Laboratory Bioassays for Selecting Candidate Insecticides and Application Rates for Field Tests on the Western Spruce Budworm12

This paper presents the conceptual conceptual vision a formulation technology for biopesticides in which the active ingredient (baculovirus) is an active coal. Importantly, this indgredient protects the sen-sitive viral DNA from degrading in sunlight, but dissolves in the alkaline insect gut to release the virus, which then infects and kills the pest. We show, using this ingredient, in both laboratory bioassays and field tests, that this can extend the efficacy of the biopesticide well beyond the few hours of existing virus formulations, potentially increasing the spray interval and reducing the need for high application rates. Are presented both theoretical foundations and practical applications and described the results oriented for implementation and functionality of organic agriculture in Republic of Moldova.

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Effects of crude aqueous extracts of indigenous pesticidal plants on the ladybird beetle, Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

International Journal of Tropical Insect Science ◽

10.1017/s1742758417000327 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 38 (02) ◽

pp. 159-167

Author(s):

E. Mazhawidza ◽

B. M. Mvumi ◽

U. Mazarura

Keyword(s):

Plant Extracts ◽

Tap Water ◽

Datura Stramonium ◽

Negative Control ◽

Aqueous Extracts ◽

Ladybird Beetle ◽

Post Exposure ◽

Application Rates ◽

Hippodamia Variegata ◽

Laboratory Bioassays

AbstractEffects of pesticidal plant extracts on non-targeted species are rare. Direct topical and residual sprays of crude aqueous extracts of three pesticidal plants: Datura stramonium L. Bobgunnia madagascariensis Kirkbr. & Wiersema and Solanum delagoense L. were assessed in laboratory bioassays and on-station experiments against the ladybird beetle, Hippodamia variegata (Goeze). The plants are routinely used by smallholder vegetable farmers to control aphids, Brevicoryne brassicae L. attacking rape, Brassica napus L. The crude extracts of D. stramonium fresh leaves, S. delagoense fresh fruits and B. madagascariensis dried pods, were applied separately at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% w/v under laboratory conditions. Application rates of 20% and 25% w/v of the plant extracts were further evaluated on-station. Negative (tap water) and positive (dimethoate® (36% E.C)) controls were included for comparison. The mortality of H. variegata was recorded 24, 48 and 72 h post-exposure. In on-station experiments, treatments were applied fortnightly and live H. variegata adults were counted at 1, 7 and 14 days post-application. Mortality of H. variegata in laboratory bioassays increased with increase in post-exposure time and B. madagascariensis (25% w/v) caused the highest mortality. Based on LD50 values, B. madagascariensis extracts were most toxic (LD50, 30% w/v) followed by D. stramonium (LD50, 34% w/v) and S. delagoense (LD50, 49% w/v) 24 h post-application. In on-station experiments, the synthetic chemical significantly lowered (P < 0.05) H. variegata numbers compared to the negative control and plant extracts. The results showed that D. stramonium and S. delagoense extracts at the application rates used in the study were relatively safer to H. variegata than B. madagascariensis (25% w/v); hence, the former two plants can be included in integrated pest management programmes.

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POTENTIAL OF ANTIFEEDANTS TO CONTROL LARVAL FEEDING OF SELECTED NEODIPRION SAWFLIES (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE)

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/ent1081137-11 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 108 (11) ◽

pp. 1137-1144 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

J. N. All ◽

D. M. Benjamin

Keyword(s):

Pinus Banksiana ◽

Feeding Habits ◽

Field Tests ◽

Field Studies ◽

Jack Pine ◽

Larval Feeding ◽

Pine Sawfly ◽

European Pine Sawfly ◽

Feeding Development ◽

Laboratory Bioassays

AbstractAntifeedants for controlling larval feeding of several Neodiprion sawflies were evaluated in laboratory and field studies. Nine commercially available insect antifeedants and a hexane extract of the juvenile foliage of jack pine, Pinus banksiana Lambert, were tested on larvae of six species. In laboratory bioassays larvae exhibited varying sensitivity to antifeedants; generally species with monophagous or restricted oligophagous feeding habits were most sensitive. In the laboratory the Swaine jack pine sawfly, Neodiprion swainei Middleton, had severely restricted feeding, development, survival, and fecundity. Triphenyltin hydroxide was toxic to N. swainei and to European pine sawfly, N. sertifer (Geoffroy). In field tests certain antifeedants disrupted N. swainei feeding and development. The colonial behavior of larvae often was disrupted and solitary larvae fell from trees or wandered on twigs. Colony disruption by most antifeedants was temporary and many larvae resumed feeding.

