scholarly journals Ethnically Biased? Experimental Evidence from Kenya

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Ivar Oppedal Berge ◽  
Kjetil Bjorvatn ◽  
Simon Galle ◽  
Edward Miguel ◽  
Daniel N Posner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Economic Behavior ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Ethnic Bias ◽  
National Elections ◽  
Lab Experiments ◽  
The Common ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Behavioral Games ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Ethnicity has been shown to shape political, social, and economic behavior in Africa, but the underlying mechanisms remain contested. We utilize lab experiments to isolate one mechanism—an individual's bias in favor of coethnics and against non-coethnics—that has been central in both theory and in the conventional wisdom about the impact of ethnicity. We employ an unusually rich research design involving a large sample of 1300 participants from Nairobi, Kenya; the collection of multiple rounds of experimental data with varying proximity to national elections; within-lab priming conditions; both standard and novel experimental measures of coethnic bias; and an implicit association test (IAT). We find very little evidence of an ethnic bias in the behavioral games, which runs against the common presumption of extensive coethnic bias among ordinary Africans and suggests that mechanisms other than a coethnic bias in preferences must account for the associations we see in the region between ethnicity and political, social, and economic outcomes.

scholarly journals A Diffusion Model Approach for Understanding the Impact of 17 Interventions on the Race Implicit Association Test

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Röhner ◽  
Calvin K. Lai
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Implicit Measure ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Sham Intervention ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Speed Accuracy

<p>Performance on implicit measures reflects construct-specific and non-construct-specific processes. This creates an interpretive issue for understanding interventions to change implicit measures: change in performance could reflect changes in the constructs-of-interest or changes in other mental processes. We re-analyzed data from six studies (<i>N</i> = 23,342) to examine the process-level effects of 17 interventions and one sham intervention to change race Implicit Association Test (IAT) performance. Diffusion models decompose overall IAT performance (<i>D</i>-scores) into construct-specific (ease of decision-making), and non-construct-specific processes (speed-accuracy tradeoffs, non-decision-related processes like motor execution). Interventions that effectively reduced <i>D-</i>scores changed ease of decision-making on compatible and incompatible trials. They also eliminated differences in speed-accuracy tradeoffs between compatible and incompatible trials. Non-decision-related processes were impacted by two interventions only. There was little evidence that interventions had any long-term effects. These findings highlight the value of diffusion modeling for understanding the mechanisms by which interventions affect implicit measure performance.</p>

scholarly journals The Effect of Plain Cigarette Packaging on Implicit Attitudes

2021 ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Nicotine Dependence ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Implicit Attitudes ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Addictive Behavior ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Color Design ◽  
Plain Packaging ◽  
The Impact

Rationale: The significance of this research stems from the impact implicit attitudes have on smoking behavior, where positive implicit attitudes can result in a greater likelihood of smoking behavior. Even though it has previously been argued that implicit attitudes can drive addictive behavior there is a lack of research on whether cigarette packaging has an influence on implicit attitudes. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of plain cigarette packaging and designed/logo cigarette packaging on implicit attitudes. Methods: Implicit attitudes towards cigarette packaging were assessed by means of the Brief Implicit Association Test (BIAT). A questionnaire was conducted to assess sociodemographic and smoking behavior. The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) was used to assess level of dependence. The sample consisted of 264 participants. Results: BIAT indicate a significant association between designed/logo cigarette packaging and positive implicit attitudes (Mean d-score > .15). Cigarette packaging design’s influence on implicit attitudes is positive (Mean d-score = .22), where there is a slight association between designed/logo packaging and positive implicit attitudes. Conclusions: When compared with plain packaging, designed/logo cigarette packaging leads to positive implicit attitudes. These findings support the effectiveness of plain packaging regulations where the removal of color, design and logo from cigarette packaging will decrease positive implicit attitudes formed by cigarette packaging.

scholarly journals Measurement of Mood States Following Light Alcohol Consumption: Evidence from the Implicit Association Test

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Motohiro Ito ◽  
Naoyuki Matsuzaki ◽  
Jun Kawahara
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Mood State ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Baseline Test ◽  
The Impact

As the problems of mood measurements during alcohol consumption of alcoholic beverages do not necessarily evoke interpretable physiological responses, explicit reports may be contaminated by various cognitive biases or expectations. The present study examined whether emotional responses induced by the consumption of beverages containing low concentrations of alcohol can be measured using the Implicit Association Test (IAT). The IAT can detect the estimates of internal proximity between bipolar target concepts (e.g., cheerfulness and fatigue). Participants (N = 30) received three IAT sessions, followed by drinking a beverage containing 0% (control), 1%, or 3% alcohol by volume, and three IATs (at 0, 30, and 60 min after the time of consumption). We also recorded the explicit responses regarding the extent of drunkenness. The analyses of variance with alcohol concentration and time reveal dissociation between implicit and explicit measures. The IAT scores under the alcohol conditions reflect a more cheerful mood state relative to the baseline test. This effect of enhanced cheerfulness was not observed under the non-alcohol control condition. These results demonstrate that the impact of the consumption of low-alcohol beverages on mood can be measured using the IAT.

scholarly journals A Diffusion Model Approach for Understanding the Impact of 17 Interventions on the Race Implicit Association Test

2020 ◽  
pp. 014616722097448
Author(s):  
Jessica Röhner ◽  
Calvin K. Lai
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Implicit Measure ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Speed Accuracy

Performance on implicit measures reflects construct-specific and nonconstruct-specific processes. This creates an interpretive issue for understanding interventions to change implicit measures: Change in performance could reflect changes in the constructs of interest or changes in other mental processes. We reanalyzed data from six studies ( N = 23,342) to examine the process-level effects of 17 interventions and one sham intervention to change race implicit association test (IAT) performance. Diffusion models decompose overall IAT performance ( D-scores) into construct-specific (ease of decision-making) and nonconstruct-specific processes (speed–accuracy trade-offs, non-decision-related processes like motor execution). Interventions that effectively reduced D-scores changed ease of decision-making on compatible and incompatible trials. They also eliminated differences in speed–accuracy trade-offs between compatible and incompatible trials. Non-decision-related processes were affected by two interventions only. There was little evidence that interventions had any long-term effects. These findings highlight the value of diffusion modeling for understanding the mechanisms by which interventions affect implicit measure performance.

