Detection of Drugs in Oral Fluid Samples Using a Commercially Available Collection Device: Agreement with Urine Testing and Evaluation of A and B Samples Obtained from Employees at Different Workplace Settings with Uncontrolled Sampling Procedures

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yufang Zheng ◽  
Erik Sparve ◽  
Stefan Sparring ◽  
Mats Bergström
Keyword(s):  
Oral Fluid ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Treatment Center ◽  
Drug Detection ◽  
Collection Device ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Sampling Procedures ◽  
Urine Testing ◽  
Testing And Evaluation

Abstract The use of oral fluid tests to detect drugs is of growing interest in various areas, including treatment centers, roadside and workplace testing. In this study, we investigated drug detection in oral fluid samples collected using a commercially available device, Oral Eze. Drug detection in oral fluid was compared to paired urine samples, which were simultaneously collected. We also evaluated the collection device by comparing A and B oral fluid samples. Finally, we studied the stability of various drugs in samples stored for at least 1 year. The drug profile was investigated by comparing the drugs detected in oral fluid samples with paired urine samples collected in a treatment center. A total of 113 paired oral fluid and urine samples were investigated for the presence of drugs in the following groups: amphetamines, benzodiazepines, opiates and opioids, cocaine and cannabis. A and B samples were collected from different workplaces through an uncontrolled sampling procedure (n = 76). The stability of drugs in A samples was assessed after storage at −20°C for 1 year. Generally, there was a good correlation between drugs detected in oral fluid samples and urine samples. The heroin metabolite, 6-MAM, was more frequently detected in oral fluid samples than in urine samples, while cannabis was better detected in urine samples. Drugs in oral fluid samples were stable when stored at −20°C for at least 1 year. However, in many positive A and B oral fluid samples, there was significant variation in the concentrations obtained. Hence, the collection device may need to be further standardized and improved.

scholarly journals Impact of Quantisal® Oral Fluid Collection Device on Drug Stability

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michela Riggio ◽  
Keyur A. Dave ◽  
Branko Koscak ◽  
Mark Blakey ◽  
Charles Appleton
Keyword(s):  
Oral Fluid ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Drug Stability ◽  
Fluid Collection ◽  
Percentage Change ◽  
Collection Device ◽  
Australian Standard ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Storage Temperatures ◽  
Comprehensive Study

The stability of drugs can affect drug tests and interpretations. A comprehensive study to verify drug stability in Quantisal® oral fluid (OF) collection device was undertaken in accordance with Australian standard, AS/NZS 4760:2019 (SAI-Global, 2019). The evaluation was performed for the following drugs: (±) amphetamine, (±) methylamphetamine, (±) 3,4-methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA), (−)Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cocaine, benzoylecgonine, morphine, codeine, and oxycodone. Stability was assessed at four different storage temperatures over seven time points at ±50% cut-off concentrations (Appendix A, Para A4-4.1, AS/NZS 4760:2019) (SAI-Global, 2019). All drugs were found to be significantly more stable at 4 and –20°C, with stability spanning at least 14 days with percentage change within ±20% from the cut-off concentrations (SAI-Global, 2019). In addition, we report a variation trend with cocaine and benzoylecgonine at elevated temperatures, suggesting hydrolytic decomposition of cocaine and a concomitant increase in benzoylecgonine quantitative values. We confirm the cross-talk by showing that the percentage change in the profile of average cocaine-benzoylecgonine measurement is within the acceptance concentration range of ±20%. This finding highlights the importance of precaution during storage and careful considerations during subsequent interpretation of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS) measurements.

Determination of cannabinoids in oral fluid and urine of “light cannabis” consumers: a pilot study

2018 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta Pacifici ◽  
Simona Pichini ◽  
Manuela Pellegrini ◽  
Roberta Tittarelli ◽  
Flaminia Pantano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Oral Fluid ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
A Value ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Confirmation Analysis

Abstract Background In those countries where cannabis use is still illegal, some manufacturers started producing and selling “light cannabis”: dried flowering tops containing the psychoactive principle Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) at concentrations lower than 0.2% together with variable concentration of cannabidiol (CBD). We here report a pilot study on the determination of cannabinoids in the oral fluid and urine of six individuals after smoking 1 g of “light cannabis”. Methods On site screening for oral fluid samples was performed, as a laboratory immunoassay test for urine samples. A validated gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was then applied to quantify THC and CBD, independently from results of screening tests. Results On site screening for oral fluid samples, with a THC cut-off of 25 ng/mL gave negative results for all the individuals at different times after smoking. Similarly, negative results for urine samples screening from all the individuals were obtained. Confirmation analyses showed that oral fluid THC was in the concentration range from 2.5 to 21.5 ng/mL in the first 30 min after smoking and then values slowly decreased. CBD values were usually one order of magnitude higher than those of THC. THC-COOH, the principal urinary THC metabolite, presented the maximum urinary value of 1.8 ng/mL, while urinary CBD had a value of 15.1 ng/mL. Conclusions Consumers of a single 1 g dose of “light cannabis” did not result as positive in urine screening, assessing recent consumption, so that confirmation would not be required. Conversely, they might result as positive to oral fluid testing with some on-site kits, with THC cut-off lower than 25 ng/mL, at least in the first hour after smoking and hence confirmation analysis can be then required. No conclusions can be drawn of eventual chronic users.