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RESIDUAL TOXICITIES OF THREE INSECTICIDES TO FOUR SPECIES (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE) OF ARTHROPOD PREDATOR

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/ent1281115-6 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 128 (6) ◽

pp. 1115-1124 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Tamer Çilgi ◽

Steve D. Wratten ◽

Jacqueline L. Robertson ◽

David E. Turner ◽

John M. Holland ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Laboratory Data ◽

Field Application ◽

Toxicity Data ◽

Target Species ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Application Rates ◽

Bembidion Lampros ◽

Nontarget Species ◽

Arthropod Predator ◽

Laboratory Bioassays

AbstractIn laboratory bioassays, four carabid species [Agonum dorsale (Pontoppidan), Bembidion lampros (Herbst), B. obtusum Serville, and Demetrias atricapillus (L.)] that are important predators of aphids in cereals in the United Kingdom were exposed to deposits of deltamethrin, dimethoate, or pirimicarb on glass for up to 72 h. We detected differences between compounds and species that are discussed in the context of exposure of these predators to insecticides in the field. We also describe problems involved in obtaining comparative toxicity data when dilutions of field application rates for target species are used in bioassays with nontarget species. Such problems add another dimension to risk assessment based on laboratory data.

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3.3 AERIAL RELEASE SYSTEM FOR TRICHOGRAMMA MINUTUM RILEY IN PLANTATION FORESTS

Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada ◽

10.4039/entm122153038-1 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 122 (S153) ◽

pp. 38-44 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

C.A. Hope ◽

S.A. Nicholson ◽

J.J. Churcher

Keyword(s):

Field Tests ◽

Plantation Forest ◽

Inundative Release ◽

Anagasta Kuehniella ◽

Aerial Dispersal ◽

Application Rates ◽

Coniferous Plantation ◽

Trichogramma Minutum ◽

Electrical Components ◽

Aerial Seeding

AbstractAn aerial dispersal system was developed for inundative release of insect eggs, Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) and Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier), parasitized by Trichogramma minutum Riley. The equipment was used successfully in field tests over a 4-year period (1982–1985) in a coniferous plantation forest near Hearst, Ont. The release equipment consisted of simple electrical components, mechanical components from a small grain planter, and a centrifugal slinger used for aerial seeding of jack pine. The equipment was mounted on a Bell® 47 helicopter, flown at about 25 m above the ground. A swath width of 15 m was attained using this system. Application rates ranged from 12.3 to 263.0 g ♀ ♀ parasitoids per hectare (0.6–25 × 106 ♀ ♀ parasitoids per hectare) during the 4 years of tests.

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DEVELOPMENT OF A CHEMICAL CONTROL STRATEGY FOR THE PINE FALSE WEBWORM, ACANTHOLYDA ERYTHROCEPHALA (L.) (HYMENOPTERA: PAMPHILIIDAE)

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/ent125499-3 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 125 (3) ◽

pp. 499-511 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

D. Barry Lyons ◽

Blair V. Helson ◽

Geraldine C. Jones ◽

John W. McFarlane

Keyword(s):