Discriminating between the Effects of Valence and Salience in the Implicit Association Test

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 (11) ◽  
pp. 2251-2275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Betty P. I. Chang ◽  
Chris J. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Indirect Measure ◽  
Target Category ◽  
Attribute Category ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Relationship

The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is the most widely used indirect measure of attitudes in social psychology. It has been suggested that artefacts such as salience asymmetries and familiarity can influence performance on the IAT. Chang and Mitchell (2009) proposed that the ease with which IAT stimuli are classified (classification fluency) is the common mechanism underlying both of these factors. In the current study, we investigated the effect of classification fluency on the IAT and trialled a measure—the split IAT—for dissociating between the effects of valence and salience in the IAT. Across six experiments, we examined the relationship between target classification fluency and salience asymmetries in the IAT. In the standard IAT, the more fluently classified target category was, all else being equal, compatible with pleasant attributes over unpleasant attributes. Furthermore, the more fluently classified target category was more easily classified with the more salient attribute category in the split IAT, independent of evaluative associations. This suggests that the more fluently classified category is also the more salient target category.

scholarly journals The Impact of Persuasive Messages on IAT Performance is Moderated by Source Attractiveness and Likeability

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 437-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Tucker Smith ◽  
Jan De Houwer
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Persuasive Messages ◽  
New Information ◽  
Affect Misattribution Procedure ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
The Impact

In two studies, participants read persuasive messages introduced by an attractive (Study 1) or likeable (Study 2) source before completing measures of implicit and explicit evaluations. The persuasive messages were in favor of an unfamiliar brand of facial soap (Study 1) and the implementation of comprehensive examinations at the participants’ university (Study 2). Results showed that persuasive messages had a stronger impact on an Implicit Association Test when the source was high in attractiveness or likeability (Study 1 and Study 2); responses on an Affect Misattribution Procedure, though in the predicted direction, were not significantly impacted by a source high in likeability (Study 2). These findings parallel those of numerous studies that, however, have looked almost exclusively at persuasion of explicit evaluations. They confirm that implicit evaluations can be changed through direct persuasive appeals and provide new information about the conditions under which persuasion of implicit evaluations can be found.

scholarly journals Is the Implicit Association Test for Aggressive Attitudes a Measure for Attraction to Violence or Traumatization?

2017 ◽  
Vol 225 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Bluemke ◽  
Anselm Crombach ◽  
Tobias Hecker ◽  
Inga Schalinski ◽  
Thomas Elbert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Implicit Attitudes ◽  
Traumatic Event ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Attitudes Toward Violence ◽  
Coping With Trauma ◽  
And Coping ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Traumatic exposure is particularly devastating for those who, at a young age, have become combatants or experienced massive adversity after abduction by armed movements. We investigated the impact of traumatic stressors on psychopathology among war-affected young men of Northern Uganda, including former child soldiers. Adaptation to violent environments and coping with trauma-related symptoms often result in an increasing appetite for violence. We analyze implicit attitudes toward violence, assessed by an Implicit Association Test (IAT), among 64 male participants. Implicit attitudes varied as a function of the number of experienced traumatic event types and committed offense types. As the number of traumatic experiences and violence exposure increased, more appetitive aggression was reported, whereas the IAT indicated increasingly negative implicit attitudes toward aggression. The IAT was also the strongest predictor of cortisol levels. Diffusion-model analysis was the best way to demonstrate IAT validity. Implicit measures revealed the trauma-related changes of cognitive structures.

scholarly journals Personalizing the Implicit Association Test Increases Explicit Evaluation of Target Concepts

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 226-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian A. Nosek ◽  
Jeffrey J. Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Alternative Interpretation ◽  
Cultural Knowledge ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Total N ◽  
Black And White ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

In an effort to remove a presumed confound of extrapersonal associations, Olson and Fazio (2004 ) introduced procedural modifications to attitude versions of the Implicit Association Test (IAT). We hypothesized that the procedural changes increased the likelihood that participants would explicitly evaluate the target concepts (e.g., rating Black and White faces as liked or disliked). Results of a mega-study covering 58 topics and six additional studies (Total N = 15,667) suggest that: (a) after personalizing, participants are more likely to explicitly evaluate target concepts instead of categorizing them according to the performance rules, (b) this effect appears to account for the personalized IAT’s enhanced correlations with self-report, (c) personalizing does not alter the relationship between the IAT and cultural knowledge, and (d) personalized and original procedures each capture unique attitude variation. These results provide an alternative interpretation of the impact of personalizing the IAT. Additional innovation may determine whether personalizing implicit cognition is viable.

A decade of studying implicit racial/ethnic bias in healthcare providers using the implicit association test

2018 ◽  
Vol 199 ◽  
pp. 219-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivy W. Maina ◽  
Tanisha D. Belton ◽  
Sara Ginzberg ◽  
Ajit Singh ◽  
Tiffani J. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Ethnic Bias ◽  
Racial Ethnic
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document