On bivalent semantics and natural deduction for some infectious logics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Belikov
Keyword(s):  
Natural Deduction ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Standard Form ◽  
Theoretical Level ◽  
Fundamental Symmetry ◽  
Informational Semantics

Abstract In this work, we propose a variant of so-called informational semantics, a technique elaborated by Voishvillo, for two infectious logics, Deutsch’s ${\mathbf{S}_{\mathbf{fde}}}$ and Szmuc’s $\mathbf{dS}_{\mathbf{fde}}$. We show how the machinery of informational semantics can be effectively used to analyse truth and falsity conditions of disjunction and conjunction. Using this technique, it is possible to claim that disjunction and conjunction can be rightfully regarded as such, a claim which was disputed in the recent literature. Both ${\mathbf{S}_{\mathbf{fde}}}$ and $\mathbf{dS}_{\mathbf{fde}}$ are formalized in terms of natural deduction. This allows us to solve several problems: to develop a natural deduction calculus for ${\mathbf{S}_{\mathbf{fde}}}$ containing the standard form of disjunction elimination (in contrast to the calculus by Petrukhin), to introduce the first natural deduction calculus for $\mathbf{dS}_{\mathbf{fde}}$ and to reflect the fundamental symmetry between ${\mathbf{S}_{\mathbf{fde}}}$ and $\mathbf{dS}_{\mathbf{fde}}$ on proof-theoretical level forming a convenient basis for obtaining their well-known extensions $\mathbf{K}^{\mathbf{w}}_{\mathbf{3}}$ and $\mathbf{PWK}$.

scholarly journals A natural extension of natural deduction

1984 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 1284-1300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Schroeder-Heister
Keyword(s):  
Natural Deduction ◽  
Standard Form ◽  
Natural Extension ◽  
Theory Of Meaning ◽  
Sentential Logic ◽  
Formal Definitions ◽  
Main Ideas ◽  
Sentential Operator

One of the main ideas of calculi of natural deduction, as introduced by Jaśkowski and Gentzen, is that assumptions may be discharged in the course of a derivation. As regards sentential logic, this conception will be extended in so far as not only formulas but also rules may serve as assumptions which can be discharged. The resulting calculi and derivations with rules of any finite level are informally introduced in §1, while §§2 and 3 state formal definitions of the concepts involved and basic lemmata. Within this framework, a standard form for introduction and elimination rules for arbitrary n-ary sentential operators is motivated in §4, understood as a contribution to the theory of meaning for logical signs. §5 proves that the set {&, ∨, ⊃, ⋏} of standard intuitionistic connectives is complete, i.e. &, ∨, ⊃, and ⋏ suffice to express each n-ary sentential operator having rules of the standard form given in §4. §6 makes some remarks on related approaches. For an extension of the conception presented here to quantifier logic, see [11].

Production of New and Revised A.A.V.S.O. Charts

1979 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 368
Author(s):  
Clinton B. Ford
Keyword(s):  
Variable Star ◽  
Standard Form ◽  
Original Data ◽  
University Of Pennsylvania ◽  
Standard Format ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
The Gift ◽  
The University

A “new charts program” for the Americal Association of Variable Star Observers was instigated in 1966 via the gift to the Association of the complete variable star observing records, charts, photographs, etc. of the late Prof. Charles P. Olivier of the University of Pennsylvania (USA). Adequate material covering about 60 variables, not previously charted by the AAVSO, was included in this original data, and was suitably charted in reproducible standard format.Since 1966, much additional information has been assembled from other sources, three Catalogs have been issued which list the new or revised charts produced, and which specify how copies of same may be obtained. The latest such Catalog is dated June 1978, and lists 670 different charts covering a total of 611 variables none of which was charted in reproducible standard form previous to 1966.