Field Trials ◽

Spray Drift ◽

Egg Hatch ◽

Management Objectives ◽

Application Rates ◽

Population Reduction ◽

Late Application ◽

Pine False Webworm ◽

Acantholyda Erythrocephala ◽

Laboratory Bioassays

AbstractThe pine false webworm, Acantholyda erythrocephala (L.) (Hymenoptera: Pamphiliidae), is an introduced sawfly that is becoming increasingly important as a pest of pine plantations in Ontario. Laboratory bioassays of 10 insecticides, applied to excised pine branches containing eggs immediately prior to hatching, indicated that carbaryl and permethrin at low dosages were efficacious in controlling larvae. Neither carbaryl nor permethrin affected egg hatch, and field trials at various dosages indicated that 500 g AI per ha of carbaryl significantly reduced larval numbers and mitigated defoliation of 1-year-old and current-year foliage. Comparisons of single early (during egg hatch), single late (mean instar about 3.8), and combinations of early and late applications of lower concentrations of both chemicals suggested that the late application better reduced webworm populations. All tested application rates of permethrin and carbaryl provided significant foliar protection, particularly to current-year foliage. Dosages as low as 35 g AI per ha of permethrin and 125 g AI per ha of carbaryl in mistblower applications of third- and fourth-instar larvae may provide suitable protection, depending on management objectives. Ground applications using a mistblower resulted in no differences in efficacy on branches from different vertical strata, but reduced efficacy was observed on branches on the sides of the trees opposite where sprays were applied. Spray drift tests with carbaryl at 500 g AI per ha indicated that some population reduction occurred in trees up to two 2.1-m-spaced rows downwind from treated trees. Thus, each row would not need to be sprayed in operational programs.

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Residues of Fluvalinate and Permethrin on Flue-cured Tobacco

Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research ◽

10.2478/cttr-2013-0568 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 191-203 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

RB Leidy ◽

TJ Sheets ◽

LA Nelson

Keyword(s):

High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽

Liquid Chromatography ◽

High Performance ◽

Field Tests ◽

Reverse Phase ◽

Application Rates ◽

Residue Levels ◽

New Formulation

AbstractHigh-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with C18 reverse-phase columns was used to determine residues of fluvalinate and permethrin applied in the field to flue-cured tobacco in 1980 and 1981. Methods were developed to determine residue levels in both green and cured samples. In 1980 field tests, residues of fluvalinate applied at rates of 0.1 and 0.2 kg/ha averaged 3.3 and 7.2 ppm, respectively, on green tobacco harvested immediately after application, and declined to 0.3 and 2.7 ppm by 12 days after application. In 1981, with the same application rates, residues averaged 1.7 and 3.0 ppm (0 time) and declined to 0.4 and 0.5 ppm after 16 days, respectively. A new formulation of fluvalinate, applied at 0.06 and 0.01 kg/ha, averaged 0.9 and 1.3 ppm on day 0 and declined to 0.3 and 0.6 ppm after 16 days, respectively. Flue curing reduced fluvalinate residues approximately by 61 % both years. Immediately after application, residues of permethrin, applied at 0.2 kg/ha, averaged 9.6 ppm in 1980 and at application rates of 0.1 and 0.2 kg/ha averaged 3.5 and 3.8 ppm, respectively, in 1981. Residues declined to 7.0 ppm after 12 days in 1980 and to 3.2 and 3.5 ppm after 16 days in 1981. Losses of permethrin due to curing averaged 67 %.

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Biomarkers for the assessment of chlorpyrifos effects on earthworms and on soil functional parameters

Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-204x2009000800011 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 44 (8) ◽

pp. 874-880 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Lucas Piola ◽

Julio Fuchs ◽

María Luisa Oneto ◽

Silvana Basack ◽

Rosana Giménez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Retention Time ◽

Feeding Activity ◽

Field Tests ◽

Neutral Red ◽

Test Field ◽

Wheat Field ◽

Functional Parameters ◽

Application Rates ◽

Neutral Red Retention ◽

Neutral Red Retention Time

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of chlorpyrifos on earthworms and on soil functional parameters. An integrated laboratory-field study was performed in a wheat field in Argentina, sprayed with chlorpyrifos at two recommended application rates (240 or 960 g ha-1 style='vertical-align:baseline'> a.i.). Laboratory tests included neutral red retention time, comet assay (single cell gel electrophoresis), and avoidance behavior, each using the earthworm Eisenia andrei exposed in soil collected 1 or 14 days after pesticide application, and the bait-lamina test. Field tests assessed organic matter breakdown using the litterbag and bait-lamina assays. Earthworm populations in the field were assessed using formalin application and hand-sorting. The neutral red retention time and comet assays were sensitive biomarkers to the effects of chlorpyrifos on the earthworm E. andrei; however, the earthworm avoidance test was not sufficiently robust to assess these effects. Feeding activity of soil biota, assessed by the bait lamina test, was significantly inhibited by chlorpyrifos after 97 days, but recovered by the 118th day of the test. Litterbag test showed no significant differences in comparison to controls. Earthworm abundance in the field was too low to adequately test the sensitivity of this assessment endpoint.

