In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics and Methane Mitigation Responded to Flavonoid Extract Levels from Alternanthera sissoo and Dietary Ratios

Fermentation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Sukruthai Sommai ◽  
Anusorn Cherdthong ◽  
Chanon Suntara ◽  
Sarong So ◽  
Metha Wanapat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methane Production ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation

Two experiments were conducted under this study: Experiment 1 was to study production yield, chemical composition, and in vitro degradability of Brazilian spinach (Alternanthera sissoo; BS) leaf and leaf + leaf-stalk at various maturity ages of 15, 30, 45, and 60 days after plantation and regrowth and Experiment 2 was to evaluate the effect of flavonoid extract from BS leaf and leaf + leaf-stalk and dietary ratios on ruminal gas production, fermentation characteristics, and in vitro degradability. Experiment 1 showed that maturity ages after planting and regrowth increased, the yield significantly increased. Increasing maturity ages significantly (p < 0.05) increased neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber content and decreased crude protein content, total flavonoid (TF) content, and degradability for both leaf and leaf + leaf-stalk. Maturity ages from 15 to 30 days after plantation and regrowth resulted (p < 0.05) the highest TF content and degradability for both leaf and leaf + leaf-stalk. Thus, BS leaf and leaf + leaf-stalk samples from 15 to 30 days of age were used for flavonoid extraction and used in the Experiment 2. Experiment 2 was conducted according to a 3 × 5 factorial experiment. Three roughage to concentrate (R:C) ratios at 50:50, 40:60, and 30:70 were used, and five levels of flavonoid extract (FE) at 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg of substrate dry matter (DM) were supplemented. Experiment 2 showed that R:C ratio and FE had an interaction effect only on acetate to propionate ratio. Varying R:C ratios significantly increased (p < 0.05) in vitro DM degradability, total volatile fatty acids (VFA), and propionate (C3) concentration. FE supplementation linearly (p < 0.05) increased total VFA and C3 concentration and decreased methane production and protozoal population. This study could conclude that FE from BS could effectively modulate ruminal fermentation and decrease methane production. However, in vivo study needs to elucidate in order to validate the present results.

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