Materials for Electron Beam Information Storage

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 152-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Speliotis
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Electron Beams ◽  
Information Storage ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Magnetic Field

The interaction of electron beams with a large variety of materials for information storage has been the subject of numerous proposals and studies in the recent literature. The materials range from photographic to thermoplastic and magnetic, and the interactions with the electron beam for writing and reading the information utilize the energy, or the current, or even the magnetic field associated with the electron beam.

Electron Microscopy of Graphite Intercalation Compounds

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 544-545
Author(s):  
G. Timp ◽  
L. Salamanca-Riba ◽  
L.W. Hobbs ◽  
G. Dresselhaus ◽  
M.S. Dresselhaus
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Phase Transitions ◽  
Domain Wall ◽  
Intercalation Compounds ◽  
Lattice Plane ◽  
Wall Model ◽  
Graphite Intercalation Compounds ◽  
Fundamental Symmetry ◽  
Graphite Intercalation

Electron microscopy can be used to study structures and phase transitions occurring in graphite intercalations compounds. The fundamental symmetry in graphite intercalation compounds is the staging periodicity whereby each intercalate layer is separated by n graphite layers, n denoting the stage index. The currently accepted model for intercalation proposed by Herold and Daumas assumes that the sample contains equal amounts of intercalant between any two graphite layers and staged regions are confined to domains. Specifically, in a stage 2 compound, the Herold-Daumas domain wall model predicts a pleated lattice plane structure.

Optical characteristics of the hitachi HF-2000 cold field-emission TEM

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 1076-1077
Author(s):  
L. F. Allard ◽  
E. Völkl ◽  
T. A. Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Field Emission ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Electron Gun ◽  
High Brightness ◽  
Condenser Lens ◽  
Illumination System ◽  
High Resolution Images ◽  
Imaging Mode ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Illuminating System

The illumination system of the cold field emission (CFE) Hitachi HF-2000 TEM operates with a single condenser lens in normal imaging mode, and with a second condenser lens excited to give the ultra-fine 1 nm probe for microanalysis. The electron gun provides a guaranteed high brightness of better than 7×l08 A/cm2/sr, more than twice the guaranteed brightness of Schottky emission guns. There have been several articles in the recent literature (e.g. refs.) which claim that the geometry of this illumination system yields a total current which is so low that when the beam is spread at low magnifications (say 10 kX), the operator must “keep his eyes glued to the binoculars” in order to see the image. It is also claimed that this illuminating system produces an isoplanatic patch (the area over which image character does not vary significantly) at high magnification which is so small that the instrument is ineffective for recording high resolution images.

Aging and Autism

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Autism Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Patient Group ◽  
Older Patients ◽  
Geriatric Patients ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Communication Disorders ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Need For Support ◽  
Spectrum Disorders

In this article, I will review the available recent literature about the aging population with autism, a patient group that researchers know little about and a group that is experiencing a growing need for support from communication disorders professionals. Speech-language pathologists working with geriatric patients should become familiar with this issue, as the numbers of older patients with autism spectrum disorders is likely to increase. Our profession and our health care system must prepare to meet the challenge these patients and residents will present as they age.

ALTERNATIF PERHITUNGAN RETURN SHAHIBUL MAL PADA SKEMA MUDHARABAH BANK SYARIAH

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Refky Fielnanda
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Islamic Banking ◽  
Islamic Banks ◽  
Theoretical Level ◽  
Method Of Calculation ◽  
Islamic Bank ◽  
Representative Office ◽  
Operational Practices ◽  
Computerized System ◽  
Practical Level

Abstract: The rapid development of the number of islamic banks should be balanced with the availability of infrastructure to carry out daily operational practices. The operational tools include hardware as like as representative office, computerized system, reliable human resources and software as like as method, culture and financial and islamic banking knowledge. In terms of development of Islamic finance is the paper "Alternative Calculation of Return Shahibul Mal on Mudharabah Scheme on Bank Syariah" was written. During this calculation of return shahibul mal has not been standardized in a formula, thus causing two serious effects. First, in the theoretical level, the formula has not yet created a difficulty. Secondly, in practical level, the formula is not impressive enough to recalculate the complexity of return calculations obtained by shahibul mall, causing laziness of the community using the services of islamic bank. This paper using mathematical and arithmetic equations with the help of modeling made by the author to refine and improve the method of calculation that has been available. The purpose of this paper is to create a standard formula that facilitates the calculation of return earned by a shahibul mal in a mudaraba scheme in a islamic bank.  