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DEVELOPMENT OF METARHIZIUM SPP. FOR THE CONTROL OF GRASSHOPPERS AND LOCUSTS

Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada ◽

10.4039/entm129171265-1 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 129 (S171) ◽

pp. 265-286 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

C.J. Lomer ◽

C. Prior ◽

C. Kooyman

Keyword(s):

Screening Method ◽

Field Tests ◽

Great Majority ◽

Field Trials ◽

Australian Isolate ◽

Great Promise ◽

Small Scale ◽

Application Rates ◽

Research Programmes ◽

Oil Mixtures

AbstractFour research programmes are investigating the entomopathogenic fungal genera Metarhizium and Beauveria for locust and grasshopper control in Africa. In the LUBILOSA programme, surveys for pathogen isolates revealed a morphologically distinctive Metarhizium flavoviride Gams and Rozsypal attacking acridoids in West Africa, Madagascar, and elsewhere. Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin isolates with virulence to acridoids were also obtained, including several from non-orthopteran hosts. Natural epizootics of both genera are rare in acridoid populations, but do occur. A standardized screening method discriminated virulent from non-virulent isolates. The great majority of the most virulent isolates were from the acridoid group of M. flavoviride. A Niger isolate chosen for development from this group had low virulence to honey bees and parasitic Hymenoptera and was not infective to insects in several other orders. Field tests were carried out on formulations of oil mixtures, using ULV application rates of 1–2 L/ha and 2–5 × 1012 conidia per hectare. In preliminary tests, target insects were sprayed successfully in small field arenas and in large cages. Trials in 1993 on variegated grasshopper gave an approx. 90% reduction in field populations after 15 days. Trials on various acridids, predominantly Hieroglyphus daganensis Krauss, in dense grass in northern Benin showed slower mortality, although up to 70% population reduction was achieved. Trials using a vehicle-mounted ULV sprayer (the Ulva-Mast) in open grassland in Niger gave >90% mortality in samples of mixed acridids. In Mali, a Malian isolate of M. flavoviride was shown to be slightly more virulent than the standard Niger isolate; both isolates gave significant population reductions against nymphs of Oedaleus senegalensis Krauss and Kraussella amabile (Krauss) in 1-ha plots. Successful small-scale field trials have also been carried out using the standard M. flavoviride isolate in South Africa against brown locust and in Australia using an Australian isolate against wingless grasshopper. In Mauritania, a trial using the Niger isolate against desert locust nymph bands gave up to 90% mortality in caged samples by day 9 after spraying. The uncaged treated bands were completely destroyed by predators while untreated bands fledged. Oil-based ULV formulations of M. flavoviride are capable of causing high mortality in the field populations of all acridoids against which they have been field tested and show great promise for development as components of IPM strategies for these pests.

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EVIDENCE FOR A FEMALE-PRODUCED PHEROMONE IN THE WHITE PINE CONE BEETLE, CONOPHTHORUS CONIPERDA (SCHWARZ), AND IN THE RED PINE CONE BEETLE, C. RESINOSAE HOPKINS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/ent1231057-5 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 123 (5) ◽

pp. 1057-1064 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

P. de Groot ◽

G.L. DeBarr ◽

G.O. Birgersson ◽

H.D. Pierce ◽

J.H. Borden ◽

...

Keyword(s):

North Carolina ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Field Tests ◽

Red Pine ◽

Host Volatiles ◽

White Pine ◽

Strong Response ◽

Pine Cone ◽

Laboratory Bioassays ◽

Conophthorus Coniperda

AbstractEvidence for a female-produced sex pheromone in the white pine cone beetle, Conophthorus coniperda (Schwarz), and the red pine cone beetle, C. resinosae Hopkins, was obtained from laboratory bioassays and field experiments conducted with C. coniperda beetles from Ontario and North Carolina. In an olfactometer, males from both species responded significantly more to volatiles from females than to volatiles from males or cones. Generally, females did not differ in their response to female-, male-, or cone-produced volatiles. Both sexes responded to host volatiles. The strong response by male C. coniperda to females was confirmed in field tests.

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