of storage as short as possible, only; 24 h should not be ex­ ceeded. Table III comprises the most important criteria for valid static and dynamic sampling. It seems that both the guide of Warren Springs, U.K. and the VDI-Guideline might be a useful base to describe commonly accepted sampling procedures aiming at a standardization of sampling which might be a first step for a harmonization of olfactometric measurements in the different laboratories and countri es. REFERENCES (1) BULLEY, N.R. and D. PHILLIPS (1980). Sensory evaluation of agricul­ tural odours: A critical review. Can. Agric. Eng. 22, 107 - 112. (2) HENRY, J.G. and R. GEHR (1980). Odour control: An operator's guide. Journal WPCF 52, 2523 - 2537. (3) ROOS, C., J.A. DON and J. SCHAEFER (1984). Characterization of odour-polluted air. In: Proc.Int.Symp., Soc. Beige de Filtr. (eds.), 25-27 April 1984, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium, pp. 3 - 22. (4) BAKER, A.R. and R.C. DOERR (1959). Methods of sampling and storage of air containing vapors and gases. Int.J.Air Poll. 2, 142 - 158. (5) SCHUETTE, F.J. (1967). Plastic bags for collection of gas samples. Atmosph.Environm. 1, 515 - 519. (6) SCHODDER, F. (1977T. Messen von Geruchsstoffkonzentrationen, Erfassen von Geruch. Grundl. Landtechnik 27, 73 - 82. (7) CORMACK, D., T.A. DORLING and B.W7J. LYNCH (1974). Comparison of tech­ niques for organoleptic odour-intensity assessment. Chem.Ind. (Lon­ don) no. 2, 857 - 861. (8) SCHUETZLE, D., T.J. PRATER and S. RUDDELL (1975). Sampling and anal­ ysis of emissions from stationary sources. I. Odour and total hydro­ carbons. APCA Journal 25, 925 - 932. (9) WAUTERS, E., E. WALRAVENS, E. MUYLLE and G. VERDUYN (1983). An evalu­ ation of a fast sampling procedure for the trace analysis of volatile organic compounds in ambient air. Environm.Monitor.Assessm. 3, 151-160. (10) LACHENMAYER, U. and H. KOHLER (1984). Untersuchungen zur Neuentwick-lung eines Olfaktometers. Staub - Reinhalt. Luft 44, 359 - 362. (11) BERNARD, F. (1984). Simplified methods of odour measurement: Indus­ trial application and interest for administrative control. Proc. Int. Symp., Soc. Beige de Filtr. (eds.), 25 - 27 April 1984, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium, pp. 139 - 150. (12) GILLARD, F. (1984). Measurement of odours by dynamic olfactometry. Application to the steel and carbonization industries. Proc.Int.Symp., Soc. Beige de Filtr. (eds.), 25 - 27 April 1984, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium, pp. 53 - 86. (13) MANNEBECK, H. (1975). Tragbare Olfaktometer. VDI-Bericht 226, 103-105. (14) BEDBOROUGH, D.R. (1980). Sensory measurement of odours. In: Odour Control - a concise guide, F.H.H. Valentin and A.A. North (eds.), Warren Springs Laboratories, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, U.K., pp. 17-30. (15) THIELE, V. (1984). Olfaktometrie an einer Emissionsquelle - Ergebnis-se des VDI-Ringvergleichs. Staub - Reinhalt. Luft 44, 342 - 351. (16) DUFFEE, R.A., J.P. WAHL, W. MARRONE and J.S. NADERT1973). Defining and measuring objectionable odors. Internat. Pollution Eng. Congress, Philadelphia, paper no 25a, pp. 192 - 201.