Koroška po plebiscitu. Revanšizem, revizionizem in pregoni v poplebiscitnih mesecih

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2020) (2) ◽  
pp. 565-595
Author(s):  
Andrej Rahten
Keyword(s):  
Recent Literature ◽  
Main Attention

The article presents the circumstances in Carinthia in the first months after the plebiscite, which ended on 10 October 1920, with the Austrian victory and the Yugoslav defeat. Author pays the main attention to the revanchist policies of the Carinthian governmental circles and the persecutions of the Carinthian Slovenes. The article is based on the archival, journalist and memoir sources, the relevant recent literature has been taken into consideration, too.

Counter culture: Causes, extent and solutions of systematic bias in the analysis of behavioural counts

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel L Pick ◽  
Nyil Khwaja ◽  
Michael A. Spence ◽  
Malika Ihle ◽  
Shinichi Nakagawa
Keyword(s):  
Recent Literature ◽  
Null Model ◽  
Mechanistic Explanation ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Systematic Bias ◽  
Intra Class Correlation ◽  
Counter Culture ◽  
Provisioning Rate ◽  
Parental Provisioning ◽  
Observation Period

We often quantify a behaviour by counting the number of times it occurs within a specific, short observation period. Measuring behaviour in such a way is typically unavoidable but induces error. This error acts to systematically reduce effect sizes, including metrics of particular interest to behavioural and evolutionary ecologists such as R2, repeatability (intra-class correlation, ICC) and heritability. Through introducing a null model, the Poisson process, for modelling the frequency of behaviour, we give a mechanistic explanation of how this problem arises and demonstrate how it makes comparisons between studies and species problematic, because the magnitude of the error depends on how frequently the behaviour has been observed (e.g. as a function of the observation period) as well as how biologically variable the behaviour is. Importantly, the degree of error is predictable and so can be corrected for. Using the example of parental provisioning rate in birds, we assess the applicability of our null model for modelling the frequency of behaviour. We then review recent literature and demonstrate that the error is rarely accounted for in current analyses. We highlight the problems that arise from this and provide solutions. We further discuss the biological implications of deviations from our null model, and highlight the new avenues of research that they may provide. Adopting our recommendations into analyses of behavioural counts will improve the accuracy of estimated effect sizes and allow meaningful comparisons to be made between studies.

A design contribution to the entrepreneurial experience

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan David ROLDAN ACEVEDO ◽  
Ida TELALBASIC
Keyword(s):  
Product Development ◽  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Design Research ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Value Proposition ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
User Centric ◽  
Constant Growth

In recent history, different design approaches have been entering fields like management and strategy to improve product development and service delivery. Specifically, entrepreneurship has adopted a user-centric mindset in methodologies like the business canvas model and the value proposition canvas which increases the awareness of the users’ needs when developing solutions. What happens when a service design approach is used to understand the entrepreneurs’ experience through the creation of their startups? Recent literature suggests that entrepreneurial activity and success is conditioned by their local entrepreneurship ecosystem. This study investigates the Entrepreneurship Ecosystem of Medellín, Colombia - an ecosystem in constant growth but that lacks qualitative analysis. The sample consists of 12 entrepreneurs in early-stage phase. The data was gathered with two design research methods: Cultural Probes and Semi-structured interviews. The analysis of the information collected facilitated the development of 4 insights about the entrepreneurs and an experience map to visualise and interpret their journey to create a startup. The results of this study reflected the implications of the ecosystem, the explanation of the users’ perceptions and awareness and propose a set of ideas to the local government to improve the experience of undertaking a startup in Medellín.

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