1986 ◽  
pp. 62-62
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Air ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Odour Control ◽  
Sampling Procedures ◽  
Dynamic Sampling ◽  
Concise Guide ◽  
And Storage

scholarly journals Improving the quality of venous blood sampling procedure (phlebotomy): avoiding tourniquet use

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Freitas ◽  
Mónica Alves
Keyword(s):  
Venous Blood ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
T Test ◽  
Blood Sampling ◽  
Age Group ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Sampling Procedures ◽  
Without Tourniquet ◽  
Venous Blood Sampling

AbstractBackgroundGuidelines for venous blood sampling procedure (phlebotomy) discourage tourniquet use whenever possible. Here, we aimed to assess the Biomedical Scientists capability of not using the tourniquet in phlebotomy, which we hypothesized to be equal to 50% of the patients attended, and identifying the most frequent venipuncture site.Materials and MethodsWe selected and assigned two (BMS) with the same age (41 years) and experience (20 years) to record ten phlebotomy days, the first with prioritized and the latter with non-prioritized patients. In a simple record form, each acquired daily data for the number of attended patients, age and gender, the frequency of non-tourniquet usage and the punctured vein. To test our work hypothesis we used the two-tailed single sample t-test (p < 0.05). Differences between age-group means and non-tourniquet use means by each BMS were tested by two-tailed t-test for independent means (p < 0.05).ResultsIn 10 phlebotomy days 683 patients were attended, with males representing 43,2% of the population. We found no statistically difference between age-group means. The combined capability of non-tourniquet use was 50,5%, which did not differ from our null hypothesis, but the individual group-means were statistically different, being 33% and 66.9% in the prioritized vs non-prioritized group. The medial cubital vein was the most prone to be punctured (77,7%).ConclusionsWe have shown that performing phlebotomies without tourniquet use is possible and desirable in at least half of the attended patients, though being more limited in specific group populations. Our results provide room for quality improvement in the laboratory pre-analytical phase.Key points summaryWe assessed the capability of Biomedical Scientists not using the tourniquet in real life blood sampling procedures for diagnostic purposes.Blood was collected from at least half of the attended patients without tourniquet use.Biomedical Scientists were able to prioritize the antecubital veins without tourniquet application (medial cubital vein the most prone to be punctured - 78% of attempts).

scholarly journals Evaluation of saliva sampling procedures for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics reveals differential sensitivity and association with viral load

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pieter Mestdagh ◽  
Michel Gillard ◽  
Marc Arbyn ◽  
Jean-Paul Pirnay ◽  
Jeroen Poels ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
High Viral Load ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Differential Sensitivity ◽  
Collection Method ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
Saliva Collection ◽  
Sampling Procedures

AbstractNasopharyngeal sampling has been the preferential collection method for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics. Alternative sampling procedures that are less invasive and do not require a healthcare professional would be more preferable for patients and health professionals. Saliva collection has been proposed as such a possible alternative sampling procedure. We evaluated the sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 testing on two different saliva collection devices (spitting versus swabbing) compared to nasopharyngeal swabs in over 2500 individuals that were either symptomatic or had high-risk contacts with infected individuals. We observed an overall poor sensitivity in saliva for SARS-CoV-2 detection (30.8% and 22.4% for spitting and swabbing, respectively). However, when focusing on individuals with medium to high viral load, sensitivity increased substantially (97.0% and 76.7% for spitting and swabbing, respectively), irrespective of symptomatic status. Our results suggest that saliva cannot readily replace nasopharyngeal sampling for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics but may enable identification of cases with medium to high viral loads.

FGFR testing from matched tissue and urine samples within the prospective real world clinico-pathological register trial BRIDGister.

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e16532-e16532
Author(s):  
Ralph M. Wirtz ◽  
Richard Watts ◽  
Ronny Kellner ◽  
Reinhard Ortmann ◽  
Torsten Horns ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Benign Lesion ◽  
Digital Pcr ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Urine Test ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Commercial Kits ◽  
Urine Testing ◽  
Matched Tissue

e16532 Background: The objective of the present study was to assess FGFR mutattions and fusions from matched urine and tissue samples from patients suspicious of bladder cancer and undergoing first TURB at the pilot center of the multicentric BRIDGister RealWorld Experience trial Methods: For this pilot study paraffin fixed pretreatment tissue samples from the first TURB of 28 pts participating in the BRIDGister trial and matched urine samples were prospectively collected and analyzed. RNA from FFPE tissues were extracted by commercial kits and analyzed by Therascreen FGFR IVD kit (Qiagen GmbH, Hilden). In addition urine samples were shipped for central isolation of extracellular vesicles and extraction of RNA (exoRNA.Exosome Diagnostics GmbH, Martinsried) and subsequently centrally analyzed by QIAcuity digital PCR (Qiagen, Hilden). Additional urine testing was performed by further technologies including central cytology. Concordance, Kruskal-Wallis, MannWhitney and Sensitivity/Specificity tests were analyzed by JMP 9.0.0 (SAS software). Results: The pilot cohort of the BRIDGister trial consisted of 28 patients (median age: 73, male 71% vs female 29%) of diverse clinical stages (Benign lesions/no tumor 21%, pTa 32%, pT1 21%, pT2 21%) and WHO 1973 grade (G1 7%, G2 43%, G3 21%). Based on FFPE tissue testing using Therascreen FGFR IVD kit 9 out of 28 patients exhibited FGFR alterations (32%). Based on exosomal RNA (exoRNA) and subsequent dPCR testing 8 out of 21 matched urine sampels were FGFR positive (38%). Comparison with tissue testing as probable gold standard revealed 71% sensitivity, 78% specificity, 63% PPV and 85%NPV. There were 3 patients being FGFR positive for exoRNA from urine with no mutation found in the corresponding TUR biopsy. One of these mutations could be validated by independent urine test. Furthermore one tumor harbored two tissue mutations (R248C, Y373C) but three urine mutations (R248C, Y373C, G370C) indicating substantial tumor heterogeneity. One FGFR3-TACC3 fusion was detected from a benign lesion, which was not found by the exosomal urine test. Conclusions: Extraction of exosomal RNA from urine followed by highly sensitive dPCR mutation testing is feasible with good concordance to matched tissue testing. Urine testing bears the potential of detecting additional mutations in a real world setting and might evolve as alternative approach for FGFR3 screening in a non invasive fashion without the need of transurethral biopsy. Discordant cases are further followed up and might reveal validation of mutation status in upcoming recurrences.Further exploration is warranted and includes the potential of monitoring patients with FGFR before and after therapeutic intervention. By the time of the congress an update of the data with approximately 50 matched pairs will be presented.

THC and CBD concentrations in blood, oral fluid and urine following a single and repeated administration of “light cannabis”

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 682-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta Pacifici ◽  
Simona Pichini ◽  
Manuela Pellegrini ◽  
Maria Concetta Rotolo ◽  
Raffaele Giorgetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Oral Fluid ◽  
Repeated Administration ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Valuable Alternative ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Single And Repeated Administration

AbstractBackground“Light cannabis” is a product legally sold in Europe with Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentration lower than 0.2% and variable cannabidiol (CBD) content. We studied THC and CBD excretion profiles in blood, oral fluid (OF) and urine after smoking one or four light cannabis cigarettes.MethodsBlood, OF and urine samples were obtained from six healthy light cannabis consumers after smoking one 1 g cigarette containing 0.16% THC and 5.8% CBD and from six others after smoking four 1 g cigarettes within 4 h. Sample collection began 0.5 and 4.5 h after smoking one or four cigarettes, respectively. Cannabinoid concentrations were quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).ResultsAt the first collection, the highest THC and CBD concentrations occurred in blood (THC 7.0–10.8 ng/mL; CBD 30.2–56.1 ng/mL) and OF (THC 5.1–15.5 ng/mL; CBD 14.2–28.1 ng/mL); similar results occurred 0.5 h after the last of four cigarettes in blood (THC 14.1–18.2 ng/mL, and CBD 25.6–45.4 ng/mL) and OF (THC 11.2–24.3 ng/mL; CBD 14.4–37.0 ng/mL). The mean OF to blood ratio ranged from 0.6 to 1.2 after one and 0.6 to 1.9 after four light cannabis cigarettes. THC/CBD ratios in blood and OF were never greater than 2. Urinary 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC concentrations peaked 8 h after one and four cigarettes.ConclusionsOF was a valuable alternative to blood in monitoring consumption of light cannabis. Blood and OF THC/CBD concentration ratios, never exceeded 2, possibly providing a useful biomarker to identify light cannabis vs illegal higher THC cannabis use, where THC/CBD ratios are generally greater than 10.

Statistical Methods Used In Educational Technology Research 2012-2013

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 31-46
Author(s):  
Nicola L. Ritter
Keyword(s):  
Educational Technology ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Research Synthesis ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Educational Technology Research ◽  
Statistical Techniques ◽  
Technology Research ◽  
Research Methodologies ◽  
Reliability Estimates ◽  
Sampling Procedures

This article provides a content analysis of the research methodologies used in quantitative and mixed-methods articles in the top five educational technology journals between 2012 and 2013. These articles represented a total of 32,131 sampling procedures and statistical techniques recorded from 1,171 articles – the largest research synthesis of research methodologies in field of educational technology to date. Results indicate quantitative methods continue to dominate the field as a whole, yet specific journals appear to favor certain research methods over others. Most authors did not report the type of sampling procedure used in their investigations (617 articles). Fewer researchers reported score reliability estimates using their own data – with only 420 articles reporting reliability coefficients. Findings also suggest few authors reported informationally-adequate statistics. Recommendations for best statistical practices and implications for the field of educational technology are discussed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document